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Este trabajo fin de grado se basa en una aplicación de la termoelectricidad para la generación de electricidad a partir de una fuente renovable de energía como es la geotermia. En concreto los yacimientos para los cuales está centrado este proyecto son yacimientos de roca caliente seca que se encuentran en la isla de Lanzarote en el parque nacional del Timanfaya. Allí se encuentran unas de las anomalías geotérmicas más importantes del mundo, al registrarse entre 100 y 300°C en la superficie y hasta 600°C a 13 metros de profundidad. El objetivo de este proyecto es el diseño y montaje del lado frío del prototipo de generación. Para ello se han diseñado, construido y caracterizado tres configuraciones diferentes con el fin de obtener una solución de fácil construcción, compacta y eficiente que haga posible la instalación real del prototipo. Donde se ha obtenido una solución con bajos valores de resistencia térmica, de 0,39K/W. The following Bachelor’s Thesis focuses on an aplication of thermoelectricity in the generation of electricity from geotermal, wich is considered a renewable source. For that, this Project has been base don deposiys of dry hot rock located in the Timanfaya National park of Lanzarote. There has been found one of the most important gothermal anomalies arund the world, registering between 100 an 300°C in the Surface and up to 600°C below a depth of 13 meters. The objetive of this Project is the design and assembly of the cold sido of the generation prototype. For this purpouse, three different configurations has been designed, built and caracterized in order to obtain an easy to build, compact and efficient solution that makes the real installation of the prototype posible. Where a solution with low values of termal resistance of 0.39K/W has been obtained. Graduado o Graduada en Ingeniería en Tecnologías Industriales por la Universidad Pública de Navarra Industria Teknologietako Ingeniaritzan Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

El crecimiento de la energía fotovoltaica es esencial para asegurar un futuro sostenible y frenar el cambio climático causado por el uso de energías contaminantes. Para que ese crecimiento ocurra es necesario reducir el peso de los módulos fotovoltaicos, aumentando así las posibilidades de instalación de los mismos en situaciones en las que, con el peso actual de los módulos, no sería posible. Para afrontar esta problemática se estudia la posibilidad de incluir nuevos materiales en la laminación de módulos fotovoltaicos, dando lugar a laminados más ligeros que los convencionales y aplicables en la industria. Se diseñan, fabrican y ensayan prototipos con composites preimpregnados de distintos gramajes, un vidrio más fino al convencional, paneles ‘honeycomb’, ETFE y fibra de vidrio. Para la realización de estos prototipos, además, se lleva a cabo una caracterización de los materiales usados. Como resultado se logra fabricar satisfactoriamente mini módulos más ligeros, tanto bifaciales como monofaciales, capaces de superar la prueba de granizo. Entre los laminados bifaciales el mejor resultado, tanto en peso como precio final, es emplear exclusivamente composites preimpregnados. Además, se comprueba la eficacia de un laminado con vidrio de 1 mm de espesor como ‘frontsheet’ y reforzar el ‘backsheet’ de Tedlar transparente con composite, y de la configuración vidrio-vidrio. Como solución ligera monofacial, se ha logrado combinando el vidrio de 1 mm como ‘frontsheet’ con ‘honeycomb’ o bien Tedlar reforzado con fibra de vidrio como ‘backsheet’. Con estos resultados se ha demostrado la posibilidad de laminar módulos más ligeros que los convencionales utilizando los métodos habituales de producción con laminadora. Se espera poder replicar estos resultados a nivel industrial y con ello aumentar las posibilidades de instalación de energía fotovoltaica. The growth of photovoltaic energy is essential to ensure a sustainable future and curb climate change caused by polluting energies usage. For this growth to happen it is necessary to reduce the weight of the photovoltaic modules, thus increasing the possibilities of installing them in situations in which nowadays it would not be possible due to the current weight of the modules. To deal with this problem, we probe the possibility