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The aim of this investigation is to show the sustainability features of the chinampa practice in the Valley of Mexico: Xochimilco, applying a FODA diagnosis in order to reveal the environmental transcendence of this particular agricultural model. It is possible to determine that the development of the chinampa has basically two components: the native and social. The first one constitutes the local ecosystem composed by shallow water lakes that are included in a great surface across the valley of Mexico. The second one concerns to the social aspect; which is how the work gets organized, the cultural practices and the implementation of methods and agricultural technologies that are the result of the thousand-year-old wisdom of the autochthonous groups of the chinampa zone. Which has helped to support the integration of the members of the family, as well as providing self-employment and a self sustained source of food, these features show that this system of agricultural production is sustainable in the environmental, social and economic aspects. Nevertheless the chinampa production is affected by diverse aspects as the development of modern agriculture technologies, the urban growth and pollution of the water.

Objetivo: La Sociedad Española de Nutrición Comunitaria (SENC) planteó en 1994 una guía alimentaria para la población española, renovada en 2001. Se presenta una nueva edición actualizada basada en la mejor evidencia científica disponible. Métodos: Desde un enfoque de salud en todas las políticas se convocó un grupo de expertos en nutrición y salud pública vinculados con la SENC para revisar la evidencia sobre dieta-salud, ingesta nutricional y consumo alimentario en la población española, hábitos de preparación y consumo de alimentos, factores determinantes e impacto de la dieta en la sostenibilidad medioambiental. Se han considerado revisiones sistemáticas existentes, actualizaciones, informes, metaanálisis y estudios recientes de calidad. El grupo colaborativo contribuyó a la elaboración del documento de trabajo y diseño del icono gráfico posteriormente sometidos a consulta, discusión y evaluación cualitativa con especial relevancia a través del Grupo Consultor de las Guías SENC-diciembre 2016. Resultados: Las nuevas recomendaciones y su representación gráfica subrayan como consideraciones básicas practicar actividad física, equilibrio emocional, balance energético para mantener el peso corporal adecuado, procedimientos culinarios saludables e ingesta adecuada de agua. Las recomendaciones promueven una alimentación equilibrada, variada y moderada que incluye cereales de grano entero, frutas, verduras, legumbres, cantidades variables de lácteos y alterna el consumo de pescados, huevos y carnes magras, junto con el uso preferente de aceite de oliva virgen extra como grasa culinaria. Refuerzan el interés por una dieta saludable, solidaria, sostenible, con productos de temporada, de cercanía, eje de convivialidad, dedicando el tiempo suficiente y animan a valorar la información del etiquetado nutricional. Conclusiones: El análisis de la evidencia disponible y de la información actualizada sobre el consumo alimentario en España pone de manifiesto la necesidad de reforzar e implementar las recomendaciones recogidas en este documento para conseguir progresivamente un mayor grado de adherencia. Objective: The Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC) designed in 1994 a food guide for the Spanish population, updated in 2001. This report presents a new updated edition based on the best scientific evidence available. Methods: From a health in all policies approach, a group of experts in nutrition and public health associated with SENC was convened to review the evidence on diet-health, nutrition intake and food consumption in the Spanish population, as well as food preparation and consumption habits, determinants and impact of diet on environmental sustainability. Existing systematic reviews, updates, reports, meta-analysis and the latest quality studies have been considered. The collaborative group contributed to draft the document and design the graphic icon, then subject of a consultation process, discussion and qualitative evaluation, particularly relevant through the Advisory Group for the SENC-December 2016 Dietary Guidelines. Results: The new recommendations and its graphical representation highlights as basic considerations the practice of physical activity, emotional balance, energy balance to maintain body weight at adequate levels, healthy cooking procedures and adequate water intake. The recommendations promote a balanced, varied and moderate diet that includes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, varying amounts of dairy and alternating consumption of fish, eggs and lean meats, along with the preferential use of extra virgin olive oil for cooking and seasoning. Reinforce the interest in a healthy, sympathetic, supportive, sustainable diet, based on seasonal and local products, axis for conviviality, devoting adequate time and encourage the use of nutrition labelling information. Conclusions: The analysis of the evidence available and updated information on food consumption in Spain highlights the need to strengthen and implement the recommendations contained in this document to progressively achieve a greater adherence.

