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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jagou, Benjamin;

    The north of France has been the subject of frequent preventive archeology operations for years. During these various operations, traces linked to metalworking, antique or medieval, are regularly observed. Studies on the waste from these different contexts have shown that this waste was formed in a metallurgical hearth running on coal. These frequent archaeological discoveries have also made it possible to show that such practices in the north of Gaul appeared from the end of the 2nd century. The presence of this fuel on these sites raises many questions about the causes that led to such use, as well as the consequences of such use.These periods were marked by significant economic and demographic expansion. The increase in cities has caused a decrease in forest cover to gain new territories. This resulted in a lack of forest resources and price inflation, forcing iron workers to switch to alternative fuel. The iron craft is not the only one to face this lack of wood, other production activities such as lime making or brewing use this fuel.This thesis highlights the solutions and networks implemented by these territories during these periods to source earth coal. Likewise, it raises the question of the consequences of its use in technical, environmental terms and on the spatial organization of workspaces. Le Nord de la France fait l’objet depuis des années de fréquentes opérations d’archéologie préventive. Au cours de ces diverses opérations, des traces liées au travail des métaux, antiques ou médiévales, sont régulièrement observées. Les études portant sur les rebuts issus de ces différents contextes ont permis de démontrer que ces déchets s’étaient formés au sein d’un foyer métallurgique fonctionnant au charbon de terre. Ces fréquentes découvertes archéologiques ont également permis de montrer que de telles pratiques dans le Nord de la Gaule apparaissaient dès la fin du IIe siècle. La présence de ce combustible sur ces sites pose de nombreuses interrogations concernant les causes qui ont abouti à un tel usage, ainsi que sur les conséquences d’un tel emploi.Ces périodes sont marquées par une importante expansion économique et démographique. L’accroissement des villes a provoqué une diminution du couvert forestier pour gagner de nouveaux territoires. Cela a eu pour conséquence un manque en ressources forestières et une inflation des prix, obligeant les travailleurs du fer à se tourner vers un combustible alternatif. L’artisanat du fer n’est pas le seul à devoir faire face à ce manque de bois, d’autres activités de production comme la fabrication de chaux ou la brasserie utilisent ce combustible.Cette thèse met en lumière les solutions et les réseaux mis en œuvre par ces territoires au cours de ces périodes pour s’approvisionner en charbon de terre. De même, elle pose la question des conséquences de son utilisation en terme techniques, environnementales et sur l’organisation spatiale des espaces de travail.

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    Authors: Méquinion, Mathieu;