of including new materials in the lamination of photovoltaic modules, aiming to laminates that are lighter than conventional ones and replicable in the industry. Prototypes are designed, manufactures and tested with prepreg composites of different weights, thin glass, honeycomb panels, ETFE and fiberglass. It is also carried out the material characterization to ensure the liability of making the prototypes. As a result, it has been successfully proven the possibility of manufacturing lighter mini modules, both bifacial and monofacial, capable of passing the hail test using this novel materials. Among the bifacial laminates, the best result, both in weight and final price, is using exclusively prepreg composites. In addition, the effectiveness of a laminate with 1-mm-thick glass as a frontsheet and composite reinforcements for the Tedlar backsheet, and glass-glass configuration, is verified. A monofacial lightweight solution has been achieved by combining 1 mm glass as the frontsheet with honeycomb or fiberglass-reinforced Tedlar as the backsheet. These results have demonstrated the possibility of laminating modules that are lighter than conventional ones using the usual production methods with a membrane laminator. It is expected to be able to replicate these results at an industrial level and thereby increase the possibilities of installing photovoltaic energy. Graduado o Graduada en Ingeniería Mecánica por la Universidad Pública de Navarra Ingeniaritza Mekanikoko Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî-dT Q- = C_^ A. (7) o o,. o dt C and C are specific heat capacity of water and glass cover. Q, is heat flux by evaporation and condensation, it can be defined by the expression (8), Q, = 16.22xl0`9 Q. b ts _?S a T= -Tn S s o (8) Heat loss thorough the base and perimeter of base is Q. This quantity is estimated by the expression; k Q = - - A (T T ) (9) z T Z S Ç z k is thermal conductivity of the base. L is characteristic length of the base. Q. ` and Q are heat flux from the transparent cover to the surroundings. This rate of heat dissipation depends both on radiation to the sky and on convection by air ciculation. Radiation to the sky depends on the effective sky temperature, which is generally taken as 11°C less than the ambient temperature. The convective portion is taken as a function of the wind speed. Qtö + qiö ? eö * (tö - (V11)4) aö + htö(Tö `V aö (10) and, h._ = 5.7 + 3.8V (11) to V is the şind speed, e is emissivity of glass cover. - xı -Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî-dT Q- = C_^ A. (7) o o,. o dt C and C are specific heat capacity of water and glass cover. Q, is heat flux by evaporation and condensation, it can be defined by the expression (8), Q, = 16.22xl0`9 Q. b ts _?S a T= -Tn S s o (8) Heat loss thorough the base and perimeter of base is Q. This quantity is estimated by the expression; k Q = - - A (T T ) (9) z T Z S Ç z k is thermal conductivity of the base. L is characteristic length of the base. Q. ` and Q are heat flux from the transparent cover to the surroundings. This rate of heat dissipation depends both on radiation to the sky and on convection by air ciculation. Radiation to the sky depends on the effective sky temperature, which is generally taken as 11°C less than the ambient temperature. The convective portion is taken as a function of the wind speed. Qtö + qiö ? eö * (tö - (V11)4) aö + htö(Tö `V aö (10) and, h._ = 5.7 + 3.8V (11) to V is the şind speed, e is emissivity of glass cover. - xı -Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî- ÖZET: insanlar yüzyıllardır nehir, göl, deniz gibi su kaynaklarının yakınlarında yaşamayı ve böylece su problemlerini çözümlemeyi tercih etmişlerdir. Günümüz için bu çözüm yeterli değildir. Çünkü dünya nüfusunun hızla artması doğal su kaynaklarını hızla tüketmiş ve yetersiz hale getirmiştir. Ayrıca, nüfus artışı, kontrolsüz sanayileşme ve getirdiği çevre kirliliği ile zaten az olan su kaynaklarının kirlenmesi ve kullanılmaz hale gelmesinde su sıkıntısını artırmıştır. Bilim adamları miktar olarak daha çok olan tuzlu deniz suyundan içilebilir özellikte tatlı su elde etme yollarını aramaktadırlar. Tükenebilir enerji kaynakları kullanan damıtma sistemleri kurularak tuzlu su damıtılarak içilebilir su elde edilmiştir. Fakat kullanılan enerji kaynaklarıda yeryüzünde kıt