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  • Energy Research
  • Research Council of Finland
  • 3. Good health

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Magali Hurtado-Díaz; Masahiro Hashizume; Samuel Osorio; Niilo R.I. Ryti; +51 Authors

    Le changement climatique peut affecter directement la santé humaine en variant l'exposition à une température extérieure non optimale. Cependant, les preuves de cet impact direct à l'échelle mondiale sont limitées, principalement en raison de problèmes de modélisation et de projection de relations épidémiologiques complexes et très hétérogènes entre différentes populations et climats. Nous avons recueilli des séries temporelles quotidiennes observées de dénombrements de la température moyenne et de la mortalité pour toutes les causes ou causes non externes uniquement, dans des périodes allant du 1er janvier 1984 au 31 décembre 2015, à partir de divers endroits à travers le monde par le biais du Réseau de recherche collaboratif multi-pays et multi-villes. Nous avons estimé les relations température-mortalité grâce à une conception de série temporelle en deux étapes. Nous avons généré des séries de températures moyennes quotidiennes actuelles et futures selon quatre scénarios de changement climatique, déterminés par des trajectoires variables d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre, à l'aide de cinq modèles de circulation générale. Nous avons projeté la surmortalité due au froid et à la chaleur et leur changement net en 1990-2099 dans chaque scénario de changement climatique, en supposant aucune adaptation ou changement de population. Notre ensemble de données comprenait 451 emplacements dans 23 pays dans neuf régions du monde, dont 85 879 895 décès. Les résultats indiquent, en moyenne, une augmentation nette de la surmortalité liée à la température dans les scénarios à fortes émissions, bien qu'avec d'importantes différences géographiques. Dans les zones tempérées telles que l'Europe du Nord, l'Asie de l'Est et l'Australie, le réchauffement moins intense et la forte diminution de l'excès lié au froid induiraient un effet net nul ou légèrement négatif, le changement net en 2090-99 par rapport à 2010-19 allant de -1·2% (IC à 95 % empirique -3·6 à 1,4) en Australie à -0·1% (-2·1 à 1,6) en Asie de l'Est dans le scénario d'émission le plus élevé, bien que les tendances à la baisse s'inverseraient au cours du siècle. Inversement, les régions plus chaudes, telles que les parties centrale et méridionale de l'Amérique ou de l'Europe, et en particulier l'Asie du Sud-Est, connaîtraient une forte augmentation des impacts liés à la chaleur et des augmentations nettes extrêmement importantes, le changement net à la fin du siècle allant de 3·0% (-3·0 à 9·3) en Amérique centrale à 12·7% (-4·7 à 28·1) en Asie du Sud-Est dans le scénario d'émission le plus élevé. La plupart des effets sur la santé directement dus à l'augmentation de la température pourraient être évités dans le cadre de scénarios impliquant des stratégies d'atténuation pour limiter les émissions et un réchauffement accru de la planète. Cette étude montre les impacts négatifs sur la santé du changement climatique qui, dans le cadre de scénarios à émissions élevées, affecteraient de manière disproportionnée les régions les plus chaudes et les plus pauvres du monde. La comparaison avec des scénarios de réduction des émissions souligne l'importance des politiques d'atténuation pour limiter le réchauffement climatique et réduire les risques sanitaires associés. Conseil de la recherche médicale du Royaume-Uni. El cambio climático puede afectar directamente a la salud humana al variar la exposición a temperaturas exteriores no óptimas. Sin embargo, la evidencia sobre este impacto directo a escala global es limitada, principalmente debido a problemas para modelar y proyectar relaciones epidemiológicas complejas y altamente heterogéneas entre diferentes poblaciones y climas. Recopilamos series de tiempo diarias observadas de conteos de temperatura media y