• Energy Research
• 12. Responsible consumption close
• Energy Procedia close

Today 54 % of the world's population resides in urban areas and in 2050 the projections are for 66 %. Therefore, the issue of city sustainability becomes increasingly important. This paper analyzes city energy sustainability with consideration to the complex built environment, high population densities, anthropogenic activities, energy demands, environmental impacts, as well as limits on both space availability and renewable energy sources. The evaluation considers models of thermal energy consumption for both residential and non-residential buildings based on a GIS tool. The thermal energy-use models consider established statistical methods as well as the introduction of energy-dependent urban-scale variables.

AbstractThe energy sustainability, in the era of sources diversification [1], can be guaranteed by an energy resources utilization most correct, foreseeing no predominance of one source over the others in any area of the world but a proper energy mix, based on locally available resources and needs [2]-[4]. In this scenario, manageable with a smart grid system [5], [6], a virtuous use of RES must be visible, recognizable and quantifiable, in one word traceable [7]. The innovation of the traceability concept consists in the possibility of having information concerning the exact origin of the electricity used for a specific end use, in this case EV charging [8]. The traceability, in a context of increasingly sustainability [9], [10] and smartness city, is an important develop tool because only in this way it is possible to quantify the real emissions produced by EVs and to ensure the real foresight of grid load. This paper wants investigate the real ways to introduce this kind of real energy accounting, through the traceability.

Abstract By constructing a dynamic spatial Durbin model based on C-D production function that includes energy consumption and air pollution, this paper explains the driving factors of urban economic output in the “2+26” cities of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas during 2006-2015. The result shows the significant spatial autocorrelation of energy consumption and air pollution in the “2+26” cities. The increase in economic output of neighbouring cities will bring about economic radiation and promote the economic output of the city, which provides strong evidence for the necessity of joint prevention and control policy. Further considering effects of the inputs of neighbouring cities, the paper finds that the driving force of economic increase mainly came from the capital and energy input of the city itself, as well as the air pollution dividends of neighbouring cities. Therefore, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas should make the best of the resource advantages of neighbouring cities to achieve complementarity and coordinated development. Governments should construct comprehensive cross-city air pollution prevention mechanism, such as regional air pollution compensation mechanism and fund for air pollution joint control.

AbstractShell CO2 Storage B.V. (SCS) is planning for the injection of some 10 million tonnes of CO2 in two depleted gas fields Barendrecht (BRT) and Barendrecht–Ziedewij (BRTZ), onshore, Western part of the Netherlands. This paper describes the process of selection of a tailor-made conceptual design for transportation and compression of the CO2, requiring a helicopter view of the full system from source to sink over the 30 year injection life cycle of the project. The concepts considered, selection criteria used and the selected concept will be subsequently discussed. The evaluation has eventually resulted in the selected concept of booster compression to 40 bar near the source, pipeline transport and an additional injection compressor at the injection well sites. Since the project will be situated in a densely populated area and is considered by many as a “new” activity, and because the success of the project is primarily defined by its safe execution, the project team has taken a “safety first” approach from the beginning of the project. For the conceptual design this has meant, among others, a drive to avoid uncertainties and/or to make (very) conservative assumptions in case uncertainties could not be avoided. The conservative approach has evolved in project-specific measures within the selected concept.

Abstract Recently, the amount of Yogyakarta province municipal solid waste (MSW) came into Piyungan landfill site stood at around 470 ton/day consisting of 77% organic and 23% inorganic fractions. Annually, there was an increase as many as 8% per annum for the amount of MSW. Reduction of the MSW can be "forced" in integrated waste management site (in Indonesia is called TPST) which was built in the municipal level. In each TPST, there are two main activities which are Recycling and Composting. Both scenarios assume that 23% of inorganic waste can be recycled so that the subsequent need is to manage organic waste. Based on these considerations, calculations performed with: 1). Scenario 1: The TPST has been operated but there is no waste reduction at the source; 2). Scenario 2: TPST is operated and followed by solid waste reduction at the source. If the second scenario is applied, the amount of waste that goes to landfill Piyungan can be reduced up to 200 ton/day. Actually, scenario 1 is the realistic one because of Indonesian’s culture. Unfortunately, as scenario 1 was highly dependent on the TPST, the number of TPST which must be built increase steadily that it can reach 60 units in 2030 which is impossible to find space in Yogyakarta province. If the second scenario is applied, the amount of waste that goes to Piyungan landfill site can be reduced gradually from 25% (1-3 years), 35% (4-7 years), and 50% (8-15 years) through composting activity. The challenge possessed by scenario 2 is how to force people reduce their own organic waste by composting activity.

