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In urology, single cases of lethal pulmonary embolism following extracorporeal shock wave application to renal concrements have been reported. Therefore, lungs of rabbits were histopathologically investigated following extracorporeal shock wave application to the femur.In 8 mature Chinchilla-Bastard rabbits, shock wave application to one distal femur was performed with energy flux density of 0.9 mJ/mm2. In another 6 rabbits, sham-treatment (0 mJ/mm2) to one distal femur was performed. 6 weeks later, the animals were sacrificed and their lungs were blindly investigated by an independent pathologist.In 7 out of the 8 treated animals (0.9 mJ/mm2) but in none of the sham-treated controls, patchy discolorations of the surface of the lung were observed. Furthermore, in 6 out of the 8 treated animals but in none of the sham-treated controls, bony fragments with signs of resorption were observed in lung vessels.Application of extracorporeal shock waves with energy flux densities higher than 0.9 mJ/mm2 has been recommended in the literature for the treatment of aseptic non-unions. In this procedure, the possibility of the occurrence of bone fragments in the lung with the potential risk of pulmonary embolism should be regarded.

When ingested with alcohol, certain drugs (e.g. cephalosporins, sulfonylurea, metronidazole, griseofulvin, chloramphenicol), calcium cyanamide, dimethyl formamide and certain mushrooms cause a disulfiram-alcohol type reaction. Three cases of a disulfiram-alcohol type reaction after ingestion of Boletus luridus and alcohol are described. No serious symptoms were observed. In contrast to Coprinus atramentarius, the toxin of Boletus luridus is unknown.