mortalidad para todas las causas o causas no externas solamente, en períodos que van desde el 1 de enero de 1984 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2015, desde varios lugares de todo el mundo a través de la Red de Investigación Colaborativa Multipaís y Multiciudad. Estimamos las relaciones entre temperatura y mortalidad a través de un diseño de series temporales de dos etapas. Generamos series de temperatura media diaria actual y futura bajo cuatro escenarios de cambio climático, determinados por trayectorias variables de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, utilizando cinco modelos de circulación general. Proyectamos el exceso de mortalidad por frío y calor y su cambio neto en 1990-2099 en cada escenario de cambio climático, suponiendo que no hubiera adaptación ni cambios en la población. Nuestro conjunto de datos comprendía 451 ubicaciones en 23 países en nueve regiones del mundo, incluidas 85 879 895 muertes. Los resultados indican, en promedio, un aumento neto del exceso de mortalidad relacionado con la temperatura en escenarios de altas emisiones, aunque con importantes diferencias geográficas. En áreas templadas como el norte de Europa, el este de Asia y Australia, el calentamiento menos intenso y la gran disminución del exceso relacionado con el frío inducirían un efecto neto nulo o marginalmente negativo, con un cambio neto en 2090-99 en comparación con 2010-19 que oscila entre -1,2% (IC empírico del 95% -3,6 a 1,4) en Australia y -0,1% (-2,1 a 1,6) en el este de Asia en el escenario de mayor emisión, aunque las tendencias decrecientes se revertirían durante el transcurso del siglo. Por el contrario, las regiones más cálidas, como las partes central y meridional de América o Europa, y especialmente el sudeste asiático, experimentarían un fuerte aumento de los impactos relacionados con el calor y aumentos netos extremadamente grandes, con un cambio neto a finales de siglo que oscila entre el 3,0% (-3,0 a 9,3) en América Central y el 12,7% (-4,7 a 28,1) en el sudeste asiático en el escenario de mayor emisión. La mayoría de los efectos en la salud directamente debidos al aumento de la temperatura podrían evitarse en escenarios que involucren estrategias de mitigación para limitar las emisiones y un mayor calentamiento del planeta. Este estudio muestra los impactos negativos en la salud del cambio climático que, en escenarios de altas emisiones, afectarían de manera desproporcionada a las regiones más cálidas y pobres del mundo. La comparación con escenarios de menores emisiones enfatiza la importancia de las políticas de mitigación para limitar el calentamiento global y reducir los riesgos para la salud asociados. Consejo de Investigación Médica del Reino Unido. Climate change can directly affect human health by varying exposure to non-optimal outdoor temperature. However, evidence on this direct impact at a global scale is limited, mainly due to issues in modelling and projecting complex and highly heterogeneous epidemiological relationships across different populations and climates.We collected observed daily time series of mean temperature and mortality counts for all causes or non-external causes only, in periods ranging from Jan 1, 1984, to Dec 31, 2015, from various locations across the globe through the Multi-Country Multi-City Collaborative Research Network. We estimated temperature-mortality relationships through a two-stage time series design. We generated current and future daily mean temperature series under four scenarios of climate change, determined by varying trajectories of greenhouse gas emissions, using five general circulation models. We projected excess mortality for cold and heat and their net change in 1990-2099 under each scenario of climate change, assuming no adaptation or population changes.Our dataset comprised 451 locations in 23 countries across nine regions of the world, including 85 879 895 deaths. Results indicate, on average, a net increase in temperature-related excess mortality under high-emission