    La restriction alimentaire chronique correspond à un des troubles du comportement alimentaire observé en particulier dans l’anorexie mentale (AN) de type restrictif, pathologie qui touche essentiellement les adolescentes et les jeunes femmes. En plus de ce comportement restrictif, une activité physique importante est observée chez un grand nombre de patientes (40 à 80% des cas). Cette maladie se traduit par de nombreuses altérations physiologiques comme des perturbations neuroendocrines, métaboliques, osseuses (ostéopénie, ostéoporose) et ce quelle que soit la cause psychiatrique qui a conduit au développement de ce comportement. De plus, de nombreux arguments suggèrent que l’AN pourrait être considérée comme un trouble « addictif » qui se manifesterait par une addiction à la perte de poids et/ou à la restriction alimentaire ou encore à l’activité physique suggérant une altération du système dopaminergique de récompense. Ainsi, quelles que soient les origines de la maladie, l’AN entraîne des perturbations périphériques et centrales susceptibles d’être impliquées dans une première phase dite « d’adaptation » permettant aux malades de survivre à ces conditions drastiques. Les patients peuvent par la suite tomber dans une seconde phase de « chronicisation » dans laquelle ces mêmes facteurs pourraient être responsables de la dégradation de l’état des malades et conduire, dans les cas les plus graves d’épuisement, à la mort.Notre étude a comme pivot la ghréline, hormone orexigène, dont les concentrations plasmatiques sont augmentées significativement chez les patients anorexiques. Sécrétée principalement en périphérie par les cellules de l’estomac, elle va cibler plusieurs organes aussi bien périphériques que centraux. En particulier, au niveau périphérique, cette hormone agit au niveau du foie dont la principale fonction connue est le maintien de l’homéostasie glucidique. Elle agit également au niveau du tissu adipeux qui est alors stimulé, favorisant ainsi sa croissance avec un stockage des réserves et au niveau musculaire en entrainant entre autre une diminution des réserves de triglycérides. Au niveau du système nerveux central, parmi les sites d’action de la ghréline, on trouve les structures impliquées aussi bien dans le contrôle, qualifié d’homéostatique, de la prise alimentaire représenté par l’hypothalamus, que dans le contrôle, dit hédonique (motivation/récompense), de ce même comportement correspondant au circuit méso-limbique. Pour étudier son implication dans les mécanismes adaptatifs, et éventuellement, dans l’aggravation de la maladie, nous avons mis au point un modèle animal de restriction alimentaire chronique mimant les symptômes physiologiques de l’AN. Notre premier objectif a été de caractériser (« phénotypage ») ce modèle sur le plan physiologique (métabolique, endocrinien) afin de l’utiliser pour notre deuxième objectif : évaluation du rôle de la ghréline comme potentiel facteur prédictif de l’évolution de la maladie.Les données obtenues valident notre modèle comme un modèle pertinent pour étudier sur le long terme les altérations physiologiques et centrales décrites dans l’AN de type restrictif. Nous montrons que l’exercice physique modéré associé à la restriction alimentaire a des effets stabilisateurs sur de nombreux paramètres métaboliques limitant ainsi un épuisement prématuré des ressources énergétiques. En ce qui concerne la ghréline, les concentrations plasmatiques élevées observées dans notre modèle pourraient contribuer également à une régulation adaptative du métabolisme énergétique. Chronic food restriction is one of the major features observed in anorexia nervosa (AN), especially in the restrictive type. This major eating disorder affects mainly teenager girls and young women. Additionally to the restriction behavior, important physical activity is observed in a large number of patients (40-80% of cases). This disease induces various physiological alterations that concern neuroendocrine, metabolic and bone (osteopenia, osteoporosis) pathways, which have dramatic consequences on the patient’s health. Moreover, many arguments suggest that AN could be considered like an "addictiv" disorder supported by an addiction to weight loss and/or food restriction or physical activity. It thus suggests modifications of the central dopaminergic reward system. Furthermore, whatever the origins or the causes of this disorder, AN leads to peripheral and central alterations that might be involved in an "adaptation" phase allowing patients surviving to these drastic conditions. For some patients, a phase of "chronicity" is described in which these physiological changes may worsen the patient conditions and contribute, when exhaustion is amplifying, to death. Our study points out ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone whose plasma concentrations are significantly increased in AN patients. Mainly secreted by stomach cells, it targets multiple peripheral organs as well as numerous neuronal structures in the brain. At the peripheral level, this hormone acts among others in the liver whose main function is the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. It acts also on the adipose tissue to promote its growth that is associated with lipid storage and on muscle resulting in a reduction of triglycerides stock. At the central nervous system level, ghrelin have various targets like the structures involved in the homeostatic as well as hedonic (motivation/reward) control of food intake through the hypothalamus and the meso-cortico-limbic system respectively.To study the involvement of ghrelin in the potential adaptive mechanisms, and even in the worsening of the disease, we have developed an animal model of chronic food restriction associated or not with physical activity, mimicking the physiological symptoms of AN. Our first objective was to characterize and to phenotype the mouse model by evaluating various physiological (metabolic, endocrine) factors in order to study in our second objective the role of ghrelin as a potential predictor of disease progression.We showed that our mouse model constitutes a pertinent model to study on a long term duration the physiological and central altérations described in the restrictive type AN. Moreover, we showed that moderate physical activity associated with food restriction had stabilizing effects on numerous metabolic parameters that may reduce an early exhaustion of energy stocks. Concerning the role of ghrelin in such model, its plasma concentrations were increased like in AN patients and were suggested to contribute to the adaptive regulation of energy metabolism.

