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(Abstract) This paper proposes a new power line communication (PLC) architecture for monitoring and remote control of Distributed Generators (DG) and Energy Storage Systems (ESS) connected to low voltage distribution networks. The final aim is to improve the performance of the PLC link in terms of robustness and efficiency in devices addressing. The proposed solution is based on a concentrator, to be installed in secondary substation, and a new PLC bridge, to be linked both to inverters and interface protection systems of DGs or ESSs. In this way, a communication link is obtained between distribution system operator (DSO) and DG or ESS owners. The proposed system is able to provide advanced functions for the remote control of DGs and ESSs inverters, not only in terms of remote disconnection but also in terms of adjusting the inverter operating modes.

Operational intelligence in electric power systems is focused in a small number of control rooms that coordinate their actions. A clear division of responsibility and a command hierarchy organize system operation. With multi-agent based control systems, this control paradigm may be shifted to a more decentralized open-access collaboration control paradigm. This shift cannot happen at once, but must fit also with current operation principles. In order to establish a scalable and transparent system control architecture, organizing principles have to be identified that allow for a smooth transition. This paper presents a concept for the representation and organization of control- and resource-allocation, enabling computational reasoning and system awareness. The principles are discussed with respect to a recently proposed Subgrid operation concept.

The presented article will describe an 'effect-cause' model for the purpose of simulating the energy consumption of DC fed light rail vehicles. The model will assess the advantages of hybrid vehicles in terms of energy consumption, network power and voltage variations, line current and losses; and will help sizing and designing a supercapacitor based energy storage system (ESS) for both on-board, and stationary applications. The proposed modeling needs to allow the ESS sizing according to the objective that needs to be achieved, being braking energy recovery, voltage drop compensation and peak power shaving the most common goals of ESS use in hybrid vehicles. The needed power and energy levels will vary in function of the vehicle features and the driving cycle followed. This all can be determined by the quasi-static simulation tool to ease the design process. Another objective of the modeling tool is to evaluate the behaviour of the vehicle power flow controller, which manages the power from/to the ESS in function of the state of several variables.

This study adopts a life cycle approach to analyse the principal critical elements, opportunities and limits of biogas production's socio-economic aspects and environmental implications. From this perspective, the biogas supply chain sustainability and the opportunity for a closed-loop approach have been assessed starting from existing studies. The analysis revealed that the biogas sector could play a strategic role in making energy systems more resilient in a context characterised by sudden changes, such as the current scenario. In particular, the research is focused on this sector's potential to support the energy transition in Italy, which presents a structural vulnerability related to fossil resource scarcity. The paper contributes to the literature on the sustainable assessment of the biogas supply chain and paves the way for future researchers to understand the complex issues involved in the biogas sector sustainable development process. Furthermore, it provides policy, managerial and social implications, showing that the complete diffusion of biogas - a renewable, scalable and flexible resource - can foster security and decarbonisation of the energy system. It can also create new business opportunities at the local level, promoting a circular and bio-based economy.

The electrodissolution of p-Ge in aqueous NaOH solutions (pH 12-13) has been investigated with steady-state and impedance techniques. In the potential region where the process is under kinetic control, the impedance patterns are characterised by a high frequency capacitive loop, associated with the space charge, largely merged with another due to charge transfer resistance and double layer capacitance, and two low frequency loops changing from inductive to capacitive upon increasing the potential. At larger potential, under mixed control, the same high frequency features are observed, while a convection diffusion impedance dominates the low frequency response. The data relevant to pure kinetic control are interpreted with a simplified kinetic model, based on the classical scheme of Beck and Gerischer [Z. Electrochem., Ber. Bunsenges. Physik. Chem. 63 (1959) 500], neglecting transport effects and assuming only three electrochemical steps: (i) oxidation, involving water molecules, of Ge(0) to dihydroxylated Ge(II) by two holes; (ii) oxidation by one hole of Ge(II)-Ge(III) in a step requiring OH-; (iii) oxidative dissolution of Ge(III) proceeding either by hole capture or electron injection, leaving behind a surface Ge(0) species. Diagrams calculated for the limiting cases of pure depletion layer control reproduce the essential features of the experimental ones.

The winter package to reform EU’s energy system Diritto dell'energia

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AbstractClimate change effects along with anthropogenic activities present the main factors that threaten the existence of heritage sites across the north Nile Delta of Egypt close to the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea. Observing the changes in the landscape close to the archaeological sites is an important issue for decision‐makers in terms of reducing the negative impact of natural events and human activities. The coastal heritage sites are becoming strongly threatened by the rising sea level phenomena that will happen due to global warming. Focusing on the distribution of the archaeological sites, this study aims to detect the areas at risk of shoreline erosion or accretion in the northern shoreline of the Nile Delta. In this study, the changes in the northern shoreline of the Nile Delta were observed and calculated during the last hundred years based on the integration between the old topographic maps from surveys in 1900, 1925 and 1945, optical satellite images captured by Landsat in 1972, 1986 and 2000; Sentinel2 2021; and the Radar SRTM data. The results of this study showed that the changes were enormous with a great shoreline erosion process over the last 121 years recorded along the shoreline in the periods between 1900–1925, 1925–1945, 1945–1972, 1972–1986, 1986–2000 and 2000–2021. The areas eroded were about 5.3, 4.7, 5.6, 8.9, 2.5 and 5.4 km2, respectively. Such negative movements caused the loss of two heritage sites, and the expected changes will lead to the loss of additional heritage sites in the next 500 years. Furthermore, a model was suggested for protecting the coastal heritage sites threatened by the risk of submergence. This study can help the decision‐makers to detect the coastal archaeological sites at risk and create innovative solutions for protecting these irreplaceable heritage sites.

Thermoacoustic technology emerges as a sustainable and low-carbon method for energy conversion, leveraging environmentally friendly working mediums and independence from electricity. This study presents the development of a multimode heat-driven thermoacoustic system designed to utilize medium/low-grade heat sources for room-temperature cooling and heating. We constructed both a simulation model and an experimental prototype for a single-unit direct-coupled thermoacoustic system, exploring its performance in heating-only, cooling-only, and hybrid heating and cooling modes. Internal characteristic analysis including an examination of internal exergy loss and a distribution analysis of key parameters was first conducted in the hybrid cooling and heating mode. The results indicated a positive-focused traveling-wave-dominant acoustic field within the thermoacoustic core unit, enhancing energy conversion efficiency. The output system performance was subsequently tested under different working conditions in the heating-only and cooling-only modes. A maximum output heating power of 2.3 kW and a maximum COPh of 1.41 were observed in the heating-only mode. Meanwhile, a cooling power of 748 W and a COPc of 0.4 were obtained in the typical cooling condition at 7 °C when operating in cooling-only mode. These findings underscore the promising potential of thermoacoustic systems for efficiently utilizing medium/low-grade heat sources for cooling and/or heating applications in the future.