Projected climate change and increased pressure for adopting more sustainable agricultural practices calls for new approaches in breeding forage crops for the future. In the cool temperate regions of Europe they may benefit from a warmer and prolonged growing season, even though new stresses may emerge during autumn and winter, whereas further south risk of drought will increase. In addition, forage crops have to be able to use both nutrients and water more efficiently in the future in order to maximize production per unit area. Examples are given how perennial forage crops can be adapted to the projected envi-ronmental conditions in Europe through breeding. In the Nordic region the focus is on identifying traits that are important for high yields under changed overwin-tering conditions, as well as management practices. In maritime, oceanic Europe the focus is on forage grass and legume root systems for ecosystem service, nutri-ent and water use, and the advantages and potential for Festulolium, including its role in ruminant nutrition. In temperate and southern Europe, the aim is to develop varieties able to survive long drought periods and to recover rapidly following autumn rains, as well as improving adapted legume species to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers, the environmental impacts of ruminant production systems and their dependency on external protein-rich feeds. Forage production systems, commonly found in areas less suited to grain production, can contribute significantly to future food security if the adaptation of forage crops to the future environmental challenges is successful.