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    Authors: Fouqueray, Timothée;

    Adapting forest management to climate change (CC) is a key issue, as forests are crucial for mitigation policies and the provision of many ecosystem services (ES). Understanding the magnitude of the progress made in this respect can help shape further adaptation developments and avoid the putative maladaptive side effects of forest management evolutions. Here, I aim to bridge the knowledge gap of adaptation implementation in French forests.Chapter 1: Based on semi-structured interviews with foresters, my findings highlight unprecedented aspects of adaptations: (i) a focus on productive ES at the expense of other essential services such as water supply or natural habitats; (ii) adaptations rely on technical changes in forest management and do not deal with climate impacts through organizational or economic tools; and (iii) envisaging ecological processes through adaptations is instrumental and limited to small spatial and temporal scales. My results also extend the existing body of knowledge to the framework of forest management: (i) CC is not the main driver of forestry changes; (ii) extreme events are windows of opportunity to stimulate adaptive changes; and (iii) proactive adaptation to unexperienced hazards is very weak.Chapter 2: Assessment of the diversity of research projects in the forest sciences focusing on CC. I categorized projects according to discipline and main focus, using data from the online description of French public calls for proposals and from selected projects. Since 1997, mitigation research has gradually given way to adaptation. Despite pledges for the inclusion of social sciences, research rarely draws on the social sciences and focuses on ES of economic interest. Biomass production is paramount, being addressed either directly or through projects on tree species of industrial interest. Hence, instead of a diverse search for adaptation strategies, climate research is geared toward a few ES. Without denying the need for timber andbiofuel production, I encourage public funders to complement current calls for proposals with more diverse approaches beneficial for both biomass production and other ES.Chapter 3: I study how multiple mechanisms for the mitigation of CC have been developed, drawing on a combination of reducing and offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While mechanisms are mandatory for certain economic sectors, some business that are not required to mitigate their GHG emissions would nevertheless like to do so. I examine two study cases in France to analyze how public and private foresters seized this opportunity to obtain complementary funding from such companies for forestry operations. I focus on offset contracts issued by associations linking public sector forestry agencies, forest landowners, and offset funders. Carbon mitigation was a reason shared by all contractors to commit to the agreement, although it concealed multifarious motivations. Hence, I argue that voluntary offset contracts act like a Trojan horse by enabling foresters to dialogue with entities that would otherwise not be interested in supporting forest management. Regional embedding was crucial to overcoming the mitigation challenges.Chapter 4: To gain insight on how can socio-economic adaptive tools complement technical evolutions of forestry, I designed Foster Forest, a participatory simulation of forest management. It combines a role-playing game, an agent-based model, and a scenario of CC with high uncertainties. Drawing from multiple applications in French regions, I show that climate change is not a short-term matter of concern for private and public foresters. I analyze the emergence of socio-economic changes (mainly payment for carbon