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Que peut-on dire des migrations climatiques dans les Antilles? : étude qualitative exploratoire des déplacements de populations pendant l’ouragan Maria à la Dominique

Authors: Henneton, Victor;

Que peut-on dire des migrations climatiques dans les Antilles? : étude qualitative exploratoire des déplacements de populations pendant l’ouragan Maria à la Dominique

Abstract

L’ouragan Maria a frappé la Dominique en septembre 2017, et a occasionné des dégâts colossaux à ce petit état insulaire en développement (PEID), situé entre la Martinique et la Guadeloupe. Plusieurs milliers de personnes auraient été déplacés pendant cet événement climatique extrême tropical (ECET). La capacité qu’elles ont eue à y faire face tient compte de divers facteurs de vulnérabilité (ressources socioéconomiques, qualité des infrastructures, etc.). Une série d’entrevues ont été conduites sur place en 2019 et en 2020, dans le cadre du projet CliMiHealth, auprès de personnes ayant été déplacées lors de l’ouragan. Ce projet vise à mieux comprendre leurs expériences migratoires et sanitaires, dans un contexte de changements climatiques aux Antilles. Notre étude exploratoire s’intéresse quant à elle aux spécificités des migrations climatiques internes en contexte insulaire caribéen pendant un ouragan, à la lumière de la vulnérabilité des personnes déplacées par ce type d’événements. Les analyses des données qualitatives suggèrent que la migration en contexte d’ouragan serait marquée d’une trajectoire multi-étapes, proche du lieu de départ. Nous estimons que ce déplacement tient plus d’une mobilité que d’une migration, dont la multiplicité dépendrait des opportunités qui se présentent aux personnes grâce à leur réseau social notamment. Ce facteur jouerait un rôle crucial dans la réduction de leur vulnérabilité. En outre, les perceptions du changement climatique varieraient selon le niveau d’éducation des personnes. Plus les personnes auraient un niveau scolaire élevé, plus elles s’accorderaient avec le discours scientifique des changements climatiques. L’intensité de l’ouragan semble avoir marqué les personnes, événement pour lequel elles s’estiment impuissantes. La temporalité des besoins exprimés serait aussi liée au niveau d’éducation, et soulève des tensions quant au soutien des institutions pendant l’ouragan. Nous encourageons une présence institutionnelle plus accrue auprès des populations plus vulnérables, particulièrement à l’approche de la saison des ouragans.

Hurricane Maria struck Dominica in September 2017, causing colossal damage to the small island developing state (SIDS), located between Martinique and Guadeloupe. Several thousand people were reportedly displaced during this extreme tropical weather event (ETWE). Their ability to cope with it considers various vulnerability factors (socioeconomic resources, quality of infrastructure, etc.). A series of interviews were conducted on site in 2019 and 2020, as part of the CliMiHealth project, with people who were displaced by the hurricane. This project aims to better understand their migration and health experiences in the context of climate change in the Caribbean. Our exploratory study focuses on the specificities of climate-related migration in a Caribbean island context during a hurricane, considering the vulnerability of displaced persons to this type of event. The analyses of qualitative data suggest that migration in the context of a hurricane is marked by a multi-stage trajectory, close to the place of departure. We believe that this displacement is more akin to mobility than to migration, the multiplicity of which would depend on the opportunities presented to people through their social network. This factor would play a crucial role in reducing their vulnerability. In addition, perceptions of climate change would vary according to people's level of education. The higher the level of education, the more they would agree with the scientific discourse on climate change. The intensity of the hurricane seems to have left its mark on people, against which they feel powerless. The temporality of the needs expressed would also be linked to the level of education, and raises tensions regarding institutional support during the hurricane. We encourage a greater institutional presence with the most vulnerable populations, especially as the hurricane season approaches.

Country
Canada
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Keywords

Analyse qualitative, Changements climatiques, Vulnerability, Climate change, Vulnérabilité, Hurricane, Qualitative analysis, Migration, Ouragan

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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