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Drinking water vulnerability to climate change and alternatives for adaptation in coastal South and South East Asia

قابلية مياه الشرب للتأثر بتغير المناخ وبدائل التكيف في جنوب وجنوب شرق آسيا الساحلية
Authors: M. A. Hoque; Pauline Scheelbeek; Paolo Víneis; Aneire Khan; Kazi Matin Ahmed; A. P. Butler;

Drinking water vulnerability to climate change and alternatives for adaptation in coastal South and South East Asia

Abstract

L'eau potable dans une grande partie de l'Asie, en particulier dans les zones côtières et rurales, est fournie par diverses sources, qui sont largement distribuées et souvent gérées au niveau individuel ou communautaire local. Les sources d'eau potable côtières et proches de l'intérieur des terres en Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est (ESS) sont vulnérables à la contamination par l'eau de mer, la plus spectaculaire étant les ondes de tempête induites par les cyclones tropicaux. Cet article évalue les vulnérabilités spatiales à la salinisation des sources d'eau potable en raison de la variabilité météorologique et du changement climatique le long du littoral (environ 6 000 km) de l'Asie de l'ESS. Les risques d'augmentation des contraintes climatiques sont d'abord pris en compte, puis des cartes de vulnérabilité relative le long de l'ensemble du littoral sont élaborées, à l'aide de données provenant de modèles de surface terrestre à l'échelle mondiale, ainsi que d'un indice de vulnérabilité global. Les résultats montrent que l'eau potable de surface et près de la surface dans les zones côtières des méga-deltas au Vietnam et au Bangladesh-Inde sont les plus vulnérables, exposant plus de 25 millions de personnes au risque de boire de l'eau « saline ». Le changement climatique est susceptible d'exacerber ce problème, avec des conséquences néfastes pour la santé, telles que la prévalence de l'hypertension et des maladies cardiovasculaires. Il est nécessaire d'identifier les sites les plus exposés au risque de salinisation afin que les décideurs et les responsables locaux puissent mettre en œuvre des stratégies de réduction de ces impacts sur la santé. Pour contrer les risques associés à ces vulnérabilités, des mesures d'adaptation possibles sont également décrites. Nous concluons que des évaluations détaillées et à petite échelle de la vulnérabilité peuvent devenir cruciales pour la planification de programmes d'adaptation ciblés le long de ces côtes.

El agua potable en gran parte de Asia, particularmente en entornos costeros y rurales, proviene de una variedad de fuentes, que se distribuyen ampliamente y se gestionan con frecuencia a nivel individual o de la comunidad local. Las fuentes de agua potable costeras y cercanas al interior de Asia meridional y sudoriental (ESS) son vulnerables a la contaminación por agua de mar, sobre todo por las marejadas ciclónicas tropicales. Este documento evalúa las vulnerabilidades espaciales a la salinización de las fuentes de agua potable debido a la variabilidad meteorológica y al cambio climático a lo largo de la costa (aproximadamente 6000 km) de la ESS de Asia. Primero se consideran los riesgos del aumento de las tensiones climáticas y luego se desarrollan mapas de vulnerabilidad relativa a lo largo de toda la costa, utilizando datos de modelos de superficie terrestre a escala global, junto con un índice de vulnerabilidad general. Los resultados muestran que el agua potable superficial y cercana a la superficie en las zonas costeras de los megadeltas en Vietnam y Bangladesh-India son las más vulnerables, lo que pone a más de 25 millones de personas en riesgo de beber agua "salina". Es probable que el cambio climático agrave este problema, con consecuencias adversas para la salud, como la prevalencia de hipertensión y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Es necesario identificar los lugares con mayor riesgo de salinización para que los responsables políticos y los funcionarios locales implementen estrategias para reducir estos impactos en la salud. Para contrarrestar los riesgos asociados con estas vulnerabilidades, también se describen posibles medidas de adaptación. Llegamos a la conclusión de que las evaluaciones de vulnerabilidad detalladas y a pequeña escala pueden ser cruciales para planificar programas de adaptación específicos a lo largo de estas costas.