This article aims to determine the main factors related to technology and labor nutrition that influence the management of organizations in transmodernity, in order to orient them towards the quality of life and sustainability. Transmodernity is used as a category of philosophical origin, comparable to other conceptions that seek to demarcate paradigmatic cycles in human history and that are strongly marked by digital-based technology. For its part, quality of life and sustainability are used as categories that encompass medical-biological aspects of the human being, as well as behavioral elements whose manifestation translates into a life considered healthy and, therefore, labor-productive. Hence, nutrition is considered as a whole (that is, involving food production and consumption, physical activity, and elimination of toxic substances), as well as its relationship with technological advances in pursuit of decent work, as a fundamental element of sustainable development and its influence on food security. The research was developed under a fundamentally documentary and hermeneutic methodology. The central guidelines are based on Gadamerian (and in some points, Derridian) postulates, which allowed visualizing both historical aspects of the terms, as well as the current conceptions of the categories, also allowing epistemological disruptions when necessary. The methodological position ends in a conceptual reconstruction, through a contrast with statistics, concepts, and current premises, published by international organizations working on the different relational topics. As a general conclusion of the research, it can be stated that nutrition management is necessary for today's organizations in the different departments and organizational aspects. Here the technology of the so-called industry 4.0 has a fundamental role (for example, through nanotechnology, nutritional genomics, food computing, among others), to make it more precise and practical. Thus, a nutrition management 4.0 can drive the improvement of the quality of life of the working human being.

La cachaza puede ser utilizada en la agricultura como corrector del suelo o enmienda, pero su potencial no ha sido explorado hasta ahora. Esta investigación, realizada en Chitaraque (Boyacá), evaluó en un cultivo de maíz, el efecto de diferentes dosis de esta enmienda, en comparación con un testigo comercial y maíz sin tratamientos. Cada UE estaba compuesta de 96 plantas, con un total de 2.304 para el experimento. Las variables fisiológicas, se analizaron y se midieron al final de la cosecha, seleccionando ocho plantas del centro de cada UE y fueron: número de granos por mazorca, peso de 100 granos, altura de planta, diámetro del tallo a 50 y 100cm de altura de la planta, área foliar, materia fresca y materia seca. La mayor producción se obtuvo con la aplicación de 7,5t.ha-1 de cachaza. El empleo de 5,8t.ha-1originó un mayor peso de los granos y la mayor altura de la planta resultó de la aplicación de 15t.ha-1 de cachaza fresca; la misma dosis causó los tallos más gruesos. La mayor cantidad de materia follaje fresco, se logró con la dosis de 12,5t.ha-1. La materia seca no mostró diferencias significativas entre las variadas aplicaciones de cachaza. La aplicación de cachaza generó mayor masa fresca y la dosis de 8t.ha-1 aumentó el número de granos por mazorca, por lo que el empleo de esta enmienda orgánica ayudó a aumentar la producción del cultivo de maíz y puede suplir, en este caso, la fertilización química.Filter cake can be used in agriculture as soil corrective or fertilizer, but its potential is unexplored until now. This research, carried out at Chitaraque/Boyacá, aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of soil corrective (fresh filter cake), compared with a commercial fertilizer and maize without treatments. Each experimental unit (EU) was composed of 96 plants for a total of 2,304 for the experiment. The physiological variables analyzed were measured at harvest time, selecting eight plants of the center of each EU, and were: kernel number per cob, weight of 100 kernels, plant height (cm), stalk diameter at 50 and 100cm of plant height, leaf area (cm2), fresh matter (g) and dry matter (g). The higher kernel production was obtained with the application 7.5t.ha-1 of fresh filter cake. The doses of 5.8t.ha-1 resulted in the highest production of dry kernels and the greatest height was founded with 15t.ha-1 of fresh filter cake; the same dosage originated the thickest diameter. The greatest amount of foliage and fresh matter were found with 12.5t.ha-1. Dry matter, on the other hand, didn’t show statistically significant differences between the various doses of fresh filter cake. The use of fresh filter cake showed higher fresh mass and the dose of 8t.ha-1 increased the kernel number, since the application of this organic amendment helped to improve corn yield and can supply, in this case, the chemical fertilization.