storage) in the provision of ES, and participants’ negotiations to spontaneously change the simulation rules. I also highlight how collective adaptive action was steered by stakeholders with a public interest role.; Les trajectoires socio-écologiques des forêts sont considérablement dépendantes des pratiques sylvicoles retenues par leurs gestionnaires. Or, ces choix de gestion sont susceptibles d’évoluer afin de prendre en compte les impacts des dérèglements du climat sur les milieux forestiers. L’objectif des travaux qui suivent est donc de comprendre les évolutions de la gestion forestière induites par les adaptations aux dérèglements climatiques (ACC). Ils se concentrent sur la France métropolitaine, dont les forêts sont l’un des écosystèmes les plus importants – elles en couvrent un tiers de la surface. Trois thématiques de recherche ont permis de décliner cette problématique : (1) la diversification des ACC (quels biens et services écosystémiques forestiers (BSE) cible-t-elle ?) ; (2) l’importance accordée par les forestiers aux approches techniques, en comparaison des réflexions portant sur l’organisation socio-économique de la gestion forestière ; et enfin (3) l’intégration des dynamiques écologiques dans la conception et la mise en œuvre d’adaptations aux changements climatiques.Chapitre 1 : Recensement, par des enquêtes de terrain, des ACC en forêts privées et publiques. Les adaptations répertoriées concernaient seulement quelques-uns des nombreux BSE forestiers, au premier rang desquels la production de bois, le stockage de carbone et la préservation des habitats naturels. Ces adaptations étaient avant tout mises en place pour répondre à des aléas climatiques déjà vécus par les forestiers. Surtout, ces adaptations relevaient d’évolutions des techniques sylvicoles, où les humains interviennent sur le socio-écosystème forestier, en modifiant les composantes naturelles.Chapitre 2 : J’ai étudié le financement public des projets de recherche portant simultanément sur les changements climatiques et sur la fores-terie. J’ai montré qu’une des causes du manque de considération des aspects socio-économiques de l’ACC provient de la prééminence de recherches techniques, très peu tournées vers les services écosystémiques socio-culturels, de régulation ou de soutien.Chapitre 3 : Retour au terrain, pour une étude de cas sur le paiement pour stockage de carbone. J’ai mis en relief comment la diversification des revenus engendrée par ce type d’innovation est un moyen indirect pour les forestiers de s’adapter aux changements climatiques, en diminuant leur dépendance à une production ligneuse fortement menacée par les dérèglements climatiques. Les atouts, mais aussi certaines limites techniques et conséquences socio-économiques de cette approche ont été soulignés.Chapitre 4 : Synthèse des apprentissages des chapitres précédents, grâce à la création d’une simulation participative de gestion forestière. Dans Foster Forest, divers acteurs de la gestion forestière sont plongés dans un scénario de fort changement climatique. Pour mener à bien leur propre mission, ils disposent d’une panoplie de pratiques sylvicoles inspirée de pratiques usuelles, mais qui ne suffisent pas à faire face aux perturbations climatiques. Pour compenser, les participants ont toute liberté de proposer des changements des règles du jeu afin de faire évoluer l’organisation socio-économique de leurs activités forestières. La dizaine d’applications de cette simulation participative, dans différentes régions françaises, a permis de confirmer les résultats des chapitres précédents. Les parties jouées ont aussi apporté un éclairage sur l’importance des structures d’animation territoriale dans l’élaboration de projets d’adaptations, à des échelles complémentaires des seules visions « à la parcelle ».

