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Clarifying the effect of biodiversity on productivity in natural ecosystems with longitudinal data and methods for causal inference

Authors: Dee, Laura; Ferraro, Paul; Severen, Christopher; Kimmel, Kaitlin; Borer, Elizabeth; Byrnes, Jarrett; Clark, Adam Thomas; +24 Authors

Clarifying the effect of biodiversity on productivity in natural ecosystems with longitudinal data and methods for causal inference

Abstract

AbstractCausal effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions can be estimated using experimental or observational designs — designs that pose a tradeoff between drawing credible causal inferences from correlations and drawing generalizable inferences. Here, we develop a design that reduces this tradeoff and revisits the question of how plant species diversity affects productivity. Our design leverages longitudinal data from 43 grasslands in 11 countries and approaches borrowed from fields outside of ecology to draw causal inferences from observational data. Contrary to many prior studies, we estimate that increases in plot-level species richness caused productivity to decline: a 10% increase in richness decreased productivity by 2.4%, 95% CI [−4.1, −0.74]. This contradiction stems from two sources. First, prior observational studies incompletely control for confounding factors. Second, most experiments plant fewer rare and non-native species than exist in nature. Although increases in native, dominant species increased productivity, increases in rare and non-native species decreased productivity, making the average effect negative in our study. By reducing the tradeoff between experimental and observational designs, our study demonstrates how observational studies can complement prior ecological experiments and inform future ones.

Countries
Netherlands, France, France, France, France
Keywords

Identification, 330, Science, General Biochemistry,Genetics and Molecular Biology, Resistance, 577, General Physics and Astronomy, Instrumental variables, Article, Time, XXXXXX - Unknown, [SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Biomass, Ecosystem, 580, Ecology, Q, General Chemistry, Biodiversity, Plants, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Causality, Plant diversity, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, Alter, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Guide, In-differences

  • BIP!
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    citations
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    53
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Top 10%
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 1%
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
53
Top 10%
Top 10%
Top 1%
Green
gold