scenarios, although with important geographical differences. In temperate areas such as northern Europe, east Asia, and Australia, the less intense warming and large decrease in cold-related excess would induce a null or marginally negative net effect, with the net change in 2090-99 compared with 2010-19 ranging from -1·2% (empirical 95% CI -3·6 to 1·4) in Australia to -0·1% (-2·1 to 1·6) in east Asia under the highest emission scenario, although the decreasing trends would reverse during the course of the century. Conversely, warmer regions, such as the central and southern parts of America or Europe, and especially southeast Asia, would experience a sharp surge in heat-related impacts and extremely large net increases, with the net change at the end of the century ranging from 3·0% (-3·0 to 9·3) in Central America to 12·7% (-4·7 to 28·1) in southeast Asia under the highest emission scenario. Most of the health effects directly due to temperature increase could be avoided under scenarios involving mitigation strategies to limit emissions and further warming of the planet.This study shows the negative health impacts of climate change that, under high-emission scenarios, would disproportionately affect warmer and poorer regions of the world. Comparison with lower emission scenarios emphasises the importance of mitigation policies for limiting global warming and reducing the associated health risks.UK Medical Research Council. يمكن أن يؤثر تغير المناخ بشكل مباشر على صحة الإنسان من خلال التعرض المتفاوت لدرجة الحرارة الخارجية غير المثلى. ومع ذلك، فإن الأدلة على هذا التأثير المباشر على نطاق عالمي محدودة، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى قضايا في نمذجة وإسقاط العلاقات الوبائية المعقدة وغير المتجانسة للغاية عبر مختلف السكان والمناخ. لقد جمعنا السلاسل الزمنية اليومية الملحوظة لمتوسط عدد درجات الحرارة والوفيات لجميع الأسباب أو الأسباب غير الخارجية فقط، في فترات تتراوح من 1 يناير 1984 إلى 31 ديسمبر 2015، من مواقع مختلفة في جميع أنحاء العالم من خلال شبكة البحوث التعاونية متعددة المدن متعددة البلدان. قدرنا العلاقات بين درجة الحرارة والوفيات من خلال تصميم سلسلة زمنية من مرحلتين. أنشأنا سلسلة متوسط درجة الحرارة اليومية الحالية والمستقبلية في إطار أربعة سيناريوهات لتغير المناخ، تحددها مسارات مختلفة لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة، باستخدام خمسة نماذج عامة للدوران. توقعنا زيادة الوفيات بسبب البرد والحرارة وتغيرها الصافي في الفترة 1990-2099 في ظل كل سيناريو من سيناريوهات تغير المناخ، على افتراض عدم وجود تكيف أو تغيرات سكانية. ضمت مجموعة البيانات الخاصة بنا 451 موقعًا في 23 دولة عبر تسع مناطق من العالم، بما في ذلك 85879895 حالة وفاة. تشير النتائج، في المتوسط، إلى زيادة صافية في الوفيات الزائدة المرتبطة بدرجة الحرارة في ظل سيناريوهات الانبعاثات العالية، على الرغم من وجود اختلافات جغرافية مهمة. في المناطق المعتدلة مثل شمال أوروبا وشرق آسيا وأستراليا، سيؤدي الاحترار الأقل حدة والانخفاض الكبير في الفائض المرتبط بالبرد إلى تأثير صافٍ لاغٍ أو سلبي هامشي، مع تغير صافٍ في 2090-99 مقارنة بالفترة 2010-1919 يتراوح من -1·2 ٪ (95 ٪ CI -3·6 إلى 1·4) في أستراليا إلى -0· 1 ٪ (-2·1 إلى 1·6) في شرق آسيا في ظل أعلى سيناريو للانبعاثات، على الرغم من أن الاتجاهات المتناقصة ستنعكس خلال القرن. على العكس من ذلك، ستشهد المناطق الأكثر دفئًا، مثل الأجزاء الوسطى والجنوبية من أمريكا أو أوروبا، وخاصة جنوب شرق آسيا، ارتفاعًا حادًا في التأثيرات المرتبطة بالحرارة وزيادات صافية كبيرة للغاية، حيث يتراوح صافي التغير في نهاية القرن من 3· 0 ٪ (-3 ·0 إلى 9·3) في أمريكا الوسطى إلى 12· 7 ٪ (-4·7 إلى 28·1) في جنوب شرق آسيا في ظل أعلى سيناريو للانبعاثات. يمكن تجنب معظم الآثار الصحية الناجمة مباشرة عن ارتفاع درجة الحرارة في ظل السيناريوهات التي تنطوي على استراتيجيات التخفيف للحد من الانبعاثات وزيادة الاحترار في الكوكب. تُظهر هذه الدراسة الآثار الصحية السلبية لتغير المناخ التي من شأنها، في ظل سيناريوهات الانبعاثات العالية، أن تؤثر بشكل غير متناسب على المناطق الأكثر دفئًا والأكثر فقرًا في العالم. تؤكد المقارنة مع سيناريوهات الانبعاثات المنخفضة على أهمية سياسات التخفيف للحد من ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري والحد من المخاطر الصحية المرتبطة بها. مجلس البحوث الطبية في المملكة المتحدة.

