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La contaminación ambiental se ha convertido en motivo de preocupación en todo el mundo con el aumento de la urbanización, el transporte, la industrialización y varios otros factores. Por lo tanto, el investigador ha diseñado este estudio para investigar el impacto de la urbanización, el gasto en I + D en investigación y desarrollo, el desarrollo de infraestructuras y los ingresos reales en la emisión de dióxido de carbono en los países asiáticos. El proceso de recopilación de datos involucró a seis países asiáticos desde 1997 hasta finales de 2019. Las herramientas y técnicas de estimación y análisis de datos del panel se aplicaron en el datos recopilados y se obtuvieron los resultados. Los resultados de la estimación de regresión sugieren que, según el estimador MG, todas las variables tienen un impacto significativo y positivo en las emisiones de CO 2, pero el desarrollo de la infraestructura tiene un impacto insignificante. En el caso de FMOLS, nuevamente todas las variables tienen un impacto significativo y positivo en las emisiones de CO 2, pero el desarrollo de la infraestructura tiene un impacto insignificante. Sin embargo, en el caso de DOLS, todas las variables han mostrado un impacto significativo en las emisiones de CO 2. En el último, el estimador DK indica que la urbanización, el ingreso real y la densidad de población tienen un impacto significativo y positivo en las emisiones de CO 2 pero el gasto en I + D y el desarrollo de infraestructuras tienen un impacto insignificante. De esta manera, se estimaron los impactos de todas las variables independientes y de control sobre las emisiones de CO 2. La pollution de l'environnement est devenue un sujet de préoccupation dans le monde entier avec l'augmentation de l'urbanisation, des transports, de l'industrialisation et de plusieurs autres facteurs.Le chercheur a donc conçu cette étude pour étudier l'impact de l'urbanisation, des dépenses de recherche et développement, du développement des infrastructures et des revenus réels sur les émissions de dioxyde de carbone dans les pays asiatiques.Le processus de collecte de données a impliqué six pays asiatiques de 1997 à fin 2019.Les outils et techniques d'estimation et d'analyse des données du panel ont été appliqués sur le les données collectées et les résultats ont été obtenus.Les résultats de l'estimation de la régression suggèrent que, selon l'estimateur MG, toutes les variables ont un impact significatif et positif sur les émissions de CO 2, mais le développement de l'infrastructure a un impact insignifiant.Dans le cas de la FMOLS, encore une fois, toutes les variables ont un impact significatif et positif sur les émissions de CO 2, mais le développement de l'infrastructure a un impact insignifiant.Toutefois, dans le cas de la DOLS, toutes les variables ont montré un impact significatif sur les émissions de CO 2.Dans le dernier, l'estimateur DK indique que l'urbanisation, le revenu réel et la densité de population ont un impact significatif et positif sur les émissions de CO 2 mais les dépenses de R&D et le développement des infrastructures ont un impact insignifiant. De cette façon, les impacts de toutes les variables indépendantes et de contrôle sur les émissions de CO 2 ont été estimés. Environmental pollution has become the matter of concern all over the world with the increase in urbanization, transport, industrialization and several other factors.The researcher has therefore designed this study to investigate the impact of urbanization, research and development R&D expenditure, infrastructure development and real income on the emission of carbon dioxide in Asian countries.The data collection process involved six Asian countries from 1997 and ending 2019.The panel data estimation and analysis tools and techniques were applied on the collected data and the results were obtained.The results of regression estimation suggest that as per MG estimator, all the variables have significant and positive impact on CO 2 emission but infrastructure development has insignificant impact.In case of FMOLS, again all the variables have significant and positive impact on CO 2 emission but infrastructure development has insignificant impact.However, in case of DOLS, all the variables have shown significant impact on CO 2 emission.In the last, DK estimator indicates that urbanization, real income and population density have significant and positive impact on CO 2 emission but R&D expenditure and infrastructure development has insignificant impact.In this way, the impacts of all independent and control variables on CO 2 emission were estimated. أصبح التلوث البيئي مصدر قلق في جميع أنحاء العالم مع زيادة التحضر والنقل والتصنيع والعديد من العوامل الأخرى. لذلك صمم الباحث هذه الدراسة للتحقيق في تأثير التحضر والبحث والتطوير والإنفاق على البحث والتطوير وتطوير البنية التحتية والدخل الحقيقي على انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في البلدان الآسيوية. وشملت عملية جمع البيانات ستة بلدان آسيوية من عام 1997 وحتى نهاية عام 2019. تم تطبيق أدوات وتقنيات تقدير وتحليل بيانات اللوحة على تم الحصول على البيانات التي تم جمعها والنتائج. تشير نتائج تقدير الانحدار إلى أنه وفقًا لتقدير MG، فإن جميع المتغيرات لها تأثير كبير وإيجابي على انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون ولكن تطوير البنية التحتية له تأثير ضئيل. في حالة FMOLS، مرة أخرى جميع المتغيرات لها تأثير كبير وإيجابي على انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون ولكن تطوير البنية التحتية له تأثير ضئيل. ومع ذلك، في حالة DOLS، أظهرت جميع المتغيرات تأثيرًا كبيرًا على انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون. في الأخير، يشير مقدر DK إلى أن التحضر والدخل الحقيقي والكثافة السكانية لها تأثير كبير وإيجابي على انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون لكن الإنفاق على البحث والتطوير وتطوير البنية التحتية له تأثير ضئيل. وبهذه الطريقة، تم تقدير تأثيرات جميع المتغيرات المستقلة والتحكم على انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون.