olduğundan yeni enerji kaynakları arayışına girilmiş ve tükenmez olarak bilinen güineş enerjisi kullanan damıtma sistemleri oluşturulmuştur. Bu tezde, güneş enerjili damıtma sistemleri incelenmiştir. Günümüzde, diğer damıtma sistemlerinin yanında büyük kapasiteler için, verimi düşük olan güneş enerjili damıtma sistemlerinde, verimi artırabilmek için sisteme ekler konmuştur. Bu tezde Antalya şartlarında basit tipte bir güneş enerjili damıtma sistemi tasarlanmıştır. Bu sistemin veriminin atmosferik ve konstliriktif şartlarla değişimi incelenmiştir. Basit tipteki güneş enerjili damıtma sisteminin verimi güneş ışınımının şiddetinin artması ile artmaktadır. Antalya'da sistemin maksimum verimi Temmuz ayında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca ortamdaki rüzgar hızı ve sıcaklık verimi etkiliyen faktörlerdir. Sistemin önemli elemanı olan saydam örtünün eğim açısı, güneş ışınlarının geliş açısına göre değiştirilerek verim artırılabilir. Güneş enerjili damıtma sistemi, Türkiye gibi suyun eldesi çok ucuz olan Ülkelerde, kullanılacak suyun tamamının karşılanması için oldukça pahalı bir yatırımdır. Bu Ülkelerde, bu sistemler, ek su kaynağı olarak kullanılabilir. Su sıkıntısı çeken nüfusu fazla olmayan özellikle adalarda ya da diğer yerleşim yerlerinde verimli olacağı açıktır. 94

Nowadays, the use of renewable generations, energy storage systems (ESSs) and microgrids (MGs) has been developed due to better controllability of distributed energy resources (DERs) as well as their cost-effective and emission-aware operation. The development of MGs as well as the use of hierarchical control has led to data transmission in the communication platform. As a result, the expansion of communication infrastructure has made MGs as cyber-physical systems (CPSs) vulnerable to cyber-attacks (CAs). Accordingly, prevention, detection and isolation of CAs during proper control of MGs is essential. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the control strategies of microgrids against CAs and its defense mechanisms has been done. The general structure of the paper is as follows: firstly, MGs operational conditions, i.e., the secure or insecure mode of the physical and cyber layers are investigated and the appropriate control to return to a safer mode are presented. Then, the common MGs communication system is described which is generally used for multi-agent systems (MASs). Also, classification of CAs in MGs has been reviewed. Afterwards, a comprehensive survey of available researches in the field of prevention, detection and isolation of CA and MG control against CA are summarized. Finally, future trends in this context are clarified.

İnsanlığın ortak bir problemi olarak geleceği tehdit eden bir boyuta ulaşan çevre sorunları karşısında kentlerde her tür mekânı oluşturmada sürdürülebilir planlama ve tasarım benimsenmesi gereken önemli bir yaklaşımdır. Kentsel kullanımlar içerisinde büyük nüfus kitlelerine hitap eden kamusal alanlar ise daha sürdürülebilir bir gelecek oluşturabilmede özellikle değerlendirilmesi gereken alanlardır. Çocukların zamanlarının büyük bir bölümünü geçirdikleri eğitim alanları, çocuk gelişimi açısından büyük bir öneme sahip kamusal alanlardır. Bütün kamusal alanlar gibi eğitim alanlarının oluşturulma aşamasında sürdürülebilir planlama ve tasarım parametrelerine öncelik verilmesi, sürdürülebilir eğitim alanlarının kullanılmasının ve sürdürülebilir gelişmenin doğasında var olan değerlerin, eylemlerin ve ilkelerin eğitim ve öğretimin bütün biçimlerine dahil edilmesinin önemli ekonomik, eğitimsel, çevresel ve sosyal katkıları bulunmaktadır. Bu tez kapsamında Tokat kenti içerisinde yer alan eğitim alanlarının sürdürülebilir planlama ve tasarım parametreleri doğrultusunda değerlendirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda saha çalışmaları okul öncesi, ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise düzeylerindeki 12 örneklem alanında [23 Nisan Ulusal Egemenlik Anaokulu, 15 Temmuz Milli İrade Anaokulu, Devlet Hastanesi Anaokulu, İbn-i Kemal İlkokulu, Karşıyaka İlkokulu, Fevzi Çakmak Ortaokulu, Vakıfbank Namık Kemal Ortaokulu, Gazi Osman Paşa Ortaokulu, Milli Piyango İhya Balak Fen Lisesi, 15 Temmuz Milli İrade Anadolu Lisesi, Güzel Sanatlar Lisesi ve Gazi Osman Paşa Lisesi] gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklem eğitim