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    The Lancet Planetary Health
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    The Lancet Planetary Health
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    The Lancet Planetary Health
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/qd...
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    Digital.CSIC
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Queensland Universit...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      The Lancet Planetary Health
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      The Lancet Planetary Health
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      The Lancet Planetary Health
      Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/qd...
      Other literature type . 2017
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/h4...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/nm...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rq...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/1t...
      Other literature type . 2017
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      Digital.CSIC
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Digital.CSIC
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mikko Jalo; Fletcher W. Halliday; Anna-Liisa Laine; Anna-Liisa Laine;

    Quantifying the relative impact of environmental conditions and host community structure on disease is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century, as both climate and biodiversity are changing at unprecedented rates. Both increasing temperature and shifting host communities toward more fast-paced life-history strategies are predicted to increase disease, yet their independent and interactive effects on disease in natural communities remain unknown. Here, we address this challenge by surveying foliar disease symptoms in 220, 0.5 m-diameter herbaceous plant communities along a 1100-m elevational gradient. We find that increasing temperature associated with lower elevation can increase disease by (1) relaxing constraints on parasite growth and reproduction, (2) determining which host species are present in a given location, and (3) strengthening the positive effect of host community pace-of-life on disease. These results provide the first field evidence, under natural conditions, that environmental gradients can alter how host community structure affects disease.

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    eLife
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2021
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      Article . 2021
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    Authors: P. Auvinen; J. Vehviläinen; H. Marjonen; V. Modhukur; +11 Authors

    Abstract Background Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) affects embryonic development, causing a variable fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) phenotype with neuronal disorders and birth defects. We hypothesize that early alcohol-induced epigenetic changes disrupt the accurate developmental programming of embryo and consequently cause the complex phenotype of developmental disorders. To explore the etiology of FASD, we collected unique biological samples of 80 severely alcohol-exposed and 100 control newborns at birth. Methods We performed genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) and gene expression analyses of placentas by using microarrays (EPIC, Illumina) and mRNA sequencing, respectively. To test the manifestation of observed PAE-associated DNAm changes in embryonic tissues as well as potential biomarkers for PAE, we examined if the changes can be detected also in white blood cells or buccal epithelial cells of the same newborns by EpiTYPER. To explore the early effects of alcohol on extraembryonic placental tissue, we selected 27 newborns whose mothers had consumed alcohol up to gestational week 7 at maximum to the separate analyses. Furthermore, to explore the effects of early alcohol exposure on embryonic cells, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as well as hESCs during differentiation into endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal cells were exposed to alcohol in vitro. Results DPPA4, FOXP2, and TACR3 with significantly decreased DNAm were discovered—particularly the regulatory region of DPPA4 in the early alcohol-exposed placentas. When hESCs were exposed to alcohol in vitro, significantly altered regulation of DPPA2, a closely linked heterodimer of DPPA4, was observed. While the regulatory region of DPPA4 was unmethylated in both control and alcohol-exposed hESCs, alcohol-induced decreased DNAm similar to placenta was seen in in vitro differentiated mesodermal and ectodermal cells. Furthermore, common genes with alcohol-associated DNAm changes in placenta and hESCs were linked exclusively to the neurodevelopmental pathways in the enrichment analysis, which emphasizes the value of placental tissue when analyzing the effects of prenatal environment on human development. Conclusions Our study shows the effects of early alcohol exposure on human embryonic and extraembryonic cells, introduces candidate genes for alcohol-induced developmental disorders, and reveals potential biomarkers for prenatal alcohol exposure.

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    BMC Medicine
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kohl, Johanna; Sigfrids, Anton; Pihlajamäki, Jussi; Martikainen; +2 Authors

    Grand social challenges, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), are increasing, which creates sustainability problems for health care service systems. To reduce socio-economic burdens, changes are required in the socio-technical system. However, there is an uncertainty of the most cost-effective policy action that can create sustainability while providing health benefits. To find potential solutions to these challenges, the multi-level perspective (MLP) and health economic decision modelling was used to study socio-technical change and project potential health economic consequences of different scenarios. The study focuses on creating a vision pathway for reducing T2D in Finland. In total, 23 interviews were carried out and the results were analyzed utilizing the MLP model. As a result, five themes towards prevention of T2D were identified. Digitalization was found to be a cross-cutting theme for preventing T2D and was thus taken as the object of study and the main focus of this paper. As a result, this paper reports on the opportunities and barriers for using digital tools in a transition towards T2D prevention. A health economic decision modelling revealed that the highest expected savings could be obtained by prioritizing prevention programs based on T2D risk. Finally, the model was converted into a web-based online tool by combining vision pathway, transition-focused storylines and forward-looking health economic scenario analysis to give the policy makers an overall picture of the needed societal changes and support the impact assessment of alternative policies in a case of T2D prevention in Finland.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Magali Hurtado-Díaz; Masahiro Hashizume; Samuel Osorio; Niilo R.I. Ryti; +51 Authors