Climate and market shocks impact on the livelihood strategies of families in Altiplano communities. A household survey of 360 families in the Altiplano sheds light how families participate in markets, cope with climate and market shocks, and their feelings of control over these events. Theory proposes that the higher levels of capitals and climate resilient activities will result in a greater sense of control and therefore lower sense of dread. Cluster analysis identified three groups by wealth and life cycle characteristics in each region, as well as clear differences in income, assets, and market production activities between and within regions. Coping strategies in region facing warming and drying trends has focused on loss of assets, such as sales of animals. While in both regions there is diversity of income sources, the major source of diversity in Ancoraimes is crop varieties. While in both regions climatic shocks have had a negative impact on production, this has been experienced in Ancoraimes by 99 to 100 percent of the families, which has implications in terms of coping mechanism that rely on community networks. The other region has also experienced high rates of production shocks, from 71 to 92 percent of household members in each group. Strategies to diversify to climate resilient activities have resulted in increased off farm activities, mostly migration, in the lower income, lower asset region, while the greater assets in livestock, which face a more stable market and ability to withstand climate shocks presents a bifurcated response. Comparison between groups identified in the clusters for each region found no significant differences between groups on climate shock and climate change perceptions, in both regions. The rating on the risk of climate shock hazards at the household level was above 4 in a scale of 1-5 where 4 meant a very high threat and 5 an extreme threat. Umala households ratings were higher for the shocks than for change in climate with an average of 3.79 for the latter, while in Ancoraimes most of the risks were rated from 3.70 to 3.92, with the exception of climate change that was around 4. Overall though, in both regions climate hazard perceptions are high. Market risks are also considered a threat but rated lower than climate. Dread of losing outside networks of support was ranked high by elderly men and women, as well as the change in climate, in Umala, with no differences in Ancoraimes, but higher rates of dread overall do to the significance of this income in their livelihood strategies. Finding to date are consistent with theory, in that the dread, a reflection of the coping or lack of coping mechanisms, is higher in terms of markets for livestock in Umala, and higher in terms of loss of remittances from family members in Ancoraimes. The study finds that coping mechanism are based on individual household strategies, rather than community or institutions. LTRA-4 (Practices and Strategies for Vulnerable Agro-Ecosystems)

The late blight (Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary) is the most devastating disease of potato cultivation (Solanum tuberosum L.) worldwide. Due to climate change, the disease is associated with more recurrent and aggressive cycles. Based on the Regression Objective Regression Methodology, 41-year meteorological information processing was carried out at the “Yabú Valley” Company, located in Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba. The optimal meteorological parameters for the incidence of late potato blight were determined, in order to optimize the prediction of the disease and achieve an efficient rational use of phytosanitary means in its control.

Humanity has experienced 5 food transitions since the use of fire. Today it is at the turning point between the agro-industrial period and a new model in gestation: Territorialized food systems, based on total product quality, agro-ecology, proximity and combination of resources, with a sustainable development objective. New food policies are essential to radically change the dominant mode of governance and to make the fifth food transition a success. A long history is needed to understand the present and imagine the future. This history is marked by milestones that can be described as breaks or transitions, depending on how the change is perceived. Physicists define transition as the passage from one state to another (e.g. solid water, then liquid, then gas). The history of food, which merges with human history, is punctuated by such transitions. After a brief presentation of the historical trajectories, this article presents a diagnosis of the contemporary food system will be made, followed by a prospective study of three scenarios.

The work was carried out in the "San Ramón" farm of Santa Clara municipality, Villa Clara province, with the objective of determining the energy efficiency of the common bean cultivar Buenaventura. For this purpose, the energy equivalents of the inputs and outputs of the system were used. The sources of direct energy (fossil fuels) and indirect energy (fertilizers, pesticides and seeds) were taken into account. The results showed that this cultivar was very efficient energetically with a value of 1.57. The largest amount of energy consumed in the system was determined by chemical synthesis inputs (fertilizers and pesticides).