alanlarının planlama ve tasarımlarındaki sürdürülebilirlik düzeyleri “imar planı verileri, arazi büyüklüğü, yer seçim kriterleri, ulaşım özellikleri, peyzaj tasarımı, plan tipolojisi, malzeme özellikleri, tasarım özellikleri ve sosyal özellikler” olmak üzere 9 değerlendirme kriteri çerçevesinde teknik bilgiler ve gözlemler doğrultusunda karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak değerlendirilen okullarda sürdürülebilir planlama ve tasarım parametrelerini destekleyen önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Sustainable planning & design is an important approach that should be adopted in creating all kinds of spaces in cities in the face of environmental problems that have reached a dimension that threatens the future as a common problem of humanity. Public spaces that appeal to large populations within urban uses are areas that should be especially evaluated in order to create a more sustainable future. Educational areas, where children spend most of their time, are public spaces that have a great importance in terms of child development. Like all public spaces, prioritizing sustainable planning & design parameters in the creation of educational spaces, the use of sustainable education spaces and the inclusion of the values, actions and principles inherent in sustainable development in all forms of education and training have important economic, educational, environmental and social contributions. Within the scope of this thesis, it is aimed to evaluate the educational areas in the city of Tokat in line with sustainable planning & design parameters. In line with this goal, field studies were conducted in 12 sample areas at pre-school, primary, secondary and high school levels [23 Nisan Milli Egemenlik Kindergarten, 15 July Milli İrade Kindergarten, State Hospital Kindergarten, İbn-i Kemal Primary School, Karşıyaka Primary School, Fevzi Çakmak Secondary School, Vakıfbank Namık Kemal Secondary School, Gazi Osman Paşa Secondary School, Milli Piyango İhya Balak Science High School, 15 July Milli İrade Anatolian High School, Fine Arts High School and Gazi Osman Paşa High School]. The sustainability levels of the case educational areas were evaluated and compared in line with the technical information and observations within the framework of nine evaluation criteria: "zoning plan data, land size, site selection criteria, transportation characteristics, landscape design, plan typology, material properties, design features and social characteristics". Finally, suggestions were made that support sustainable planning & design parameters in the evaluated schools. Yüksek Lisans Tezi

In recent years, the energy demand has been continuously increasing. At the same time, fossil fuels are being progressively replaced by renewables. However, this shift from fossil fuels such as coal to renewable fuels like wood creates new challenges, as many industrial plants continue to rely on legacy fuels. Unlike coal, the elements present in renewable resources can vary greatly. The differences are influenced by a variety of factors. For example, waste wood can be contaminated by different additives (paints, fire retardants, and others). To understand under which boundary conditions (e.g., temperature, gasification atmosphere) the respective elements are bound in the ash/slag or released into the gas phase, experiments with a molecular beam mass spectrometer (MBMS) with an upstream electrically heated flow reactor were conducted. Pieces of clean wood were impregnated with various heavy metals and examined under several boundary conditions (temperature and gasification atmosphere). Furthermore, impregnated cellulose partly mixed with single ash components served as model fuel for detailed investigations. Additionally, thermochemical equilibrium calculations were carried out. The results of the experiments show that the release of some heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn) is very strong already at low temperatures, while for others (Cr, Cu) no release can be detected even at high temperatures. The corresponding thermodynamic equilibrium calculations comply with these findings. Since the process management and preparation of the fuels can be adjusted accordingly, these results form an important basis for planning gasification processes using waste wood as fuel.

