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Frontiers in Environmental Science
Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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Bootstrap ARDL on health expenditure, green energy, environmental sustainability, and economic growth nexus in Saudi Arabia

Authors: Mohammed Moosa Ageli;

Bootstrap ARDL on health expenditure, green energy, environmental sustainability, and economic growth nexus in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

The Bootstrap Autoregressive Distributed Lag (BARDL) cointegration model used to examine whether there is a short and long-run relationship between health expenditure per capita Environmental Sustainability is measured by CO2 emissions per capita (CO2), GDP per capita (GDPPC), and Green Energy is measured by Electric Power Consumption per capita (GEPC) in Saudi Arabia using annual time-series data from 1995 to 2021. The significant results show no long-term cointegration relationship between Saudi Arabian variables. Therefore, the Bootstrap ARDL Bound Test offered significant empirical support for the validity of no cointegration between the variables. The empirical data show a unidirectional relationship between GDP per capita and health expenditure, green energy and CO2 emissions per capita. The data also show a bidirectional relationship between health expenditure and CO2 emissions and GDP per growth, whereas the same relation hold between green energy and economic growth. These findings would attract policymakers to expand economic growth and development’s environmental and health benefits. Moreover, to reduce the effects of global warming without affecting environmental health or the country’s long-term economic prosperity.

Keywords

health expenditure, economic growth, Environmental sciences, green energy, bootstrap ARDL test JEL: R11, I15, P18, Q56, GE1-350, environmental sustainability

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    Top 10%
    influence
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
4
Top 10%
Average
Average
gold