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Changement climatique, catastrophes naturelles et déplacements de populations en Afrique de l'Ouest

From the Sahel to the coastal zone, West Africa is experiencing a variety of environmental changes resulting from both slow processes and sudden shocks. These changes significantly influence migration patterns of populations within and outside of West Africa. In this region, where natural resources are the basis of livelihoods and food security, the relationship between environmental change and socio-economic vulnerability is of particular concern. Environmental degradation impacts the vulnerability of populations and their resiliency in complex ways. The presence of environmental and climatic stresses varies geographically. While desertification and drought are of primary importance for some areas, flooding, coastal erosion, and rising sea levels are the main dangers for others. Within the same population affected by the same climate threats, vulnerability and the likelihood of migration are influenced by socio-economic status, dependence on natural resources, and demographic characteristics. Given the differentiated vulnerabilities and resilience capacities, policies need to be adapted and implemented according to the particular needs of the populations. Policy-makers must also take account of vulnerability as perceived by the people concerned. Therefore, environmental mobility cannot be considered as strictly rational behavior based on real vulnerability. Local populations need to be informed of current and future environmental changes in order to accompany their mobility decisions. Migration can also be an important tool for resilience to socio-environmental change. Creating hosting infrastructure and putting in place mechanisms to protect migrants and displaced persons is a necessary step to mitigate future risks. Regional authorities need to work together to strengthen the resilience of communities of origin to climate shocks, but they must also facilitate migration as an adaptation strategy.
De la zone aride au nord à la zone tropicale humide au sud, l’Afrique de l’Ouestconnaît une variété de changements environnementaux quiinfluencent les schémas de migration,tant interne que vers l’extérieur, de ses populations.Alors que la désertification et la sécheresse affectent particulièrement certaines zones, les inondations, l’érosion côtière et l’élévation du niveau de la mer sont les principaux dangers dans d’autres. Dans uncontexte où les ressources naturelles constituent la base des moyens de subsistance et de la sécurité alimentaire, la dégradation de l’environnement impacte de façon complexe la vulnérabilité des populations et ses capacités de résilience. Affectéspar les mêmes menaces climatiques, la vulnérabilité et la probabilité de migrer des individus/ménages sont influencées par leur dépendance aux ressources naturelles,leur statut socio-économique, et leurs caractéristiques démographiques. Compte tenu de ces différences, il est nécessaire que des politiques soient mises en œuvre pour répondre auxbesoins particuliers des populationslocales. Ces dernièresdoivent être informées des changements environnementaux actuels et futurs.La mobilité environnementale ne peut pas être considérée comme un comportement strictement rationnel basé sur la vulnérabilité réelle, les décideurs doivent également tenir compte de la vulnérabilité perçue par les personnes concernées. Créer des infrastructures d’accueil et mettre en place des mécanismes de protection des migrants et des personnesdéplacées est une étape nécessaire pour atténuer les risques futurs. Les autorités régionales doivent travailler ensemble pour renforcer la résilience des communautés d’origine aux chocs climatiques, mais ils doivent aussi faciliter la migration comme une stratégie d’adaptation.
- University of Namur Belgium
West Africa, Natural disasters, Vulnerability, Climate change, Migration, Environmental degradation
West Africa, Natural disasters, Vulnerability, Climate change, Migration, Environmental degradation
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