Addressing the global threat of accelerated climate change requires the rapid decarbonisation of all energy/ non-energy systems worldwide. Societal frustration due to historic climate policy inaction underpins a political will, in many jurisdictions, to address the threat of global warming. Hence, it is important that this momentum is leveraged to ensure meaningful climate action is achieved. The practicalities of tackling global warming require a diverse range of tools which can appropriately support the formation of climate policy in all economic sectors. This thesis aims to enhance the capacity of energy policy simulation modelling and generate new insights which can inform future climate action in Ireland. A suite of models was used to conduct an ex-post and ex-ante evaluation of climate policies in Ireland. Bespoke sectoral models were developed across different software platforms and merged with the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP), providing a coherent multi-sectoral GHG model for Ireland. This new modelling capacity was utilised to conduct an ex-post evaluation of a retrofit policy, quantifying an additional 86% energy savings which could have been achieved during the period 2010 - 2015. This result identified policy recommendations designed to deliver improved outcomes in future retrofit policies, highlighting the advantages associated with an output-based grant scheme versus a measure based one. Proposed 2030 policy targets were examined by analysing different diffusion pathways for electric vehicles and residential retrofits. This quantified an additional 2.15 MtCO2eq savings which could be delivered through early versus delayed action, highlighting the uncertainty surrounding key climate policies and their potential contribution towards Ireland’s projected gap-to-target (52 - 101 MtCO2eq). Delivering 840,000 electric vehicles and 500,000 residential retrofits could achieve approximately 14.7 – 32.6% of this remaining gap-to-target. This result demonstrates the need for policy implementation pathways, in place of end-of-period headline targets. There is a need for robust simulation modelling tools which strike a balance between capability and accessibility. Policymakers need these tools to support the planning, implementation, and review phases of policy formation, enhancing the evidence-base and reducing the risks associated with the most severe and unanticipated consequences of climate policy. The newly developed LEAP Ireland GHG simulation model serves this purpose, functioning as an accessible communication tool which can provide an adequate representation of a complex energy system and useful policy insights. The new Application Script Editing Tool (ASET) adds value to this LEAP model by leveraging advanced scripting functionality within LEAP and providing a new means of constructing the model and conducting sensitivity analysis. While this analysis focused on Ireland, the approach and methods could be replicated in other regions.

Los generadores termoeléctricos son dispositivos capaces de generar electricidad mediante el aprovechamiento del calor residual de una manera robusta, autónoma y sin necesidad de partes móviles. Su inconveniente es la baja eficiencia de los módulos termoeléctricos, por lo que es necesario un continuo desarrollo para la optimización de estos dispositivos. El grupo de Investigación de Ingeniería Térmica y de Fluidos de la Universidad Pública de Navarra forma parte del proyecto ELECTROVOLCAN, cuyo objetivo es la generación de electricidad a partir del calor geotérmico de las zonas volcánicas de las islas Canarias. Uno de los principales problemas es el abastecimiento de estaciones de vigilancia volcánica en estos lugares remotos, debido a las condiciones climáticas presentes y a su localización. En este Trabajo Fin de Grado se analizan experimentalmente dos prototipos de generadores termoeléctricos para comprobar su generación de potencia eléctrica, dando lugar a una generación máxima de 0,363 W con uno de los prototipos y a 0,25 W con el otro. Como dichos modelos no ofrecen una gran resistencia frente a la corrosión existente en estos emplazamientos, se diseñan dos nuevos prototipos más robustos y se estima su generación de manera teórica. Thermoelectric generators are devices capable of generating electricity by using residual heat in a robust, autonomous way and