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Holozäne Klimaänderungen und Waldgrenzschwankungen in den Alpen

Authors: Burga, Conradin A.;

Holozäne Klimaänderungen und Waldgrenzschwankungen in den Alpen

Abstract

Nach der letzten Maximalvereisung (LGM) Nord-Amerikas und N-Europas vor etwa 20.000 Jahren begannen die Eisschilde abzuschmelzen. Im Spätglazial, das um 10.000 BP endete, erfolgten noch letzte kleine Gletschervorstöße und um 13.000 BP begann die Wiederbewaldung der Alpen. Zu Beginn des Holozäns setzte eine schnelle Erwärmung mit raschem Anstieg der Waldgrenze bis über 2.100 m Meereshöhe ein. Diese Wärmegunst war bedingt durch die größte Nähe der Sonne zur Erde im Nordsommer, wodurch die N-Halbkugel von ca. 9.000-5.000 BP an der Obergrenze der Erdatmosphäre ca.7% mehr Sonnenenergie erhielt und dadurch bis zu 2 K wärmer als heute war. Diese rund 4.000 Jahre dauernde Wärmeperiode mit um 1-2 K höheren Jahresmitteltemperaturen, das mittelholozäne sogenannte Klimaoptimum (Hypsithermal), wurde durch fünf Kaltphasen mit Waldgrenzeabsenkungen von ca. 100 Höhenmetern und Gletschervorstößen unterbrochen. Um 8.000-5.500 BP lag im Wärmeoptimum (Atlantikum) die Waldgrenze bis in Höhen von 2.300-2.400 m, d.h. 80-100 Höhenmeter über der heutigen Position. Nachdem im Mittleren Subboreal um ca. 4.000-3.700 BP die Waldgrenzen nochmals höchste Lagen erreichten, folgten um 3.500-3.100 BP und 2.830-2.270 BP Waldgrenzeabsenkungen von 40-100 m sowie Gletschervorstöße in den Ost- und Zentralalpen. Zwischen der römerzeitlichen Klimagunst und der hochmittelalterlichen Wärmeperiode folgte eine Abkühlung mit erneuten Gletschervorstößen und Waldgrenzeabsenkungen, die sich mit zunehmenden anthropogenen Einflüssen überlagern. Die Kleine Eiszeit (ca. 1320-1850 AD) war gekennzeichnet durch markante Gletschervorstöße und häufigere Unwetter mit Wirkung auf das sozio-ökonomische und kulturelle Leben. Holocene climate variations and timber line fluctuations of in the Alps: After the last glacial maximum (LGM) in N-America and N-Europe, the large ice shields started to melt. After the last smaller glacier advances reforestation started at about 13,000 BP in the Alps, and the full glacial period ended at 10,000 BP. At the onset of the Holocene, climate warming started quickly and the forests reached ca. 2,100 m a.s.l. This warmth period, caused by the perihelion of earth during the boreal summer, lead to higher solar radiation by about 7%. from ca. 9,000-5,000 BP warmring the Earth’s surface by up to 2 K. This Mid-Holocene climate optimum (hypsithermal interval) lasted 4,000 years with annual average temperatures 1-2 K higher, but it was interrupted by five cooler periods with a lowering of timber line by up to 100 m and glacier advances. During the climate optimum (Atlantic) from 8,000- 5,500 BP the forests reached their highest levels with 2,300-2,400 m a.s.l., i.e. 80-100 m higher than their actual position. After the last high forest positions during the Mid-Subboreal at ca. 4,000-3,700 BP followed a lowering by 40-100 m in the Eastern and Central Alps and glacier extensions due to cooler conditions from 3,500-3,100 and 2,830-2,270 BP. Between the warm periods of Roman Times and Early Middle Ages, a cooler period led to glacier advances and a lower timber line, overlapping with an increasing human impact. During the Little Ice Age (ca. 1,320-1,850 AD) marked glacier advances and extreme weather affected social, economic and cultural life.

Country
Switzerland
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Keywords

the last glacial maximum LGM, 10122 Institute of Geography, solar radiation, Alps, Timber line, Alps, Holocene climate variations, timber line fluctuations, the last glacial maximum (LGM), reforestation, solar radiation, timber line fluctuations, Holocene climate variations, Other, 910 Geography & travel, reforestation, Timber line, timber line fluctuations

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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