    Le changement climatique peut affecter directement la santé humaine en variant l'exposition à une température extérieure non optimale. Cependant, les preuves de cet impact direct à l'échelle mondiale sont limitées, principalement en raison de problèmes de modélisation et de projection de relations épidémiologiques complexes et très hétérogènes entre différentes populations et climats. Nous avons recueilli des séries temporelles quotidiennes observées de dénombrements de la température moyenne et de la mortalité pour toutes les causes ou causes non externes uniquement, dans des périodes allant du 1er janvier 1984 au 31 décembre 2015, à partir de divers endroits à travers le monde par le biais du Réseau de recherche collaboratif multi-pays et multi-villes. Nous avons estimé les relations température-mortalité grâce à une conception de série temporelle en deux étapes. Nous avons généré des séries de températures moyennes quotidiennes actuelles et futures selon quatre scénarios de changement climatique, déterminés par des trajectoires variables d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre, à l'aide de cinq modèles de circulation générale. Nous avons projeté la surmortalité due au froid et à la chaleur et leur changement net en 1990-2099 dans chaque scénario de changement climatique, en supposant aucune adaptation ou changement de population. Notre ensemble de données comprenait 451 emplacements dans 23 pays dans neuf régions du monde, dont 85 879 895 décès. Les résultats indiquent, en moyenne, une augmentation nette de la surmortalité liée à la température dans les scénarios à fortes émissions, bien qu'avec d'importantes différences géographiques. Dans les zones tempérées telles que l'Europe du Nord, l'Asie de l'Est et l'Australie, le réchauffement moins intense et la forte diminution de l'excès lié au froid induiraient un effet net nul ou légèrement négatif, le changement net en 2090-99 par rapport à 2010-19 allant de -1·2% (IC à 95 % empirique -3·6 à 1,4) en Australie à -0·1% (-2·1 à 1,6) en Asie de l'Est dans le scénario d'émission le plus élevé, bien que les tendances à la baisse s'inverseraient au cours du siècle. Inversement, les régions plus chaudes, telles que les parties centrale et méridionale de l'Amérique ou de l'Europe, et en particulier l'Asie du Sud-Est, connaîtraient une forte augmentation des impacts liés à la chaleur et des augmentations nettes extrêmement importantes, le changement net à la fin du siècle allant de 3·0% (-3·0 à 9·3) en Amérique centrale à 12·7% (-4·7 à 28·1) en Asie du Sud-Est dans le scénario d'émission le plus élevé. La plupart des effets sur la santé directement dus à l'augmentation de la température pourraient être évités dans le cadre de scénarios impliquant des stratégies d'atténuation pour limiter les émissions et un réchauffement accru de la planète. Cette étude montre les impacts négatifs sur la santé du changement climatique qui, dans le cadre de scénarios à émissions élevées, affecteraient de manière disproportionnée les régions les plus chaudes et les plus pauvres du monde. La comparaison avec des scénarios de réduction des émissions souligne l'importance des politiques d'atténuation pour limiter le réchauffement climatique et réduire les risques sanitaires associés. Conseil de la recherche médicale du Royaume-Uni. El cambio climático puede afectar directamente a la salud humana al variar la exposición a temperaturas exteriores no óptimas. Sin embargo, la evidencia sobre este impacto directo a escala global es limitada, principalmente debido a problemas para modelar y proyectar relaciones epidemiológicas complejas y altamente heterogéneas entre diferentes poblaciones y climas. Recopilamos series de tiempo diarias observadas de conteos de temperatura media y mortalidad para todas las causas o causas no externas solamente, en períodos que van desde el 1 de enero de 1984 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2015, desde