Ethanol interacts with several central transmission systems. Following ethanol application we observed an inhibition of locomotion, vigilance and muscle tone in a modified Irwin-behaviour test. The effect was strengthened by a single dose of haloperidol. Contrary to this observation the ethanol effects decreased when haloperidol was given repeatedly for weeks before the application of ethanol. Three days after haloperidol withdrawal in case of nearly complete haloperidol elimination and development of dopaminergic supersensitivity the decrease was most pronounced. The results indicate that ethanol effects on dopaminergic functions are weakened in consequence of an increased efficiency of the adequate transmission system and vice versa.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Auswirkungen der internationalen Entwicklungen im Bereich der Mobilität und dessen Potential für eine zukünftige Verkehrsplanung in der Stadt Wien untersucht. Aktuell zeigt die COVID-19- Pandemie welche Wege tatsächlich notwendig sind und wie Personen ihren Berufen und Verpflichtungen auf eine neue, digitale Art und Weise nachgehen können. Die vergangenen Entwicklungen in Wien zeigen bereits, welche Maßnahmen zielführend sind und welche Auswirkungen diese für die Bevölkerung und deren Mobilität in einer Stadt haben. Zu Beginn dieser Arbeit werden diese Themen behandelt. Anschließend werden die aktuellen Konzepte und Projekte der Regierung in einem Kapitel vorgestellt, um einen Überblick über zukünftige Maßnahmen zur CO2-Reduktion aufzuzeigen. Die Zukunft steht unter dem Motto ‚Neue Mobilität‘, diese gilt es im gleichnamigen Kapitel zu definieren und mögliche Auswirkungen auf die zukünftige Verkehrsplanung darzustellen. Diese Abschnitte sind Grundlage für die erstellte Umfrage ‚Mobilität in & um Wien‘, die die aktuelle Situation und Visionen der Teilnehmer abruft. Die Ergebnisse werden zunächst in einem allgemeinen Teil analysiert und im darauffolgenden Abschnitt für Lösungsmöglichkeiten in unterschiedlichen Varianten herangezogen. Um den Rahmen der Arbeit einzugrenzen, fokussieren sich die Varianten auf drei klassische Bewegungsprofile (Ziel-, Quell- und Binnenverkehr), welche auf den gewählten Routen die Versorgung und den Ausbau sowie Nachhaltigkeit und Verbesserungspotential der Verkehrstypen (ÖPNV, MIV und NMIV) untersuchen. Die einzelnen Potentiale der Verkehrsströme werden in Bezug auf die Verkehrstypen zusammengefasst und zeigen, dass in allen Bereichen vor allem aber in der Versorgung und im Ausbau die größten Optimierungspotentiale liegen. Neben der besseren Ausstattung der Ladeinfrastruktur für den MIV sind Raum und Aufteilung der Straße die wichtigsten Bereiche für den NMIV. Die Erkenntnisse zeigen jedoch auch, dass für detaillierte Verbesserungen Gebiete per se genauer untersucht werden müssen. Allerdings ist es herausfordernd ein Konzept zu erstellen, welches die Zufriedenheit aller im Verkehr Beteiligten erlangt. Demnach sollten zukünftige Verkehrskonzepte alle Verkehrsteilnehmer gleichermaßen einbeziehen, um eine funktionierende Gesamtlösung für die Stadt Wien zu erzielen. This thesis deals with the impact of international developments in the field of mobility and its potential for future traffic planning in Vienna. The COVID-19 pandemic is currently showing which ways are necessary and how people pursue their jobs and tasks in a new, digital method. The past developments in Vienna have already shown which measures are effective and what the consequences for the population and their mobility in a city are. These topics are presented and identified at the beginning of this thesis. Subsequently, the ongoing concepts and projects initiated by the central government of Austria and the local administration of Vienna are highlighted to study the prospects of future measures to reduce CO2 emissions, followed by the possible effects on future traffic planning, which are defined in the corresponding chapter. New mobility is the motto of the future. The results of these chapters are the basis for the organised survey, 'Mobilität in & um Wien’, which highlights the current situation and visions of the participants. First, the results are analysed in the general part of this thesis and then assessed in the following chapter for possible solutions of different variants. To limit the scope of this study, the variants focus on three classic movement profiles - destination traffic, source traffic, and inland traffic – examining the potential of supply and expansion, as well as the sustainability and improvement, of the different types of traffic (public transport, private motorised traffic, and non-motorised individual transport) on selected routes. The individual potentials of traffic flows are summarised in relation to the types of traffic and reveal, that, in all areas, supply and expansion have the greatest potential for optimisation. In addition, improvements to the equipment for charging infrastructure of PMV, space development and the layout of streets are the most important areas for the NMT. However, the findings also show that areas per se need to be examined more closely for detailed improvements. In other words, it is challenging to create a concept that satisfies all those who participate in traffic. The results of this thesis indicate that future traffic concepts should involve all participants equally to achieve an overall functioning solution for the city of Vienna. vorgelegt von: Oliver Florian Blach Auch als Printbestand verfügbar Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2021

3 fatalities shortly after discharge from police custody are reported. Case 1: A 55-year old alcoholic was discharged from police custody after taking a blood sample under violent conditions and found dead in his flat 2 days later. Cause of death: arrhythmia due to acute coronary insufficiency or alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Case 2: A 27-year-old alcoholic was met highly intoxicated twice in the course of one day, was put in the family's care and was found dead the next morning. Cause of death: alcohol/drug intoxication with agonal aspiration. Case 3: A 32-year-old man known to be prone to seizures and to become aggressive under the influence of alcohol was left by the police in medical care confined to a litter in a "hog-tied" fashion with the help of 3 belts. Cause of death: cerebral hypoxia after respiratory and cardiac arrest of unknown reason. A causal relationship with positional restraint is discussed. The cases reported underline the duty of the police to examine prior to discharge from custody with the appropriate lot of care whether the person held in custody has recovered from the helpless state due to disease, injury or intoxication or if medical treatment is required.

Acamprosate has been shown to be effective and safe in relapse prevention of alcoholism. The effect of acamprosate is explained by a functional antagonistic action on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Under normal physiological conditions acamprosate augments the functionality of the NDMA receptor, but it inhibits the overactivity of that receptor triggered by alcohol abuse and withdrawal. In addition, conditioned withdrawal phenomena that can lead to a relapse, are also reduced. The substance is not a substitution drug, nor does it have addictive potential. Moreover, it also has a neuroprotective action. Whether acamprosate has a role as a neuroprotective agent in humans needs to be investigated.

