This article examines the relationship between fuel poverty and poor health among the population in the two lower income quintiles in Europe using the 2012 EU-SILC dataset. Results confirm that fuel poverty is a key determinant of health among the low-income population: the probability of being fuel poor is substantially higher among the low-income population; fuel poverty among the low-income population is a prevalent problem across European countries, particularly in southern and transition countries, and among renters; the low-income population in fuel poverty is more likely to report poor health than the whole low-income population; and the low-income population in severe fuel poverty has a higher likelihood of reporting poor health than the whole fuel poor low-income population. In addition, variations between countries in prevalence ratios of poor health by fuel poverty indicator and housing tenure suggest that there are different types of fuel poverty in terms of health-related outcomes.