varios lugares de todo el mundo a través de la Red de Investigación Colaborativa Multipaís y Multiciudad. Estimamos las relaciones entre temperatura y mortalidad a través de un diseño de series temporales de dos etapas. Generamos series de temperatura media diaria actual y futura bajo cuatro escenarios de cambio climático, determinados por trayectorias variables de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, utilizando cinco modelos de circulación general. Proyectamos el exceso de mortalidad por frío y calor y su cambio neto en 1990-2099 en cada escenario de cambio climático, suponiendo que no hubiera adaptación ni cambios en la población. Nuestro conjunto de datos comprendía 451 ubicaciones en 23 países en nueve regiones del mundo, incluidas 85 879 895 muertes. Los resultados indican, en promedio, un aumento neto del exceso de mortalidad relacionado con la temperatura en escenarios de altas emisiones, aunque con importantes diferencias geográficas. En áreas templadas como el norte de Europa, el este de Asia y Australia, el calentamiento menos intenso y la gran disminución del exceso relacionado con el frío inducirían un efecto neto nulo o marginalmente negativo, con un cambio neto en 2090-99 en comparación con 2010-19 que oscila entre -1,2% (IC empírico del 95% -3,6 a 1,4) en Australia y -0,1% (-2,1 a 1,6) en el este de Asia en el escenario de mayor emisión, aunque las tendencias decrecientes se revertirían durante el transcurso del siglo. Por el contrario, las regiones más cálidas, como las partes central y meridional de América o Europa, y especialmente el sudeste asiático, experimentarían un fuerte aumento de los impactos relacionados con el calor y aumentos netos extremadamente grandes, con un cambio neto a finales de siglo que oscila entre el 3,0% (-3,0 a 9,3) en América Central y el 12,7% (-4,7 a 28,1) en el sudeste asiático en el escenario de mayor emisión. La mayoría de los efectos en la salud directamente debidos al aumento de la temperatura podrían evitarse en escenarios que involucren estrategias de mitigación para limitar las emisiones y un mayor calentamiento del planeta. Este estudio muestra los impactos negativos en la salud del cambio climático que, en escenarios de altas emisiones, afectarían de manera desproporcionada a las regiones más cálidas y pobres del mundo. La comparación con escenarios de menores emisiones enfatiza la importancia de las políticas de mitigación para limitar el calentamiento global y reducir los riesgos para la salud asociados. Consejo de Investigación Médica del Reino Unido. Climate change can directly affect human health by varying exposure to non-optimal outdoor temperature. However, evidence on this direct impact at a global scale is limited, mainly due to issues in modelling and projecting complex and highly heterogeneous epidemiological relationships across different populations and climates.We collected observed daily time series of mean temperature and mortality counts for all causes or non-external causes only, in periods ranging from Jan 1, 1984, to Dec 31, 2015, from various locations across the globe through the Multi-Country Multi-City Collaborative Research Network. We estimated temperature-mortality relationships through a two-stage time series design. We generated current and future daily mean temperature series under four scenarios of climate change, determined by varying trajectories of greenhouse gas emissions, using five general circulation models. We projected excess mortality for cold and heat and their net change in 1990-2099 under each scenario of climate change, assuming no adaptation or population changes.Our dataset comprised 451 locations in 23 countries across nine regions of the world, including 85 879 895 deaths. Results indicate, on average, a net increase in temperature-related excess mortality under high-emission scenarios, although with important geographical differences. In temperate areas such as northern