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Los lípidos constituyen una parte importante de la dieta y participan en numerosas funciones biológicas vitales. Particularmente, el aceite de pescado es un valioso producto rico en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados Omega-3, que en la actualidad se considera atractivo por sus efectos benéficos a la salud humana. Los aceites marinos a menudo se descartan como desecho en muchas industrias pesqueras, principalmente debido a la falta de implementación de procesos innovadores de recuperación y refinado de estos recursos de forma lucrativa y sustentable. En este trabajo se aborda dicha problemática al proponer una metodología sistemática con el objetivo de integrar los aspectos económicos, ambientales y sociales en las decisiones de diseño de procesos de una refinería de aceite de pescado crudo, enfocado en la producción de concentrados de Omega-3 a partir del aceite residual de una planta procesadora de harina de atún en México. Esto puede realizarse mediante la formulación y solución de un problema de optimización multi-objetivo que incluye opciones de procesamiento convencionales, así como intensificadas dentro una superestructura. El problema MINLP (Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programing) resultante es solucionado con una combinación de métodos lexicográfico y de restricción épsilon (ε-constraint), para luego someter a una evaluación comparativa las soluciones obtenidas en forma de frente de Pareto utilizando Análisis de Ciclo de Vida y Análisis de Riesgos con la asistencia de un software de simulación de procesos (SuperPro Designer®). La metodología de búsqueda del diseño de proceso óptimo sustentable arrojó tres configuraciones factibles, destacando la selección de procesos intensificados como nano-neutralización, destilación molecular, transesterificación con ultrasonido y cromatografías argentométrica y con CO2. De los cuales, el proceso utilizando cromatografía con CO2 supercrítico resultó tener mejor desempeño en términos de indicadores de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida y seguridad industrial. A su vez, este trabajo proporciona una base de datos de propiedades de los compuestos lipídicos y técnicas de procesamiento que puede ser implementada en futuros proyectos. Además, ayuda a demostrar que la revalorización de los aceites marinos, así como de los desechos de la industria alimentaria en general, es importante para lograr un modelo de economía circular dentro del desarrollo productivo sustentable. Lipids constitute an important part of the diet and participate in numerous vital biological functions. Fish oil, in particular, is a valuable nutritious product, mainly due to its Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content that is currently attractive for its beneficial health effects. Marine oils are often discarded as waste in many seafood industries, primarily due to the lack of implementation of innovative resource recovery and oil refining processes in a lucrative and sustainable way. This work tackles this issue by proposing a systematic framework with the objective to integrate the economic, environmental and social aspects together in the process design decisions of a crude fish oil refinery focused on the production of Omega-3 concentrates from waste oil of a tuna processing plant in Mexico. This is addressed by the formulation and solution of a multi-objective optimization design problem that includes conventional and intensified processing options in a superstructure. The resulting MINLP (Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programing) problem is solved with a combination of lexicographic and ε-constraint methods. Then, the solutions provided in the form of a Pareto front are subject to benchmarking with a Life Cycle Assessment and risk analysis methodology with the assistance of a process simulation software (SuperPro Designer®). The search methodology of the sustainable optimal process design resulted in three feasible configurations, highlighting the selection of intensified processes such as nano-neutralization, molecular distillation, ultrasound assisted transesterification, and argentometric and CO2 chromatography. Among these, the process using supercritical CO2 chromatography has the best performance in terms of Life Cycle Assessment and industrial safety indicators. At the same time, this work provides a database of lipid compound properties and processing techniques that can be implemented in future projects. In addition, it helps to demonstrate that the revalorization of marine oils, as well as other waste from the food industry in general, is relevant to achieve a circular economy model within sustainable productive development. Administradores Investigadores Estudiantes

English: The purpose of the work was to provide a description of the processes that occur once the fermentation of cocoa beans occurs. The variables that influence during this stage and the information gaps that lead to the development of new research in this field were identified. Yeast activity is of special interest during the first 48 h since ethanol production is associated with the sensory traits that the grain will finally present. The variables that most affect alcoholic fermentation are temperature and oxygen supply; in this sense, the recommendation is to use square-shaped containers and do the first removal of the grains at the end of the 48 h period. Additionally, a waiting time for the pod should be considered to raise the temperature and accelerate their rise during the first two days. Español: El propósito del trabajo fue brindar una descripción de los procesos que se producen una vez que ocurre la fermentación de las semillas de cacao. Se identificaron las variables que influyen durante esta etapa y los vacíos de información que conducen al desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones en este campo. La actividad de las levaduras es de especial interés durante las primeras 48 h, dado que la producción de etanol está asociada con los rasgos sensoriales que finalmente presentará el grano. Las variables que más afectan la fermentación alcohólica son la temperatura y el suministro de oxígeno; en este sentido, la recomendación es utilizar contenedores de forma cuadrada y hacer la primera remoción de los granos al finalizar el período de las 48 h. Adicionalmente, se debe considerar un tiempo de espera de las mazorcas para elevar la temperatura y acelerar su ascenso durante los primeros dos días.

Increases in petroleum prices have affected the prices of its derived products. In addition, the interest in issues related to the environment and energy security at world-wide level has been increased. All of these factors have contributed to the development of alternative fuel such as the ethanol, biodiesel and natural gas. This study analyzes the main agricultural products used to produce biodiesel, their production costs and the utilization of those inputs in other industries. This study will also include a brief summary of different legislations in those countries under analysis. On the other hand, we will find break-even points and apply a sensibility analysis associated with distinct scenarios in terms of input-output prices.

