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Soil erosion modeled with USLE, GIS, and remote sensing: a case study of Ikkour watershed in Middle Atlas (Morocco)

تآكل التربة على غرار USLE ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية والاستشعار عن بعد: دراسة حالة لمستجمعات مياه إيكور في الأطلس الأوسط (المغرب)
Authors: Aafaf El Jazouli; Ahmed Barakat; Abdessamad Ghafiri; Saida El Moutaki; Abderrahim Ettaqy; Rida Khellouk;

Soil erosion modeled with USLE, GIS, and remote sensing: a case study of Ikkour watershed in Middle Atlas (Morocco)

Abstract

La cuenca hidrográfica de Ikkour situada en la montaña del Atlas Medio (Marruecos) ha sido objeto de graves problemas de erosión del suelo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la susceptibilidad a la erosión del suelo en esta cuenca montañosa utilizando la Ecuación Universal de Pérdida de Suelos (USLE) e índices espectrales integrados con el entorno del Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). El modelo USLE requirió la integración de mapas de factores temáticos que son la agresividad de la lluvia, la longitud y la pendiente del talud, la cobertura vegetal, la erosionabilidad del suelo y las prácticas de control de la erosión. Estos factores se calcularon utilizando datos de teledetección y SIG. La evaluación basada en USLE mostró que la pérdida potencial de suelo anual total estimada fue de aproximadamente 70,66 toneladas ha-1 año-1. Esta pérdida de suelo se ve favorecida por las pendientes pronunciadas y la cubierta vegetal degradada. El método del índice espectral, que ofrece una evaluación cualitativa de la erosión hídrica, mostró diferentes grados de degradación del suelo en la cuenca del estudio según FI, BI, CI y NDVI. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron un acuerdo entre el modelo USLE y el enfoque del índice espectral, e indicaron que la tasa de erosión del suelo prevista puede deberse a la topografía más accidentada de la tierra y al aumento de las áreas agrícolas. De hecho, estos resultados pueden ayudar aún más a los responsables de la toma de decisiones en la implementación de un programa de protección adecuado para reducir la erosión del suelo.

Le bassin versant d'Ikkour situé dans la montagne du Moyen Atlas (Maroc) a fait l'objet de graves problèmes d'érosion des sols. Cette étude visait à évaluer la sensibilité à l'érosion des sols dans ce bassin versant montagneux à l'aide de l'équation universelle de perte de sol (USLE) et d'indices spectraux intégrés à l'environnement du système d'information géographique (SIG). Le modèle USLE a nécessité l'intégration de cartes de facteurs thématiques qui sont l'agressivité des précipitations, la longueur et la pente de la pente, la couverture végétale, l'érodabilité des sols et les pratiques de contrôle de l'érosion. Ces facteurs ont été calculés à l'aide de données de télédétection et de SIG. L'évaluation basée sur l'USLE a montré que la perte potentielle totale annuelle estimée des sols était d'environ 70,66 tonnes ha−1 an−1. Cette perte de sol est favorisée par les pentes abruptes et la couverture végétale dégradée. La méthode de l'indice spectral, offrant une évaluation qualitative de l'érosion hydrique, a montré différents degrés de dégradation des sols dans le bassin versant d'étude selon FI, BI, CI et NDVI. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré un accord entre le modèle USLE et l'approche de l'indice spectral, et ont indiqué que le taux d'érosion du sol prédit peut être dû à la topographie des terres les plus accidentées et à une augmentation des zones agricoles. En effet, ces résultats peuvent aider davantage les décideurs à mettre en œuvre un programme de conservation approprié pour réduire l'érosion des sols.

The Ikkour watershed located in the Middle Atlas Mountain (Morocco) has been a subject of serious soil erosion problems. This study aimed to assess the soil erosion susceptibility in this mountainous watershed using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and spectral indices integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The USLE model required the integration of thematic factors' maps which are rainfall aggressiveness, length and steepness of the slope, vegetation cover, soil erodibility, and erosion control practices. These factors were calculated using remote sensing data and GIS. The USLE-based assessment showed that the estimated total annual potential soil loss was about 70.66 ton ha−1 year−1. This soil loss is favored by the steep slopes and degraded vegetation cover. The spectral index method, offering a qualitative evaluation of water erosion, showed different degrees of soil degradation in the study watershed according to FI, BI, CI, and NDVI. The results of this study displayed an agreement between the USLE model and spectral index approach, and indicated that the predicted soil erosion rate can be due to the most rugged land topography and an increase in agricultural areas. Indeed, these results can further assist the decision makers in implementation of suitable conservation program to reduce soil erosion.

كان مستجمع مياه إيكور الواقع في جبل الأطلس الأوسط (المغرب) موضوعًا لمشاكل خطيرة تتعلق بتآكل التربة. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم حساسية تآكل التربة في مستجمعات المياه الجبلية هذه باستخدام معادلة فقدان التربة العالمية (USLE) والمؤشرات الطيفية المتكاملة مع بيئة نظام المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS). يتطلب نموذج USLE تكامل خرائط العوامل المواضيعية وهي شدة هطول الأمطار، وطول المنحدر وانحداره، والغطاء النباتي، وقابلية تآكل التربة، وممارسات مكافحة التعرية. تم حساب هذه العوامل باستخدام بيانات الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية. أظهر التقييم القائم على USLE أن إجمالي الخسارة السنوية المحتملة للتربة كان حوالي 70.66 طن هكتار-1 سنة-1. ويفضل فقدان التربة هذا المنحدرات الشديدة والغطاء النباتي المتدهور. أظهرت طريقة المؤشر الطيفي، التي تقدم تقييمًا نوعيًا للتآكل المائي، درجات مختلفة من تدهور التربة في مستجمعات المياه في الدراسة وفقًا لـ FI و BI و CI و NDVI. أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة وجود اتفاق بين نموذج USLE ونهج المؤشر الطيفي، وأشارت إلى أن معدل تآكل التربة المتوقع يمكن أن يكون بسبب تضاريس الأراضي الأكثر وعورة وزيادة في المناطق الزراعية. في الواقع، يمكن أن تساعد هذه النتائج صناع القرار بشكل أكبر في تنفيذ برنامج الحفظ المناسب للحد من تآكل التربة.

Keywords

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Oceanography, Ikkour watershed, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Soil map, Soil water, Pathology, Climate change, USLE, Soil Erosion, QE1-996.5, Geography, Ecology, Q, Life Sciences, Hydrology (agriculture), Agriculture, Geology, Remote sensing, GIS, Universal Soil Loss Equation, Soil Erosion and Agricultural Sustainability, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Archaeology, Erosion, Soil conservation, Physical Sciences, Medicine, Geographic information system, Vegetation (pathology), Cartography, Land cover, Environmental Engineering, Soil Degradation, Spectral indices, Science, Soil Science, Environmental science, Machine learning, Biology, Earth-Surface Processes, Soil science, Aeolian Geomorphology and Wind Erosion Dynamics, FOS: Environmental engineering, Paleontology, FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences, Watershed, Computer science, Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones Using GIS Techniques, Soil loss, Geotechnical engineering, FOS: Biological sciences, Environmental Science, Land use, Soil erosion, Thematic map

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
106
Top 1%
Top 10%
Top 10%
gold