La información aquí presentada forma parte del primer estudio de esta naturaleza llevado a cabo para la región atlántica del Cono Sur. Se trata de resultados primarios que deben ser analizados con precaución y cuyo interés principal es establecer la necesidad de continuar estudiando los potenciales efectos económicos del calentamiento global sobre el sector agropecuario en el Uruguay. El uso de los valores de la tierra y de los ingresos netos de los productores en diferentes zonas agroclimáticas para predecir los cambios potenciales en productividad debidos a cambios climáticos, es probablemente una buena aproximación para comenzar a entender el problema. Sin embargo, estos modelos no capturan toda la complejidad de cada ecosistema, ni su capacidad de reacción y adaptación ante dichos cambios. Las implicancias políticas derivadas del estudio resultan: 1. Necesidad de seguir investigando, para poder tomar decisiones basadas en información confiable. Los modelos climáticos utilizados en este estudio son muy generales y pueden no ser adecuados para la situación particular de pequeñas zonas. En el caso particular de Uruguay, se dispone de algunos modelos que estiman que como resultado del cambio climático en proceso, se producirán aumentos de temperatura acompañados de mayores precipitaciones, que tendrían posiblemente algunos efectos beneficiosos sobre el sector agropecuario. 2. Conveniencia de contar con políticas públicas apropiadas. La metodología utilizada en este estudio no permite llegar a resultados claros en relación con el proceso de adaptación local al fenómeno del calentamiento global en el caso uruguayo Sin embargo, parece razonable pensar que el proceso de adaptación al calentamiento global ocurrirá inevitablemente y que el mismo tendrá menores costos para la sociedad y particularmente para los sectores más vulnerables, si se cuenta con las políticas públicas apropiadas para orientar dicho proceso. Para el diseño y evaluación de estas políticas, será necesario profundizar en el estudio de los mecanismos de adaptación utilizados por los productores uruguayos. 3. Necesidad de incorporar el tema a la discusión nacional sobre el desarrollo y sobre el medio ambiente, con la participación de todas las instituciones involucradas en estos temas. Es el camino aconsejable para el buen diseño y la adecuada ejecución de las políticas públicas que se utilicen para enfrentar el calentamiento global. The information presented here is part of the first study of this nature carried out for the Atlantic region of the Southern Cone. These are primary results that must be analyzed with caution and whose main interest is to establish the need to continue studying the potential economic effects of global warming on the agricultural sector in Uruguay. The use of land values ​​and net income of producers in different agroclimatic areas to predict potential changes in productivity due to climate changes is probably a good approximation to begin to understand the problem. However, these models do not capture all the complexity of each ecosystem, nor its capacity to react and adapt to these changes. The political implications derived from the study are: 1. The need to continue researching, in order to make decisions based on reliable information. The climate models used in this study are very general and may not be suitable for the particular situation of small areas. In the particular case of Uruguay, there are some models that estimate that as a result of the ongoing climate change, there will be temperature increases accompanied by higher rainfall, which could possibly have some beneficial effects on the agricultural sector. 2. Convenience of having appropriate public policies. The methodology used in this study does not allow us to arrive at clear results in relation to the local adaptation process to the global warming phenomenon in the Uruguayan case. However, it seems reasonable to think that the process of adaptation to global warming will inevitably occur and that it will have lower costs for society and particularly for the most vulnerable sectors if appropriate public policies are in place to guide the said process. For the design and evaluation of these policies, it will be necessary to study in-depth the mechanisms of adaptation used by Uruguayan producers. 3. Need to incorporate the issue into the national discussion on development and the environment, with the participation of all institutions involved in these issues. It is the advisable path for good design and adequate execution of public policies used to face global warming.

Currently almost all energy is provided by fossil fuels that increase greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming. These emissions can be reduced with the use of renewable energy produced from biomass such a livestock manure. The manure is raw material for production of electricity and thermal energy. Anaerobic digestion of waste can reduce emissions by capturing methane, a greenhouse gas produced by waste in facilities large and small scale. The South Central region of the state of Chihuahua has the potential for renewable energy production from biomass and waste are approximately 58,000 head of cattle, valuing a daily output of 2,900 m3 of sewage and 10,000 m3 of waste water can cause environmental problems. The estimated biogas production was 1.73 m3 of biogas / cow / day, with an estimated total production of biogas in the region of 25,717,352 and 50,722,754 m3/year kwh/año save up to $ 45.143 million pesos in electricity. Reductions are estimated to 361.843 tons of CO2-Eq. Proposed technologies to small and large scales. The development of renewable energy technologies opens the opportunity for additional revenue-generating waste in the production of electricity or thermal energy, reducing environmental problems may make feasible the adoption of technology to small and large scale for producers.