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    Authors: Pecquerie, Laure;

    Comprendre la variabilité du recrutement est une problématique majeure en halieutique. Dans ce travail, nous explorons une nouvelle approche pour étudier les facteurs qui déterminent le recrutement, dans le cadre de la modélisation biophysique. Le schéma de ponte des adultes peut influencer la survie des larves car il détermine les conditions environnementales qu'elles rencontrent pendant cette période critique. Notre cas d'étude est l'anchois du golfe de Gascogne Engraulis encrasicolus, qui est une espèce à pontes multiples. L'objectif de la thèse est de comprendre l'effet de l'environnement vécu par un individu i) sur l'énergie disponible pour la reproduction et ii) sur l'étalement des pontes et ses conséquences sur la croissance, le développement et la survie des larves. Pour appréhender les processus métaboliques en jeu, la théorie Dynamic Energy Budget est un outil particulièrement adapté. Cette théorie permet d'identifier les processus communs et les spécificités de chaque stade. Nous apportons tout d'abord une révision de la courbe de croissance de l'anchois du golfe de Gascogne. Nous reproduisons la croissance des juvéniles en tenant compte du fait qu'ils expérimentent en moyenne une température plus élevée durant cette phase que celle vécue ensuite par les adultes. La croissance larvaire diffère de la croissance des juvéniles et des adultes. Nous proposons de considérer la relation entre prise de nourriture et longueur de l'individu pour expliquer cette croissance. Ce travail nous permet ensuite de mieux comprendre et de quantifier l'effet des conditions environnementales vécues par un individu sur la durée de sa saison de reproduction. Ces conditions déterminent d'une part la taille de l'individu donc son potentiel reproducteur et d'autre part la quantité d'énergie qu'il peut effectivement mettre en réserve pour la reproduction. En conditions limitantes de nourriture, cette énergie peut en effet être mobilisée pour sa survie. Ainsi la structure en taille de la population et les conditions limitantes rencontrées par les individus sont des facteurs déterminants des fenêtres de ponte. La thèse permet enfin d'identifier les conditions de nourriture nécessaires à la survie jusqu'au stade juvénile, pour des larves issues de fenêtres de pontes différentes. Nous obtenons ce résultat à partir de la sélection des scénarios environnementaux qui reproduisent l'âge et la taille de l'otolithe à la métamorphose en fonction de la date d'ouverture de la bouche. Le lien entre métabolisme du poisson et formation de l'otolithe (une pièce calcifiée de l'oreille interne) est explicitement modélisé. Nous démontrons le potentiel du modèle pour la reconstruction de la quantité d'énergie assimilée par un individu au cours de sa vie à partir des variations observées de l'opacité dans l'otolithe. L'approche développée dans ce travail est une approche déterministe du lien environnement – individu, au travers des processus bioénergétiques. Cette approche nous permet de proposer des mécanismes originaux sous-jacents à certaines observations classiques en halieutique telles que le découplage entre la croissance de l'otolithe et la croissance en longueur du poisson et la phase exponentielle de la croissance pendant le stade larvaire. Une meilleure compréhension des cycles de vie requiert également la prise en compte du comportement et des stratégies individuelles. Ce travail peut constituer la base sur laquelle de telles études pourront à l'avenir s'appuyer. Understanding the recruitment variability of fish populations is a major challenge in fishery sciences. In the present work, we explore a new approach to study the potential factors that determine this recruitment in the context of biophysical modelling. The adult spawning pattern might influence the survival of the larvae as it determines the environmental conditions they experience during this critical period. We apply our study to the Bay of Biscay anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, which is a multiple-batch spawner. The objective of the study is to understand the effect of the environmental conditions experienced by an individual i) on the energy available for reproduction and ii) on the temporal distribution of the spawning events and its consequences on larval growth, development and survival. To study these processes, the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is particularly suitable. This theory allows us to identify the common processes and the specificities of each life stage. First, we actualise the growth curve of Bay of Biscay anchovy. Juvenile growth is reproduced by taking into account they experience in average a higher temperature during this stage than the adults thereafter. Larval growth in fish typically deviates from later juvenile and adult growth. We suggest to consider how food intake depends on body length to explain the observed growth patterns. Second, the present work allows us to better understand and quantify the effect of environmental conditions experienced by an individual on the length of its spawning season. These conditions determine on one hand the length of the individual and thus its reproduction potential, and on the other hand the amount of energy that it can actually store for reproduction. In limiting conditions, this energy can be mobilised for survival. Hence, the length structure of the population and the limiting conditions encountered by the individuals are determinant factors of the spawning windows. Third, we are able to identify the food conditions that allow survival until the juvenile stage for larvae issued from different spawning windows. We obtain this result from the selection of environmental scenarios that reproduce the observed age and otolith radius at metamorphosis according to first feeding date. The link between fish metabolism and otolith formation (a complex crystal in the inner ear of the fish) is explicitly modelled. We show the potential of the model to reconstruct individual life history from the observed variations of opacity in the otolith. The approach we used is a deterministic approach of the link between the environment and the individual, through bioenergetic processes. It allows us to formulate original mechanisms underlying classical observations in fishery sciences. As a better understanding of fish life cycles requires the study of individual behavior and strategies in response to environmental variations, we suggest the present work can be used as a basis for such studies.