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a consequence of toxic effects of ethyl alcohol. Acute effects must be distinguished from chronic effects over many years. Chronic abuse of alcohol of 1.5-2 g ethyl alcohol per kg body weight (i.e. about 100-150 g/70 kg) per day for years can cause congestive cardiomyopathy in predisposed persons, usually between 30 and 50 years of age. The diagnosis is associated with some criteria for exclusion, i.e. coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, in addition all obstructive and restrictive cardiomyopathy must be excluded. On the other hand, a specific constellation of findings can be considered characteristic of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, namely the coincidence of a radiologically established cardiomegaly in the form of a congestive cardiomyopathy with a raised serum concentration of immunoglobulin A and a negative myocardial immunofluorescence test. Therapeutically, in addition to the classical principles of the treatment of heart failure, absolute abstention from alcohol and physical stress seemed to be effective.

The pharmacokinetics of ethanol and its metabolites were examined in 10 young healthy women and men after 1-hr intravenous ethanol application of 7.8 mmol/kg body weight. Therefore, a new pharmacokinetic model takes into account Michaelis-Menten-elimination kinetics of ethanol as well as kinetics of acetaldehyde and acetate, which are defined by first order processes. The metabolite-model adequately describes the ethanol and acetate concentration courses. In fact, the observed ethanol concentrations are so close to the model-predicted values, that the metabolite-model allows an evaluation of half-life-times of acetaldehyde and acetate. The analyses of ethanol infusion studies showed, that there are no sex differences in parameters of ethanol elimination: Maximal elimination velocity Vmax was 3.41 +/- 0.61 mmol/l.h in females and 3.98 +/- 0.69 mmol/l.h in males. Michaelis-Menten-constant kM was 1.49 +/- 0.44 mmol/l and 1.69 +/- 0.88 mmol/l, respectively. In the female group, the volume of distribution of ethanol V1 was with 38.4 +/- 5.0 l significant smaller than in males with 50.5 +/- 3.5 l. In conclusion, the new metabolite-model can be used as a basis for the investigation of the entire alcohol metabolism.

Car-drivers, who lost their licence on account of drunkeness, must be tested if the danger of alcoholism exists. The only criterion for this check is the level of bloodalcohol during this case. This check happens mostly one year later. It is proposed to analyse the blood sample immediately after measuring bloodalcohol for markers of chronic or acute abuse to differ alcoholics from persons consuming alcoholic beverages in normal mode.

In numerous epidemiologic studies, environmental and occupational substances such as sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7), benzo[a]pyren (B(a)P), and N'nitroso-diethanolamine (NDELA) have been shown to be of potential carcinogenic risk on human epithelial cells in the upper aerodigestive tract.Using the alkaline microgel electrophoresis technique (comet assay). mucosal cells isolated from biopsies of the upper aerodigestive tract (nose, paranasal sinuses, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and tonsils) were used to analyze target sites for different genotoxic substances and specific sensitivities of each donor. The cells were freshly isolated by enzymic digestion. 0.5-1 x 10(6) cells per donor were obtained with viabilities between 80-100%. After in vitro incubation, the cells were subsequently subjected to the single cell microgel electrophoresis assay. Results were evaluated regarding the personal history of each donor, focusing on previous exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and occupational compounds.Na2Cr2O7 induced strong genotoxic damage in the nasal and paranasal sinus epithelia as well as in mucosa cells of the larynx. NDELA caused significant damage in mouth cavity epithelia and showed also to be harmful towards mucosa of pharynx and larynx. B(a)P induced fewer DNA strand breaks in mucosal cells of mouth, pharynx and larynx. Significant differences between individuals were apparent for tissue samples from different donors. The genotoxic damage induced in cells of donors with a history of chronic alcohol consumption was significantly higher than in cells of patients without chronic abuse of alcohol.The data shows that DNA damage in human epithelial cells of the upper aerodigestive tract induced by environmental and occupational substances can be demonstrated using the microgel electrophoresis technique. The influence of chronic alcohol consumption on the genotoxic effects of substances such as NDELA and B(a)P showed the importance of evaluating preexisting compounding factors.