The association between resource rents and economic growth is one of the key issues that have attracted the attention of both policymakers and scholars. Several attempts have been made regarding the association, yet the literature holds the gap. The present research intends to explore the connection between natural resource volatility and economic performance in seven (G-7) countries. For the time frame from1990 to 2020, this study also examines the role of technological innovation (TI), human capital (HCI), and research and development budget for renewable energy (RER&D). Empirical results asserted that the variables under study are cointegrated. Employing a novel non-parametric panel quantile method of moments regression and quantile-on-quantile, the outcomes propose that natural resources volatility significantly affects EP throughout the quantiles. This negative impact is valid for the aggregate panel of countries and cross-sections. Natural resource volatility supports the resource curse hypothesis for G7 economies. On the other hand, HCI and TI are significant economic performance factors. From lower to higher quantiles, the magnitude and significance levels increase. The variable for cleaner energy investment is also positively related to economic performance yet insignificant in the higher quantile. The study recommends channeling natural resource rents to effectively and fully transfer the full potential of natural resources to other real sectors of the economy to fully utilize the benefit from it.

Indonesia is one of leading countries in palm oil industry in the world producing a 25 billion liters of palm oil annually. With a great potential of resources in Indonesia, residues from palm oil mill (POM) activities are considered as one of major potential fuel and renewable resource for the near future. An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) small scale power plant has been preliminary designed to generate electricity by using the empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm oil shells as biomass waste produced during POM activities. The aim of the paper is the investigation of energetic performance and economic feasibilities of ORC based technology for biomass combined heat and power (CHP) generation, fueled by 60% EFB and 40% palm oil shell. The study demonstrates the technical feasibility of ORC solutions at the POM site in terms of resources optimizations, cost and reducing of greenhouse gas emissions. With the use of R-245fa as organic working fluid, the system of ORC with a recuperator has a higher thermal efficiency and reducing more fuel consumption during the operation compared to the non-use recuperator ORC system. In term of economic analysis, the level cost of electricity system without a recuperator unit less than the system with recuperator unit. However, the system with recuperator unit uses at least 11.5% less biomass as fuel to generate expander power of 2500 kW compared to the system without recuperator.

Abstract Increase of amount greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities in the form of an increase the number of vehicles indirectly impacting climate change. The purpose of this study is to calculate GHG emissions, namely carbon dioxide (CO2) generated from the transportation sector and determine the scenario of reducing CO2 emissions from the sector transportation in Medan City. The method of calculating GHG emissions in this study uses TIER II from IPCC. The study was conducted in 12 locations of sampling points with a traffic counting time of 12 hours per each point with variations in the time of workdays and weekdays. The results showed that CO2 emissions generated at the twelve sampling locations amounted to 484.41 - 561.16 tons CO2 / year. The scenario of reducing CO2 emissions in this study is the application of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), parking management systems and fuel substitution. Comparison of the average of the three scenarios in reducing CO2 namely; the application of BRT ± 24.28% with the number of BRT units needed per road segment ranging from 11 - 57 units; fuel substitution of ± 9.16% and parking management system ± 12.08%.