Drinking water in much of Asia, particularly in coastal and rural settings, is provided by a variety of sources, which are widely distributed and frequently managed at an individual or local community level. Coastal and near-inland drinking water sources in South and South East (SSE) Asia are vulnerable to contamination by seawater, most dramatically from tropical cyclone induced storm surges. This paper assesses spatial vulnerabilities to salinisation of drinking water sources due to meteorological variability and climate change along the (ca. 6000 km) coastline of SSE Asia. The risks of increasing climatic stresses are first considered, and then maps of relative vulnerability along the entire coastline are developed, using data from global scale land surface models, along with an overall vulnerability index. The results show that surface and near-surface drinking water in the coastal areas of the mega-deltas in Vietnam and Bangladesh-India are most vulnerable, putting more than 25 million people at risk of drinking 'saline' water. Climate change is likely to exacerbate this problem, with adverse consequences for health, such as prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. There is a need for identifying locations that are most at risk of salinisation in order for policy makers and local officials to implement strategies for reducing these health impacts. To counter the risks associated with these vulnerabilities, possible adaptation measures are also outlined. We conclude that detailed and fine scale vulnerability assessments may become crucial for planning targeted adaptation programmes along these coasts.

يتم توفير مياه الشرب في معظم أنحاء آسيا، لا سيما في المناطق الساحلية والريفية، من خلال مجموعة متنوعة من المصادر، والتي يتم توزيعها على نطاق واسع وإدارتها بشكل متكرر على مستوى الفرد أو المجتمع المحلي. مصادر مياه الشرب الساحلية والقريبة من اليابسة في جنوب وجنوب شرق آسيا معرضة للتلوث بمياه البحر، والأكثر دراماتيكية من العواصف الناجمة عن الأعاصير المدارية. تقيّم هذه الورقة نقاط الضعف المكانية لتملح مصادر مياه الشرب بسبب تقلبات الأرصاد الجوية وتغير المناخ على طول الساحل (حوالي 6000 كم) من آسيا جنوب شرق آسيا. يتم النظر أولاً في مخاطر زيادة الضغوط المناخية، ثم يتم تطوير خرائط الضعف النسبي على طول الساحل بأكمله، باستخدام بيانات من نماذج سطح الأرض على نطاق عالمي، إلى جانب مؤشر الضعف العام. تظهر النتائج أن مياه الشرب السطحية والقريبة من السطح في المناطق الساحلية من الدلتا الضخمة في فيتنام وبنغلاديش والهند هي الأكثر عرضة للخطر، مما يعرض أكثر من 25 مليون شخص لخطر شرب المياه "المالحة". ومن المرجح أن يؤدي تغير المناخ إلى تفاقم هذه المشكلة، مع ما يترتب على ذلك من عواقب وخيمة على الصحة، مثل انتشار ارتفاع ضغط الدم وأمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية. هناك حاجة إلى تحديد المواقع الأكثر عرضة لخطر الملوحة حتى يتمكن صانعو السياسات والمسؤولون المحليون من تنفيذ استراتيجيات للحد من هذه الآثار الصحية. ولمواجهة المخاطر المرتبطة بمواطن الضعف هذه، يتم أيضًا تحديد تدابير التكيف الممكنة. نستنتج أن تقييمات قابلية التأثر المفصلة والدقيقة قد تصبح حاسمة لتخطيط برامج التكيف المستهدفة على طول هذه السواحل.

Countries
United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Keywords

Atmospheric Science, 550, Sociology and Political Science, Vulnerability index, Social Sciences, SEA-LEVEL RISE, Flood Risk, Oceanography, Environmental protection, Vulnerability (computing), Computer security, Storm, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Climate change, Psychology, INDEX, Environmental planning, Tropical cyclone, Global and Planetary Change, Psychological resilience, ISSUES, Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Climate Change, Geography, BANGLADESH, Geology, /dk/atira/pure/core/subjects/earthsci, Water resource management, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Surface Water Mapping, FOS: Psychology, RIVER DELTA, Physical Sciences, /dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1900/1902, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, IMPACTS, /dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2300/2306, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, 333, Article, Environmental science, REGION, Impact of Climate Change on Human Migration, Global Flood Risk Assessment and Management, Meteorology, MD Multidisciplinary, Science & Technology, FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences, Storm surge, Computer science, Vulnerability assessment, Environmental Science, Earth Sciences, Psychotherapist, Environmental Sciences

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    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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    influence
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
78
Top 1%
Top 10%
Top 10%
Green
hybrid