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Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in India: What Do We Know and Where We Need to Go

مرض الكلى المزمن للمسببات غير المعروفة في الهند: ما الذي نعرفه وأين نحتاج إلى الذهاب
Authors: Sanghamitra Pati; Vinay Rathore; Narayan Prasad; Prabhdeep Kaur; Mohan Rajapurkar; Oommen John; Oommen John; +20 Authors

Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in India: What Do We Know and Where We Need to Go

Abstract

Une insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) non associée à des facteurs de risque connus a été signalée dans certaines régions de l'Inde et est présumée similaire à une IRC d'étiologie inconnue (CKDu) décrite en Amérique centrale. Les rapports de l'Inde ont été fragmentés sans description claire du phénotype de la maladie ou de ses déterminants. Cet article résume l'état actuel des connaissances sur la CKDu en Inde sur la base d'une revue de la littérature, d'une consultation multipartite et d'une enquête auprès des néphrologues indiens. Nous avons également contacté des groupes de recherche individuels pour solliciter des données. Nos résultats suggèrent que la CKDu est signalée dans la plupart des régions de l'Inde ; cependant, elle est interprétée différemment du phénotype décrit en Amérique centrale et au Sri Lanka. Les différences comprennent l'absence d'un groupe démographique ou professionnel clair, l'âge plus avancé des participants touchés et la présence d'une hypertension légère et d'une protéinurie de bas grade. Des études prospectives de terrain bien conçues avec un bilan diagnostique approprié sont nécessaires pour établir le fardeau de la maladie et identifier les étiologies, ainsi que les conséquences socio-économiques et sanitaires, l'intersection avec l'environnement et la réponse de santé publique. La recherche communautaire devrait phénotyper l'ensemble de la population CKD plutôt que d'être limitée aux cas de CKDu présumés sur la base de critères prédéfinis. Des lignes directrices sont nécessaires pour l'évaluation clinique, l'orientation, la gestion et l'harmonisation de la documentation clinique et des dossiers de santé. Davantage de données sont nécessaires pour étayer l'existence d'un phénotype unique de CKDu en Inde.

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) no asociada con factores de riesgo conocidos se ha informado en partes de la India y se presume que es similar a la ERC de etiología desconocida (ERCu) que se ha descrito en América Central. Los informes de la India se han fragmentado sin una descripción clara del fenotipo de la enfermedad o sus determinantes. Este documento resume el estado actual del conocimiento sobre CKDu en la India basado en una revisión de la literatura, la consulta de múltiples partes interesadas y una encuesta de nefrólogos indios. También nos pusimos en contacto con grupos de investigación individuales para solicitar datos. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que la CKDu se reporta en la mayoría de las regiones de la India; sin embargo, se interpreta de manera diferente al fenotipo descrito en América Central y Sri Lanka. Las diferencias incluyen la falta de un grupo demográfico o de ocupación claro, la edad avanzada de los participantes afectados y la presencia de hipertensión leve y proteinuria de bajo grado. Se necesitan estudios de campo prospectivos bien diseñados con un diagnóstico adecuado para establecer la carga de la enfermedad e identificar las etiologías, junto con las consecuencias socioeconómicas y de salud, la intersección con el medio ambiente y la respuesta de salud pública. La investigación basada en la comunidad debe fenotipar a toda la población de ERC en lugar de restringirse a los casos con ERC presunta basada en criterios predefinidos. Se necesitan pautas para la evaluación clínica, la derivación, el manejo y la armonización de la documentación clínica y los registros de salud. Se necesitan más datos para respaldar la existencia de un fenotipo único de CKDu en la India.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) not associated with known risk factors has been reported from parts of India and is presumed to be similar to CKD of unknown etiology (CKDu) that has been described from Central America. The reports from India have been fragmented without clear description of the disease phenotype or its determinants. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge around CKDu in India based on a review of literature, multi-stakeholder consultation, and a survey of Indian nephrologists. We also contacted individual research groups to solicit data. Our findings suggest that that CKDu is reported from most regions in India; however, it is interpreted differently from the phenotype described from Central America and Sri Lanka. The differences include lack of a clear demographic or occupation group, older age of affected participants, and presence of mild hypertension and low-grade proteinuria. Well-designed prospective field studies with appropriate diagnostic workup are needed to establish the disease burden and identify etiologies, along with socioeconomic and health consequences, the intersection with the environment, and the public health response. Community-based research should phenotype the entire CKD population rather than be restricted to cases with presumed CKDu based on predefined criteria. Guidelines are needed for clinical evaluation, referral, management, and harmonization of clinical documentation and health records. More data are needed to support the existence of a unique CKDu phenotype in India.

تم الإبلاغ عن مرض الكلى المزمن (CKD) غير المرتبط بعوامل الخطر المعروفة من أجزاء من الهند ويفترض أن يكون مشابهًا لمرض الكلى المزمن غير المعروف المسببات (CKDu) الذي تم وصفه من أمريكا الوسطى. تم تجزئة التقارير الواردة من الهند دون وصف واضح للنمط الظاهري للمرض أو محدداته. تلخص هذه الورقة الحالة الحالية للمعرفة حول CKDu في الهند بناءً على مراجعة الأدبيات، واستشارة أصحاب المصلحة المتعددين، ودراسة استقصائية لأطباء الكلى الهنود. كما اتصلنا بمجموعات بحثية فردية لطلب البيانات. تشير النتائج التي توصلنا إليها إلى أن CKDu يتم الإبلاغ عنه من معظم المناطق في الهند ؛ ومع ذلك، يتم تفسيره بشكل مختلف عن النمط الظاهري الموصوف من أمريكا الوسطى وسريلانكا. وتشمل الاختلافات عدم وجود مجموعة ديموغرافية أو مهنية واضحة، والعمر الأكبر للمشاركين المتضررين، ووجود ارتفاع معتدل في ضغط الدم وبيلة بروتينية منخفضة الدرجة. هناك حاجة إلى دراسات ميدانية مستقبلية جيدة التصميم مع عمل تشخيصي مناسب لتحديد عبء المرض وتحديد المسببات، إلى جانب العواقب الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والصحية، والتقاطع مع البيئة، واستجابة الصحة العامة. يجب أن تحدد الأبحاث المجتمعية النمط الظاهري لمجموعة أمراض الكلى المزمنة بأكملها بدلاً من أن تقتصر على الحالات التي يُفترض فيها الإصابة بأمراض الكلى المزمنة بناءً على معايير محددة مسبقًا. هناك حاجة إلى مبادئ توجيهية للتقييم السريري والإحالة والإدارة ومواءمة الوثائق السريرية والسجلات الصحية. هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من البيانات لدعم وجود نمط ظاهري فريد من نوعه في الهند.

Keywords

Epidemiology and Implications of Multimorbidity in Healthcare, Kidney Disease, Family medicine, Etiology, Epidemiology, Population, Renal and urogenital, 610, 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Meeting Report, anzsrc-for: 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research, Health Sciences, Chronic Kidney Disease, Pathology, Minority Health, Disease, Intensive care medicine, 3202 Clinical Sciences, Internal medicine, Public health, anzsrc-for: 42 Health Sciences, Prevention, 42 Health Sciences, 3 Good Health and Well Being, Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis Treatment, Kidney disease, heat stress nephropathy, Health Disparities, climate change, Environmental health, Nephrology, Socioeconomic status, Medicine, anzsrc-for: 3202 Clinical Sciences, Chronic Kidney Disease and its Implications, Referral, chronic kidney disease, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
48
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