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    Authors: Lamaa, Lina;

    In order to address the growing demand for indoor air treatment, many commercial systems based in the potocatalytic degradation using TiO2 have reached the market. Recently, deactivation of these systems has been observed. Some of the potentially most important deactivation pollutants are volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS), which are becoming more and more abundant indoor and in ambient air. Moreover, the increasing interest in the utilization of biogas to generate renewable energy (production of heat or electricity), has created significant concerns about the presence of VMS in the biogas. During biogas combustion, VMS are oxidized to abrasive microcrystalline silica that causes serious damage to gas engines, thus reducing the economic benefits of using biogas. Hence, it is essential to be able to measure the concentration of such VMS in ambient air and in biogas by a reliable method, as well as to study their impact on the photocatalytic systems. To address these issues, this work has three main parts: The first part is dedicated to the development of a method for measuring volatile methyl siloxanes in biogas and in ambient air. We have chosen sampling gas through sorbent tube followed by thermal desorption or chemical desorption (solvent extraction) and analysed using GC-MS. Since no systematic study on the choice of materials is related in the literature, we compared several types of adsorbents based on the determination of the VMS breakthrough volume (BV), in order to choose an appropriate adsorbent and to obtain accurate quantification of VMS. The second part is devoted to the evaluation of VMS in biogas and in ambient air at different sites. A reliable analytical method has been developed, and results are in agreement with the previous results obtained in the laboratory regarding the choice of adsorbents. Finally, in the third part, for a better understanding of the impact of VMS on photocatalytic systems, D4 was chosen as a VMS model compound as it is one of the most important VMS Afin de satisfaire la demande croissante des systèmes de traitement de l'air, des procédés commerciaux basés sur la photocatalyse par TiO2 ont été commercialisés. Récemment le problème de la désactivation de ces systèmes a attiré l'attention des industriels ainsi que des chercheurs. Les Siloxanes Méthyliques Volatils (SMVs) présents dans l'air auraient été identifiés comme une source majeure contribuant à cette désactivation. Par ailleurs, dans les centres de stockage des déchets, la valorisation du biogaz nécessite de recueillir et de traiter le biogaz issu des déchets organiques en vue de produire de l'énergie renouvelable et inoffensive pour l'environnement. A nouveau, les SMVs ont été identifiés comme un frein principal au développement de cette filière, ces derniers conduisant après oxydation à des dépôts de silice abrasifs dans le moteur. Les difficultés de mesure des SMVs aussi bien dans le biogaz que dans l'air ambiant ainsi que l'évaluation de leur impact sur les systèmes photocatalytiques ou dans les procédés de valorisation du biogaz constituent par conséquent un vrai défi. Afin de répondre à ces problématiques, ce travail comporte trois volets principaux : Le premier volet est dédié à la mise au point d'une méthode de mesure des siloxanes méthyliques volatils dans le biogaz et dans l'air ambiant. Pour ce faire nous avons choisi de mettre en place un système d'échantillonnage des SMVs basé sur leur piégeage et préconcentration sur un support solide suivi d'une désorption thermique ou chimique (extraction par solvant) avant leur analyse par GC-MS. Puisqu'aucune étude systématique sur le choix des supports n'est relatée dans la littérature, nous avons comparé plusieurs types d'adsorbants en déterminant le volume de perçage pour chacun des SMVs afin de choisir le (les) meilleur(s). Le second volet est consacré à l'évaluation des teneurs en SMVs dans le biogaz ainsi que dans l'air ambiant en différents endroits. Une méthode d'analyse des SMVs fiable a été développée qui a permis de confirmer les résultats précédents obtenus au laboratoire en ce qui concerne le choix des adsorbants pouvant piéger quantitativement les SMVs. Enfin, dans le troisième volet, l'impact des SMVs sur les systèmes photocatalytiques en choisissant comme molécule modèle l'octaméthylcyclotétrasiloxane (D4) a été étudié

