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Understanding human vulnerability to climate change: A global perspective on index validation for adaptation planning

فهم قابلية التأثر البشري بتغير المناخ: منظور عالمي للتحقق من صحة المؤشرات لتخطيط التكيف
Authors: Joern Birkmann; Ali Jamshed; Joanna M. McMillan; Daniel Feldmeyer; Edmond Totin; William Solecki; Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim; +9 Authors

Understanding human vulnerability to climate change: A global perspective on index validation for adaptation planning

Abstract

Le changement climatique est une grave menace mondiale. La recherche sur le changement climatique et la vulnérabilité aux risques naturels a fait des progrès significatifs au cours des dernières décennies. La plupart des recherches ont été consacrées à l'amélioration de la qualité des informations climatiques et des données sur les dangers, y compris l'exposition à des phénomènes spécifiques, tels que les inondations ou l'élévation du niveau de la mer. Moins d'attention a été accordée à l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité et des conditions sociales, économiques et historiques intégrées qui favorisent la vulnérabilité des sociétés. Un certain nombre d'évaluations de la vulnérabilité mondiale basées sur des indicateurs ont été élaborées au cours des dernières années. Pourtant, une question essentielle reste de savoir comment valider ces évaluations à l'échelle mondiale. Cet article examine différentes options pour valider les évaluations mondiales de la vulnérabilité en termes de validité interne et externe, en se concentrant sur deux systèmes d'indicateurs de vulnérabilité mondiaux utilisés dans le WorldRiskIndex et l'indice INFORM. Le document examine ces systèmes d'index mondiaux en tant que meilleures pratiques et présente en même temps de nouvelles analyses et des résultats mondiaux qui montrent les liens entre le niveau de vulnérabilité et les résultats des catastrophes. L'examen et la nouvelle analyse se soutiennent mutuellement et aident à communiquer la validité et l'incertitude des évaluations de la vulnérabilité. À côté des méthodes de validation statistique, nous discutons de l'importance du lien approprié entre les indicateurs, les données et l'indicandum. Nous avons constaté que la mortalité par événement dangereux dû aux inondations, à la sécheresse et aux tempêtes est 15 fois plus élevée dans les pays classés comme très vulnérables par rapport à ceux classés comme faiblement vulnérables. Ces résultats mettent en évidence les différents points de départ des pays dans leur évolution vers un développement résilient au climat. La priorité devrait être donnée non seulement aux régions susceptibles de faire face à des risques climatiques plus graves à l'avenir, mais également à celles qui sont déjà confrontées à une vulnérabilité élevée.

El cambio climático es una grave amenaza global. La investigación sobre el cambio climático y la vulnerabilidad a los peligros naturales ha logrado avances significativos en las últimas décadas. La mayor parte de la investigación se ha dedicado a mejorar la calidad de la información climática y los datos sobre peligros, incluida la exposición a fenómenos específicos, como inundaciones o aumento del nivel del mar. Se ha prestado menos atención a la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad y las condiciones sociales, económicas e históricas arraigadas que fomentan la vulnerabilidad de las sociedades. En los últimos años se han desarrollado una serie de evaluaciones globales de vulnerabilidad basadas en indicadores. Sin embargo, una pregunta esencial sigue siendo cómo validar esas evaluaciones a escala global. Este documento examina diferentes opciones para validar las evaluaciones de vulnerabilidad global en términos de su validez interna y externa, centrándose en dos sistemas de indicadores de vulnerabilidad global utilizados en el WorldRiskIndex y el índice INFORM. El documento revisa estos sistemas de índices globales como mejores prácticas y, al mismo tiempo, presenta nuevos análisis y resultados globales que muestran los vínculos entre el nivel de vulnerabilidad y los resultados de los desastres. Tanto la revisión como el nuevo análisis se apoyan mutuamente y ayudan a comunicar la validez y la incertidumbre de las evaluaciones de vulnerabilidad. Junto a los métodos de validación estadística, discutimos la importancia del vínculo apropiado entre los indicadores, los datos y el indicador. Descubrimos que la mortalidad por evento de peligro de inundaciones, sequías y tormentas es 15 veces mayor para los países clasificados como altamente vulnerables en comparación con los clasificados como poco vulnerables. Estos hallazgos destacan los diferentes puntos de partida de los países en su avance hacia un desarrollo resiliente al clima. Se debe dar prioridad no solo a aquellas regiones que probablemente enfrenten peligros climáticos más graves en el futuro, sino también a aquellas que ya se enfrentan a una alta vulnerabilidad.

