Abstract Background Drinking usually begins in adolescence and is a major public health concern. Few studies have identified multilevel factors considering the frequency and amount of drinking among adolescents. This study aimed to identify the multilevel factors associated with lifetime, current, and binge drinking among Korean adolescents based on the ecological model. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from the 2018 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 60,040). Hierarchal multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed using complex sample data. Results Overall, 15,030 (25.4%), 4,629 (8.0%), and 5,038 (8.9%) subjects were involved in lifetime, current, and binge drinking, respectively. The following multilevel factors revealed significant associations with lifetime, current, and binge drinking: boys, high school students, depression, suicidal ideation at individual level, family acceptance of alcohol use, poor household economic status at family level, poor academic achievement, not receiving education on alcohol use at school level, possible alcohol access, and harm caused by drinkers at social level (all ps < .01). The main risk factors were family acceptance of alcohol use (lifetime, current, and binge drinking vs. OR = 3.95, 6.88, and 5.46, respectively) and possible alcohol access (OR = 5.65, 19.78, and 93.62). Discussion This study revealed multilevel factors associated with lifetime, current, and binge drinking. School nurses and community leaders are necessary to develop customized drinking prevention programs considering drinking frequency and amount, and individual, family, school, and social factors. Especially, the implementation of a drinking prevention program that reduces family acceptance of alcohol use and access to alcohol could be an effective strategy.