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    Authors: Hnatiuc, B.; Dordescu, M;

    L’évolution des équipements de protection électrique a permis l’inclusion de différents types de protection dans le même appareil. Un tel dispositif moderne peut assurer une protection contre les surintensités, contre le courant différentiel / résiduel et contre la production de l'arc électrique dans l'installation où il est utilisé.Les tests d'un tel dispositif conformément aux règles européennes en vigueur doivent être effectués pour chacune de ses fonctionnalités. Dans cet article ont été comparées les caractéristiques de trois dispositifs bipolaires pour la détection de défaut d'arcs.La caractéristique de protection t(I) a été tracée en changeant le courant électrique simulant le défaut à l'aide d'un montage spécifique contenant un autotransformateur et un transformateur. La mesure des paramètres correspondant à la protection différentielle, à savoir le courant de déclenchement, le temps de déclenchement et la résistance de liaison à la terre, a été réalisée à l'aide d'un kit spécifique Profitest MTech (Gossen Metrawatt).Un circuit pour simuler à la fois l'apparition de l'arc électrique en série avec le consommateur pour un circuit monophasé, un arc en parallèle entre les conducteurs biphasés, et une surtension supérieure à 270volts, a été spécialement conçu pour déclencher la protection correspondante à la détection d'arc. Les codes d'erreur indiqués par le dispositif ont été comparés avec les codes théoriques des catalogues des fabricants.

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    Article . 2019
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18145/ji...
    Other literature type . 2019
    License: CC 0
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18145/ji...
      Other literature type . 2019
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    Authors: Lavado Villa, Luiz Fernando;

    Photovoltaic energy rates among the most mature renewable sources currently available in the market. However, its growing use in urban environment has met with an important obstacle: shadows. Their study present a two-fold challenge: understanding what they are and how they can be mitigated. While many authors have proposed different solutions for this problem, very few have tried to understand the shadow in its complexity. This thesis seeks, at the same time, a comprehensive view on the shadow itself while proposing a new solution to mitigate it. The comprehensive view of the shadow is proposed through an intermittency theory, where its optical properties and electrical consequences are taken into account. This theory provides the elements to review the current literature into a new perspective. The available solutions are, then, divided into two families: series and parallel. Series solutions employ several structures, each extracting the power of a reduced number of photovoltaic cells. As a consequence the impact of the shadow is restricted. Parallel solutions use few structures to redistribute the current between shaded and unshaded photovoltaic cells, thus sharing the impact of the shadow. The new solution proposed to mitigate the shadow is a parallel system called PV Equalizer. Inspired from its battery equivalent, it has a different topology with a high integration potential, easily scalable but seemingly difficult to control. To prove its concept, a study is conducted to determine its functions. It is found to be capable of not only mitigating but also detecting the shadow. These functions are characterized and their results used to conceive a control algorithm. Finally, this algorithm is tested and validated in a prototype under real operating conditions. The system detected the presence of the shadow, chose the best way to mitigate it and raised the power output by roughly 40 %.; L'énergie photovoltaïque est à nos jours l'une des sources intermittentes les plus développée. Plusieurs années de recherche confèrent une importante maturité à la fois aux modules et aux systèmes de extraction et traitement de son électricité. Cependant, il lui reste encore un important obstacle à franchir avant son utilisation à large échelle : la présence des ombres. Alors que plusieurs solutions ont été déjà proposées pour ce problème, la recherche sur l'ombre en tel que phénomène complexe reste embryonnaire. Cette thèse a pour but de combler ce besoin à la fois en étudiant la présence d l'ombre et en y proposant une nouvelle réponse. L'étude de l'ombre comprend la proposition d'une théorie sur l'intermittence qui prend en compte des aspect à la fois électriques et optiques. A travers de cette théorie, une relecture de la littérature est aussi proposée et donne lieu à une classification des solutions existantes en séries ou parallèles. Les solutions séries utilisent plusieurs structures d'électronique de puissance pour extraire l'énergie d'un nombre plus restreint des cellules photovoltaïques et par conséquent y confinent l'impact de l'ombre. En contre partie, les solutions parallèles utilisent des structures spéciales pour redistribuer le courant parmi les cellules ombrées et illuminées, ce qui amène à l'effacement de l'ombre. La nouvelle réponse à l'ombre proposée dans ce travail s'agit d'une structure parallèle à forte potentiel d'intégration monolithique. Inspirée de son équivalent pour les batteries, cette nouvelle topologie est applicable à plusieurs échelles mais sa commande reste un aspect à maîtriser. Son concept de base est validé au niveau d'un seul module photovoltaïque par la création d'un prototype et une validation expérimentale. Sa commande y est ensuite développée, testée et validée. Le système est capable de détecter la présence de l'ombre, choisir la meilleure stratégie pour la mitiger et l'implémenter en toute autonomie. Le résultat final est une augmentation de la puissance de sortie d'environ 40% dans certains cas.