Abstract Construction industry generates lots of data due to the constant construction activities being carried out. Using the traditional method of data analysis has become almost practically impossible as a result of the complex and voluminous nature of these data. Harnessing and putting these data to good use, can prove highly beneficial to the industry in the quest for delivering sustainable projects. This can be achieved through data mining (DM) which is seen as a form of technological advancement that aids decision making through the analysis of data from the large sea of available data. This approach has been adopted in different fields in countries around the world and appreciable results have been recorded. This study, through the review of related literature explored the concept of DM and how it can be beneficial in increasing performance within the Nigerian Construction Industry (NCI). The study discovers that the use of DM can be highly useful to the NCI as lessons learnt from projects can be transferred to others in a bid to achieve successful project delivery. The study, therefore, recommends the use of DM within the NCI as a truly beneficial tool in achieving successful and sustainable project delivery.

AbstractBeijing-Tianjin area is one of the most important economic area in China, CO2 emission is also quite large corresponding to the positive economic date in the area. CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage) technology has been considered as one of solution for CO2 emission reduction. Dagang oilfield is in the area and belong to Bohai Bay Basin, most of CO2 sources in the area, such as power plants, steel factories, refineries are located on or closed to Dagang oil field, so Dagang oilfield has been selected as the CO2 sink.In the paper, the evaluation model has been firstly set up, combing with the different methods. Then, the characteristics of Dagang oil field and the sub-oil fields has been evaluated. As there are several sub-oil fields in Dagang oil field, the sub-oil fields’ data has been collected and analyzed, the properties of the crude oil, such as MMP, have also been tested, the EOR potential for different sub-oil fields has been calculated and compared. One of typical sub-oil fields has been selected for the CO2-EOR (CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery) pilot test.Considering the, Bohai Bay basin's fault systems are complex development and belonging to the earthquake-prone, the risk assessment for CO2-EOR storage in Dagang oil field has also been done.

AbstractThe International Energy Agency Energy Technologies Perspectives (ETP) model is used for the assessment of the prospects for carbon abatement options, including carbon capture and storage, up to 2050. Three main scenarios are considered: a baseline scenario with current energy policies, an accelerated technology scenario (ACT) with an associated CO2 reduction incentive development, and a scenario in which global greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 50% compared to current levels in 2050 (BLUE). The analysis suggests that CCS can account for up to 19% of all CO2 reduction in 2050, which would equal 10.4 Gt CO2 capture and storage. The power sector would account for 54% of all CCS, the remainder is in manufacturing industry and the fuel transformation sector.CCS is a critical option. Without CCS, the cost to meet the same target would rise by 71%. The potential rate at which CCS can be introduced exceeds the rate at which regular capital stock is typically replaced, if plants are retrofitted or closed down before the end of their technical life span. Retrofitting of coal plants with CCS plays a very significant role in the ACT Map scenario. But at the price of USD 200/t CO2 envisaged in the BLUE scenario, there is sufficient economic incentive to accelerate the replacement of inefficient power plants with new plants equipped with CCS before the existing plants reach the end of their life span. In the BLUE scenario, 350 GW of coal-fired power-plant capacity is closed down early. The remaining 700 GW consists of 80% new capacity that is equipped with CCS, and 20% retrofits with CCS.Following IEA recommendations, the G8 countries have announced that they will commit 20 demonstration plants for CCS by 2010. Also the G8, China India and Korea have asked the IEA to continue its work on roadmaps and transition paths for CCS in power generation and in industry, in cooperation with other bodies such as CSLF. This work has started and final results will be reported in 2010.