In Mexico, as in many other Latin American countries, the lack of a development plan and/or prevention in aquaculture to environmental variability is evident. In the State of Colima, aquaculture presents lags in terms of technical and productive capacity especially for growing tilapia Oreochromis spp. Surveys were performed to farmers and experts, in addition to consulting scientific literature sources, and identifying different risk factors arising from the practice of aquaculture in order to assess the vulnerability of the sector. The main risk factor associated with hydrometeorological phenomena, for which the need to define high-risk areas, even more, given the uncertainty of the same due to global climate change is recognized. This study proposes to implement a comprehensive program of technological conversion and control measures for alien species that also consider aquaculture production schemes based on the efficient use of water, and to consider using this endemic species for cultivation.

The trajectory that the momentum and sustainable development in animal production systems has taken today, and its socioeconomic impact on the planet, has generated an elementary principle of protection of the environment and its surroundings; it is required to intensify the processes of food production, through the different production systems, but without damaging the existing ecosystems on our planet. Sustainable development is based on social, economic, political, cultural, biological and environmental diversity; it is thought that it is a new fashion or a new way of seeing development, but it is not, since it is not fashion, time or cycle. But the principle of producing agricultural goods and services for society, without altering the various existing ecosystems of our planet; the will to continue subsisting will depend on ourselves as a human ecosystem”. The cultural maturity of making new generations aware of caring for, monitoring and preserving the balance of life on the planet; it will be everyone's commitment. The objective of this work was: to describe the imposition of sustainable development in animal production processes and its socioeconomic impact. Work elaborated in the bibliographic and information center of the FMVZ-BUAP, located in the city of Tecamachalco, Puebla. Meeting 6 times to plan, organize, distribute, evaluate and write the final document for publication. In conclusion: sustainability advances with the various processes of animal production, with recycling of nutrients and energy, reducing the use of external elements with new and appropriate production techniques; attached to reflection and the social welfare of our planet, without damaging the diversity of existing ecosystems.

The objective of the proposal was to formulate an action plan with recommendations for the development of responses and strategies in order to contribute to a better adaptation to the impacts of climate and climate change in the agricultural production systems of Uruguay. El objetivo de la propuesta fue formular un plan de acción con recomendaciones para el desarrollo de respuestas y estrategias con el fi n de contribuir a una mejor adaptación a los impactos del clima y el cambio climático en los sistemas de producción agrícola de Uruguay

The research was focused on measuring the level of biomass carbon productivity in the Central American countries. To make these measurements we used the IPCC Tier 1 method to determine annual increase carbon storage in biomass carbon loss by wood removals and carbon loss by burning fuel extraction and to measure its impact on productivity forest approach was used for data analysis enclosures (DEA), estimating Malmquist indices. The growth rate of total factor productivity forest (PTFF) was 0.03% on average in all countries, it shows that El Salvador recorded a growth rate of 1%, 0.04% Belize, Guatemala and Nicaragua, 0.03 % Change in Costa Rica and Honduras, 0.01%, while Cuba and Panama were indifferent in the growth rate.

Agricultural production systems produce impacts on natural resources. The objective was to evaluate the impacts generated by the canal. The research was carried out in the community of Peribuela, and the framework for the evaluation of natural resources management systems was applied using sustainability indicators. A result, in the socioeconomic area was the level of organization of the users and the General Assembly, a significant increase in property values (up to 300%), improvement in farmer incomes with tree tomato, corn and bean crops. In the agro-ecological area, the application of chemical fertilizers on the crops was: tomato 1600 kg / Ha of synthetic fertilizers in an area of 42.28 Ha, corn and beans 700 kg of fertilizer per Ha for each crop In an area of 147,32 Ha and 45 Ha respectively. In the sanitation area, seventy 200-liter tanks pesticide are applied for the tomato crop, and 12 tanks per hectare are applied for corn and beans. The use 15 to 30 hours of tractor on 33% of the surface causes degradation of the soil resource. The implementation of the canal generated a positive socio-economic impact and a negative agro-ecological impact.

This article aims to outline some considerations that might help as idea-generation for proposals in order to provide information to consumers so that they can make responsible decisions regarding on their diets. Buying food is a simple act that can either supports an industrial, intensive, toxic, unsustainable and no-environmentally friendly production system (i.e., generator of climate change); or instead, conversely, a sustainable, non-toxic, and low-impact production system. The main proposal is to develop another type of food labeling to expand in a simplified way the traditional information provided. The label would allow the consumer to know the main characteristics of the prepackaged food, in terms of individual health and environmental impact. Consequently, first of all, a reflection about the formulation of a label that goes beyond the nutritional aspect of the food, adds information on the environmental footprint of how the product is made. The desirable result would be to move towards encoding the message so that it can be understood by the largest number of consumers. Secondly, the article describes a Venezuelan local experience of commercialization of an unpacked food, the FHIA 20 plantain, harvested under an agro-ecological production system. In this experience, consumers were made aware of the origin and characteristics of the production system of the bananas they consumed. Thus, consumers were able to learn about and value the environmental and human health benefits of the food they were purchasing.

In this article, it was reviewed as the postpartum negative energy balance (NEB) affects the health and the reproductive efficiency of water buffaloes. The increase in the world buffalo population has been accompanied by an improvement in the milk yield per lactation and this could be causing negative consequences for health and reproductive efficiency, although there are still few studies about this relationship. Higher milk yield without the corresponding increase in the dry matter and energy intake can intensify the NEB, increasing weight and body condition loss, and this implies a decrease in glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and the increases of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). This scenario may imply a greater susceptibility to diseases such as placental retention, endometritis, metritis and mastitis, as well as a longer period of anestrus, lower fertility and the lengthening of the interval to conception. To solve this situation, it is necessary to guarantee a good body condition at calving, and a high dry matter intake that allows reducing weight loss and body condition and different management, feeding and genetic alternatives are proposed.