Climate change is a severe global threat. Research on climate change and vulnerability to natural hazards has made significant progress over the last decades. Most of the research has been devoted to improving the quality of climate information and hazard data, including exposure to specific phenomena, such as flooding or sea-level rise. Less attention has been given to the assessment of vulnerability and embedded social, economic and historical conditions that foster vulnerability of societies. A number of global vulnerability assessments based on indicators have been developed over the past years. Yet an essential question remains how to validate those assessments at the global scale. This paper examines different options to validate global vulnerability assessments in terms of their internal and external validity, focusing on two global vulnerability indicator systems used in the WorldRiskIndex and the INFORM index. The paper reviews these global index systems as best practices and at the same time presents new analysis and global results that show linkages between the level of vulnerability and disaster outcomes. Both the review and new analysis support each other and help to communicate the validity and the uncertainty of vulnerability assessments. Next to statistical validation methods, we discuss the importance of the appropriate link between indicators, data and the indicandum. We found that mortality per hazard event from floods, drought and storms is 15 times higher for countries ranked as highly vulnerable compared to those classified as low vulnerable. These findings highlight the different starting points of countries in their move towards climate resilient development. Priority should be given not just to those regions that are likely to face more severe climate hazards in the future but also to those confronted with high vulnerability already.

يمثل تغير المناخ تهديدًا عالميًا خطيرًا. حققت الأبحاث المتعلقة بتغير المناخ والتعرض للمخاطر الطبيعية تقدمًا كبيرًا على مدى العقود الماضية. تم تخصيص معظم الأبحاث لتحسين جودة المعلومات المناخية وبيانات المخاطر، بما في ذلك التعرض لظواهر محددة، مثل الفيضانات أو ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر. تم إيلاء اهتمام أقل لتقييم الضعف والظروف الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والتاريخية المتأصلة التي تعزز ضعف المجتمعات. تم تطوير عدد من تقييمات الضعف العالمية بناءً على المؤشرات على مدى السنوات الماضية. ومع ذلك، لا يزال هناك سؤال أساسي حول كيفية التحقق من صحة تلك التقييمات على المستوى العالمي. تبحث هذه الورقة في خيارات مختلفة للتحقق من صحة تقييمات الضعف العالمية من حيث صلاحيتها الداخلية والخارجية، مع التركيز على نظامين لمؤشرات الضعف العالمية المستخدمة في WorldRiskIndex ومؤشر INFORM. تستعرض الورقة أنظمة المؤشرات العالمية هذه كأفضل الممارسات وتقدم في الوقت نفسه تحليلًا جديدًا ونتائج عالمية تُظهر الروابط بين مستوى الضعف ونتائج الكوارث. يدعم كل من المراجعة والتحليل الجديد بعضهما البعض ويساعدان في الإبلاغ عن صحة تقييمات الضعف وعدم اليقين بشأنها. إلى جانب طرق التحقق من الصحة الإحصائية، نناقش أهمية الرابط المناسب بين المؤشرات والبيانات والمؤشر. وجدنا أن الوفيات لكل حدث خطر من الفيضانات والجفاف والعواصف أعلى 15 مرة بالنسبة للبلدان المصنفة على أنها شديدة التأثر مقارنة بتلك المصنفة على أنها منخفضة التأثر. تسلط هذه النتائج الضوء على نقاط الانطلاق المختلفة للبلدان في تحركها نحو التنمية القادرة على التكيف مع المناخ. يجب إعطاء الأولوية ليس فقط للمناطق التي من المحتمل أن تواجه مخاطر مناخية أكثر حدة في المستقبل ولكن أيضًا للمناطق التي تواجه بالفعل درجة عالية من الضعف.

Countries
Belgium, United Kingdom
Keywords

550, Sociology and Political Science, Vulnerability index, Scale (ratio), Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture, vulnerability, Social Sciences, Disasters, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Vulnerability (computing), Natural hazard, Computer security, Climate change, Psychology, Environmental resource management, Waste Management and Disposal, Environmental planning, Psychological resilience, Geography, Ecology, Global warming, Natural disaster, Life Sciences, societal impacts, Pollution, Adaptation, Physiological, FOS: Psychology, climate change, validity and application of indicators, Hazard, Cartography, Environmental Engineering, 330, Social vulnerability, Climate Change, Vulnerability, Soil Science, Sea Level Rise, Flooding (psychology), 333, Societal impacts, Environmental science, Validity and applicability of indicators, Meteorology, Environmental Chemistry, Humans, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Natural hazards, Risk Management and Vulnerability in Agriculture, Computer science, Floods, natural hazards, Climate Change Adaptation, Vulnerability assessment, FOS: Biological sciences, Psychotherapist, Community Resilience to Natural Disasters, Environmental Sciences

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    citations
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    155
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 1%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Top 10%
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
155
Top 1%
Top 10%
Top 0.1%
Green
hybrid