without the need for moving parts. Its problem is the low efficiency of thermoelectric modules, so continuous development is necessary for the optimization of these devices. The Fluid and Thermal Engineering Research group of the Public University of Navarra is part of the "ELECTROVOLCAN" project, whose objective is the generation of electricity from the geothermal heat of the volcanic area of the Canary Islands. One of the main problems is the supply of volcanic monitoring stations in these remote places, due to the present climatic conditions and their location. In this Final Degree Project, two prototypes of thermoelectric generators are experimentally analyzed to verify their generation of electrical power, leading to a maximum generation of 0,363 W with one of the prototypes and 0,25 W with the other. As these models don't offer great resistance against the existing corrosion in these locations, two new more robust prototypes are designed and their generation is estimated in a theoretical way. Graduado o Graduada en Ingeniería en Tecnologías Industriales por la Universidad Pública de Navarra Industria Teknologietako Ingeniaritzan Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

Τα πράσινα νησιά αναδύονται ως εξαιρετικά παραδείγματα ενεργειακής ασφάλειας, αξιοποιώντας βιώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας για τη μείωση της εξάρτησης από τα ορυκτά καύσιμα. Αυτά τα ειδυλλιακά μέρη δίνουν προτεραιότητα στις ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας όπως η ηλιακή και η αιολική ενέργεια, εξασφαλίζοντας καθαρή και άφθονη προσφορά. Με καινοτόμες τεχνολογίες, χρησιμοποιούν συστήματα αποθήκευσης ενέργειας για τη διαχείριση των διακυμάνσεων και την εγγύηση αδιάλειπτης ισχύος. Υιοθετώντας φιλικές προς το περιβάλλον πρακτικές και μειώνοντας το αποτύπωμα άνθρακα, τα πράσινα νησιά ανοίγουν το δρόμο για ένα βιώσιμο μέλλον. Συγκεκριμένα, τα ελληνικά νησιά μπορούν να αποτελέσουν ένα εξαιρετικό παράδειγμα αυτού, καθώς δεν είναι συνδεδεμένα με το εθνικό ενεργειακό δίκτυο. Έτσι, η ενεργειακή τους ασφάλεια βασίζεται στο ότι είναι ενεργειακά αυτόνομοι. Η ενεργειακή ασφάλεια των ελληνικών νησιών σήμερα εξαρτάται από τα ακριβά εισαγόμενα ορυκτά καύσιμα, τα οποία επιδεινώνουν την κλιματική αλλαγή και αυξάνουν τις εκπομπές CO2. Σε σύγκριση με τα ηπειρωτικά δίκτυα, τα νησιά έχουν μικρότερα συστήματα και πλούσιους ανανεώσιμους πόρους που μπορούν να αξιοποιηθούν. Η Ικαρία είναι ένα ελληνικό νησί που βρίσκεται στην περιοχή του βορειοανατολικού Αιγαίου. Η έκτασή της είναι περίπου 255 km2, με ακτογραμμή 160 km και περίπου 8.312 μόνιμους κατοίκους. Ο πληθυσμός όμως αυξάνεται κατά τους καλοκαιρινούς μήνες, καθώς το νησί είναι ένας από τους πιο δημοφιλείς προορισμούς διακοπών στην Ελλάδα. Η Ικαρία χωρίζεται σε τρεις κύριους δήμους, το Δήμο Αγίου Κηρύκου, που είναι η πρωτεύουσα, το Δήμο Ευδήλου, όπου βρίσκεται το λιμάνι και το Δήμο Ραχών, που βρίσκεται στο κεντροδυτικό τμήμα του νησιού. Το νησί της Ικαρίας διαθέτει ήδη ένα μικρό υδροηλεκτρικό εργοστάσιο που τέθηκε σε λειτουργία το 2019. Το υβριδικό σύστημα, το οποίο ονομάζεται «Ναέρας», αποτελείται από 3 ανεμογεννήτριες συνολικής ισχύος 2,7 MW, καθώς και ένα μικρό υδροηλεκτρικό σύστημα 1,05 MW στην Προεσπέρα και ένα αντλητικό υδροηλεκτρικό σύστημα 3,1 MW στην Κάτω Προεσπέρα. Η συνολική ισχύς τους φτάνει τα 6,85 MW. Το 2020 η παραγωγή του ανήλθε σε 2 GWh. Εκτός από το υβριδικό σύστημα, το νησί χρησιμοποιεί κάποιες επιπλέον ανεμογεννήτριες συνολικής ισχύος 1,8 MW και λίγα φωτοβολταϊκά πάνελ με ισχύ περίπου 1 MW. Αφού ελήφθη υπόψη ο συνδυασμός ηλιακής, αιολικής ενέργειας και μετατροπής του υδροηλεκτρικού συστήματος – που χρησιμοποιείται ήδη στο νησί – σε σύστημα αντλησιοταμίευσης, έγιναν υπολογισμοί για τον προσδιορισμό των πρόσθετων ενεργειακών συστημάτων που πρέπει να εγκατασταθούν. Εξετάστηκαν και παρουσιάζονται διάφορα σενάρια ώστε να καλυφθούν οι ενεργειακές ανάγκες του νησιού. Από τις προσομοιώσεις, έχει προκύψει ότι η υπάρχουσα παραγόμενη ισχύς - εκτός από τα συστήματα αποθήκευσης ενέργειας που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν - δεν ήταν αρκετή για να γίνει το νησί ενεργειακά αυτόνομο. Το πρόβλημα προέκυψε κυρίως κατά τη θερινή περίοδο λόγω της αύξησης των επισκεπτών και της μείωσης του αιολικού δυναμικού. Από τα δεδομένα που εξήχθησαν, προσδιορίστηκε ποιες ώρες χρειάζονταν επιπλέον ζήτηση ενέργειας προκειμένου το σύστημα του νησιού να καταστεί ενεργειακά