Europe, east Asia, and Australia, the less intense warming and large decrease in cold-related excess would induce a null or marginally negative net effect, with the net change in 2090-99 compared with 2010-19 ranging from -1·2% (empirical 95% CI -3·6 to 1·4) in Australia to -0·1% (-2·1 to 1·6) in east Asia under the highest emission scenario, although the decreasing trends would reverse during the course of the century. Conversely, warmer regions, such as the central and southern parts of America or Europe, and especially southeast Asia, would experience a sharp surge in heat-related impacts and extremely large net increases, with the net change at the end of the century ranging from 3·0% (-3·0 to 9·3) in Central America to 12·7% (-4·7 to 28·1) in southeast Asia under the highest emission scenario. Most of the health effects directly due to temperature increase could be avoided under scenarios involving mitigation strategies to limit emissions and further warming of the planet.This study shows the negative health impacts of climate change that, under high-emission scenarios, would disproportionately affect warmer and poorer regions of the world. Comparison with lower emission scenarios emphasises the importance of mitigation policies for limiting global warming and reducing the associated health risks.UK Medical Research Council. يمكن أن يؤثر تغير المناخ بشكل مباشر على صحة الإنسان من خلال التعرض المتفاوت لدرجة الحرارة الخارجية غير المثلى. ومع ذلك، فإن الأدلة على هذا التأثير المباشر على نطاق عالمي محدودة، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى قضايا في نمذجة وإسقاط العلاقات الوبائية المعقدة وغير المتجانسة للغاية عبر مختلف السكان والمناخ. لقد جمعنا السلاسل الزمنية اليومية الملحوظة لمتوسط عدد درجات الحرارة والوفيات لجميع الأسباب أو الأسباب غير الخارجية فقط، في فترات تتراوح من 1 يناير 1984 إلى 31 ديسمبر 2015، من مواقع مختلفة في جميع أنحاء العالم من خلال شبكة البحوث التعاونية متعددة المدن متعددة البلدان. قدرنا العلاقات بين درجة الحرارة والوفيات من خلال تصميم سلسلة زمنية من مرحلتين. أنشأنا سلسلة متوسط درجة الحرارة اليومية الحالية والمستقبلية في إطار أربعة سيناريوهات لتغير المناخ، تحددها مسارات مختلفة لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة، باستخدام خمسة نماذج عامة للدوران. توقعنا زيادة الوفيات بسبب البرد والحرارة وتغيرها الصافي في الفترة 1990-2099 في ظل كل سيناريو من سيناريوهات تغير المناخ، على افتراض عدم وجود تكيف أو تغيرات سكانية. ضمت مجموعة البيانات الخاصة بنا 451 موقعًا في 23 دولة عبر تسع مناطق من العالم، بما في ذلك 85879895 حالة وفاة. تشير النتائج، في المتوسط، إلى زيادة صافية في الوفيات الزائدة المرتبطة بدرجة الحرارة في ظل سيناريوهات الانبعاثات العالية، على الرغم من وجود اختلافات جغرافية مهمة. في المناطق المعتدلة مثل شمال أوروبا وشرق آسيا وأستراليا، سيؤدي الاحترار الأقل حدة والانخفاض الكبير في الفائض المرتبط بالبرد إلى تأثير صافٍ لاغٍ أو سلبي هامشي، مع تغير صافٍ في 2090-99 مقارنة بالفترة 2010-1919 يتراوح من -1·2 ٪ (95 ٪ CI -3·6 إلى 1·4) في أستراليا إلى -0· 1 ٪ (-2·1 إلى 1·6) في شرق آسيا في ظل أعلى سيناريو للانبعاثات، على الرغم من أن الاتجاهات المتناقصة ستنعكس خلال القرن. على العكس من ذلك، ستشهد المناطق الأكثر دفئًا، مثل الأجزاء الوسطى والجنوبية من أمريكا أو أوروبا، وخاصة جنوب شرق آسيا، ارتفاعًا حادًا في التأثيرات المرتبطة بالحرارة وزيادات صافية كبيرة للغاية، حيث يتراوح صافي التغير في نهاية القرن من 3· 0 ٪ (-3 ·0 إلى 9·3) في أمريكا الوسطى إلى 12· 7 ٪ (-4·7 إلى 28·1) في جنوب شرق آسيا في ظل أعلى سيناريو للانبعاثات. يمكن تجنب معظم الآثار الصحية الناجمة مباشرة عن ارتفاع درجة الحرارة في ظل السيناريوهات التي تنطوي على استراتيجيات التخفيف للحد من الانبعاثات وزيادة الاحترار في الكوكب. تُظهر هذه الدراسة الآثار الصحية السلبية لتغير المناخ التي من شأنها، في ظل سيناريوهات الانبعاثات العالية، أن تؤثر بشكل غير متناسب على المناطق الأكثر دفئًا والأكثر فقرًا في العالم. تؤكد المقارنة مع سيناريوهات الانبعاثات المنخفضة على أهمية سياسات التخفيف للحد من ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري والحد من المخاطر الصحية المرتبطة بها. مجلس البحوث الطبية في المملكة المتحدة.