The Global Plant Health Assessment (GPHA) is a collective, volunteer-based effort to assemble expert opinions on plant health and disease impacts on ecosystem services based on published scientific evidence. The GPHA considers a range of forest, agricultural, and urban systems worldwide. These are referred to as (Ecoregion × Plant System), i.e., selected case examples involving keystone plants in given parts of the world. The GPHA focuses on infectious plant diseases and plant pathogens, but encompasses the abiotic (e.g., temperature, drought, and floods) and other biotic (e.g., animal pests and humans) factors associated with plant health. Among the 33 (Ecoregion × Plant System) considered, 18 are assessed as in fair or poor health, and 20 as in declining health. Much of the observed state of plant health and its trends are driven by a combination of forces, including climate change, species invasions, and human management. Healthy plants ensure (i) provisioning (food, fiber, and material), (ii) regulation (climate, atmosphere, water, and soils), and (iii) cultural (recreation, inspiration, and spiritual) ecosystem services. All these roles that plants play are threatened by plant diseases. Nearly none of these three ecosystem services are assessed as improving. Results indicate that the poor state of plant health in sub-Saharan Africa gravely contributes to food insecurity and environmental degradation. Results further call for the need to improve crop health to ensure food security in the most populated parts of the world, such as in South Asia, where the poorest of the poor, the landless farmers, are at the greatest risk. The overview of results generated from this work identifies directions for future research to be championed by a new generation of scientists and revived public extension services. Breakthroughs from science are needed to (i) gather more data on plant health and its consequences, (ii) identify collective actions to manage plant systems, (iii) exploit the phytobiome diversity in breeding programs, (iv) breed for plant genotypes with resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, and (v) design and implement plant systems involving the diversity required to ensure their adaptation to current and growing challenges, including climate change and pathogen invasions.

AbstractBiodiesel fuel and biogas fuel as promising alternative energy sources for dual‐fuel‐mode diesel engine attract more researchers. Therefore, this study highlights the dual‐fuel mode (DFM) operation of diesel engine using biodiesel fuel from used cooking oil and simulated biogas fuel with different methane contents (M40, M60, M80, and M100) on the combustion, rate of heat release, combustion stability, and performance. The observation of diesel engine was conducted by varying the torques from 3.5 Nm, 10.5 Nm, 17.6 Nm, and 24.6 Nm and by varying the engine speeds from 1800 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2200 rpm, 2400 rpm, and 2600 rpm, respectively. It was found that in DFM at a low torque the thermal efficiency decreased, but biogas replacement, biogas energy, and sfc values increased. The relation of the results of biodiesel replacement, biogas energy ratio, and brake thermal efficiency with methane content ratio in DFM show that the methane content ratio has the maximum effect in DFM. In addition, the carbon dioxide content in the biogas can enrich the brake thermal efficiency. The combustion stability of all conditions (1.7%‐4.89%) is still acceptable.

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is the biggest consumed vegetable oil in the world. The increase in CPO production raises concern on the environmental impact even outside the producing countries. As a response to this matter, the EU has made a requirement to only import certified CPO (CSPO). India and China, the two biggest importers in the world, are less restrictive to the environmental issues, and their demands are more influenced by CPO price levels. These countries are the main export markets for Indonesia and Malaysia, the two biggest CPO exporters in the world. This research using monthly price data from the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, EU28, India, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. Market integrations are tested with Cointegration Test, Vector Error Correction Model and Seemingly Unrelated Regression. The results show that these markets are integrated, but European countries are unlikely to lead the price movement. Therefore, the concern on sustainable certification from the European countries still slowly spreads to other main importers, resulting in low absorption of CSPO. Keywords: market integration; sustainable palm oil; seemingly unrelated regression; vector Error correction model