αυτόνομο, χρησιμοποιώντας κατά κύριο λόγο ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας. Green islands are emerging as great examples of energy safety, harnessing sustainable power sources to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. These idyllic places prioritize renewable energy sources like solar and wind ensuring a clean and abundant supply. With innovative technologies, they employ energy storage systems to manage fluctuations and guarantee uninterrupted power. By embracing eco-friendly practices and reducing carbon footprints, green islands pave the way for a sustainable future. Specifically, the Greek islands can become a great example of that as they are not connected to the national energy grid; thus, their energy safety relies on them being energy autonomous. The energy security of the Greek islands nowadays depends on the expensive imported fossil fuels, which exacerbate climate change as well as increase CO2 emissions. Compared to mainland grids, islands have smaller systems and rich renewable resources that can be harnessed. Ikaria is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea Island region. Its area is approximately 255 km2, with a coastline of 160 km and roughly 8.312 permanent residents. The population however increases during the summer months, as the island is one of the most visited vacation destinations in Greece. Ikaria is divided into three main municipalities, the Municipality of Agios Kirikos, which is the capital, the Municipality of Evdilos, where the port is located, and the Municipality of Raches, which is in the central west part of the island. The island of Ikaria has an already existing small hydroelectric power plant that was put into operation in 2019. The hybrid system, which is called "Naeras" consists of 3 wind turbines with a total capacity of 2,7 MW, as well as a small hydroelectric system of 1,05 MW in Proespera and a pumped hydro system of 3,1 MW in Kato Proespera. Their total capacity extends up to 6,85 MW. In 2020 its generation amounted to 2 GWh. Except from the hybrid system, the island puts in use some extra wind turbines with a total capacity of 1,8 MW and a few photovoltaic panels with their capacity being approximately 1 MW. After taking into account the combination of solar, wind energy and conversion of the hydroelectric system – already used on the island – into a pumped storage system, calculations were made to determine the additional energy systems to be installed. Various scenarios were examined and presented in order to meet the energy needs of the island. From the simulations, it has occurred that the existing produced power - in addition to energy storage systems that were added - did not suffice for the island to become energy autonomous. The problem primarily occurred during the summer season due to the increase in visitors and the decrease in wind potential. From the data extracted, it was identified which hours needed extra energy demand in order to for the system of the island to become energy autonomous, by using mainly renewable sources of energy.

In this study, the organic Rankine cycle Isparta bowl conditions of the R-410a refrigerant gas, solar thermal analyzes were conducted separately, and the first and second law analysis of the system investigated. According to the terms of Isparta solar power system is designed. According to system of turbine inlet pressure and temperature of the boiler were investigated Consequently, the exergy and energy calculations based on the turbine inlet pressure and temperature of the boiler thermal efficiency of the system were examined and found to rise with the increase in the temperature of the boiler. The cycle heat efficiency %10 and exergy efficiency % 70 as calculated. Bu çalışmada güneş çanaklı organik Rankine çevriminin (ORC) enerji ve ekserji analizleri incelenmiş, çevrimde akışkan olarak R-410a kullanılmıştır. Hesaplamalar Isparta güneş enerjisi verilerine göre yapılmıştır. Sistemin türbin giriş basıncı ve kazan sıcaklığına göre verimleri incelenmiştir. Sonuçta türbin giriş basıncının ve kazan sıcaklığının artmasının sistemin ısıl verimini ve ekserji verimini artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Çevrimin ısıl verimi % 10, ekserjetik verimi ise % 70 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yılmaz, Fatih ( Aksaray, Yazar ) Balta, M. Tolga ( Aksaray, Yazar )