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    The Lancet Planetary Health
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    The Lancet Planetary Health
    Article . 2017
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/qd...
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    Digital.CSIC
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      The Lancet Planetary Health
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      The Lancet Planetary Health
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/qd...
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      Digital.CSIC
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    Authors: Mikko Jalo; Fletcher W. Halliday; Anna-Liisa Laine; Anna-Liisa Laine;

    Quantifying the relative impact of environmental conditions and host community structure on disease is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century, as both climate and biodiversity are changing at unprecedented rates. Both increasing temperature and shifting host communities toward more fast-paced life-history strategies are predicted to increase disease, yet their independent and interactive effects on disease in natural communities remain unknown. Here, we address this challenge by surveying foliar disease symptoms in 220, 0.5 m-diameter herbaceous plant communities along a 1100-m elevational gradient. We find that increasing temperature associated with lower elevation can increase disease by (1) relaxing constraints on parasite growth and reproduction, (2) determining which host species are present in a given location, and (3) strengthening the positive effect of host community pace-of-life on disease. These results provide the first field evidence, under natural conditions, that environmental gradients can alter how host community structure affects disease.

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    eLife
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    eLife
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    eLife
    Article . 2021
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    eLife
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      eLife
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      eLife
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      eLife
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    Authors: P. Auvinen; J. Vehviläinen; H. Marjonen; V. Modhukur; +11 Authors

    Abstract Background Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) affects embryonic development, causing a variable fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) phenotype with neuronal disorders and birth defects. We hypothesize that early alcohol-induced epigenetic changes disrupt the accurate developmental programming of embryo and consequently cause the complex phenotype of developmental disorders. To explore the etiology of FASD, we collected unique biological samples of 80 severely alcohol-exposed and 100 control newborns at birth. Methods We performed genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) and gene expression analyses of placentas by using microarrays (EPIC, Illumina) and mRNA sequencing, respectively. To test the manifestation of observed PAE-associated DNAm changes in embryonic tissues as well as potential biomarkers for PAE, we examined if the changes can be detected also in white blood cells or buccal epithelial cells of the same newborns by EpiTYPER. To explore the early effects of alcohol on extraembryonic placental tissue, we selected 27 newborns whose mothers had consumed alcohol up to gestational week 7 at maximum to the separate analyses. Furthermore, to explore the effects of early alcohol exposure on embryonic cells, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as well as hESCs during differentiation into endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal cells were exposed to alcohol in vitro. Results DPPA4, FOXP2, and TACR3 with significantly decreased DNAm were discovered—particularly the regulatory region of DPPA4 in the early alcohol-exposed placentas. When hESCs were exposed to alcohol in vitro, significantly altered regulation of DPPA2, a closely linked heterodimer of DPPA4, was observed. While the regulatory region of DPPA4 was unmethylated in both control and alcohol-exposed hESCs, alcohol-induced decreased DNAm similar to placenta was seen in in vitro differentiated mesodermal and ectodermal cells. Furthermore, common genes with alcohol-associated DNAm changes in placenta and hESCs were linked exclusively to the neurodevelopmental pathways in the enrichment analysis, which emphasizes the value of placental tissue when analyzing the effects of prenatal environment on human development. Conclusions Our study shows the effects of early alcohol exposure on human embryonic and extraembryonic cells, introduces candidate genes for alcohol-induced developmental disorders, and reveals potential biomarkers for prenatal alcohol exposure.

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    BMC Medicine
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    BMC Medicine
    Article . 2023
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    BMC Medicine
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    Authors: Kohl, Johanna; Sigfrids, Anton; Pihlajamäki, Jussi; Martikainen; +2 Authors

    Grand social challenges, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), are increasing, which creates sustainability problems for health care service systems. To reduce socio-economic burdens, changes are required in the socio-technical system. However, there is an uncertainty of the most cost-effective policy action that can create sustainability while providing health benefits. To find potential solutions to these challenges, the multi-level perspective (MLP) and health economic decision modelling was used to study socio-technical change and project potential health economic consequences of different scenarios. The study focuses on creating a vision pathway for reducing T2D in Finland. In total, 23 interviews were carried out and the results were analyzed utilizing the MLP model. As a result, five themes towards prevention of T2D were identified. Digitalization was found to be a cross-cutting theme for preventing T2D and was thus taken as the object of study and the main focus of this paper. As a result, this paper reports on the opportunities and barriers for using digital tools in a transition towards T2D prevention. A health economic decision modelling revealed that the highest expected savings could be obtained by prioritizing prevention programs based on T2D risk. Finally, the model was converted into a web-based online tool by combining vision pathway, transition-focused storylines and forward-looking health economic scenario analysis to give the policy makers an overall picture of the needed societal changes and support the impact assessment of alternative policies in a case of T2D prevention in Finland.

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    Sustainability
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