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  • Authors: Center for International Forestry Research;
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  • Authors: Farcot, Lauren;

    Thermochemical storage systems prove to be good alternatives to current technologies for seasonal or inter-seasonal storage of heat, because energy is stored as a chemical potential and therefore, there is no heat loss during the storage period. Nowadays, a large number of studies have been conducted on the development of thermochemical reactor integrated in the storage system, andlittle study has been conducted on reactor technologies separated from the storage system. The latter, however, have the advantage, among others, of separating the thermal power produced or consumed and the storage capacity of the installation, which would increase the storage density.This study investigates the development of a moving-bed thermochemical reactor operating with hydrated salts and humid air cross-flow, suitable for district heating applications. A reactor prototype, developed and built during this study, allowed to analyze the functioning of the reactor. This study has, among others, highlighted the impact of the preferential air flow path on the reactorperformances (temperature and power), as well as the importance of the air humidity at the reactor inlet on these performances.In addition, two mathematical models have been developed : a 1D analytical model and a 2D model taking into account the heat and mass transfer phenomena within the reactive area. The 2D model, validated with the experimental results, was exploited using the finite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics to conduct a theoretical study on the functioning and the performances of the reactor. This numerical study focused on the influence of operating conditions (air flow rate and moisture content, solid flow rate) on the performances and the efficiency of the system and allowed the comparison of moving bed reactor over fixed bed reactors, commonly developed for thermochemical storage applications. This study has shown the importance of solid velocity control for optimizing the performances of the moving bed reactor.This study has highlighted ...

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    Authors: Perrotti, Daniela;

    Taking as a starting point a fundamental hypothesis that explores the possibility of considering the urban rurality as a platform for the experimentation of a new model of sustainability, this paper presents a critical analysis of a recent North-Italian rurban experience. This scientific goal will be pursued through the assessment of a pilot project carried out at the territorial level and of strategic action plans drawn by the local authorities of the Provincia of Milan and developed within the context of the Parco Agricolo Sud Milano. These experiences are examined, on the one hand, in terms of their interscalar socio-political impacts both at local and territorial scales, and on the other hand, of the increasing conceptual gap existing between the local sustainable activities and contemporary political discourse built on the principles of sustainable development. En partant de l’exploration d’une hypothèse fondamentale, concernant la possibilité d’appréhender la ruralité urbaine dans les termes de plateforme d’expérimentation d’un nouveau modèle de durabilité, l’approche analytique proposée par cette étude est fondée sur la mise en perspective critique d’une expérience rurbaine en Italie du Nord. Un premier projet pilote à l’échelle territoriale, ainsi que des outils plus récents de planification stratégique, développés au fil de la dernière décennie par la Provincia de Milan au sein du Parc agricole Sud de Milan, seront analysés par rapport à leurs retombées sur le contexte sociopolitique dans lequel ils s’insèrent, et à l’aune de l’émergence d’un décalage considérable entre discours politique et pratiques réelles de la durabilité.

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