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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Abstract Hydrogen lines from forming planets are crucial for understanding planet formation. However, the number of planetary hydrogen line detections is still limited. Recent JWST/NIRSpec observations have detected Paschen and Brackett hydrogen lines at TWA 27 B (2M1207b). Although classified as a planetary- mass companison (PMC) rather than a planet due to its large mass ratio to the central star, TWA 27 B’s hydrogen line emissions are expected to be same as the planetary one, given its small mass (≈5M J). We aim to constrain the accretion properties and accretion geometry of TWA 27 B, contributing to our understanding of hydrogen-line emission mechanisms common to both PMCs and planets. We conduct spectral fitting of four bright hydrogen lines (Pa-α, Pa-β, Pa-γ, Pa-δ) with an accretion-shock emission model tailored for forming planets. We estimate the mass accretion rate at M ̇ ≈ 3 × 10 − 9 M J yr − 1 with our fiducial parameters, though this is subject to an uncertainty of up to factor of ten. Our analysis also indicates a dense accretion flow, n ≳ 1013 cm−3 just before the shock, implying a small accretion-shock filling factor f f on the planetary surface (f f ≲ 5 × 10−4). This finding suggests that magnetospheric accretion is occurring at TWA 27 B. Additionally, we carry out a comparative analysis of hydrogen-line emission color to identify the emission mechanism, but the associated uncertainties proved too large for definitive conclusions. This underscores the need for further high-precision observational studies to elucidate these emission mechanisms fully.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Astronomical Jou...arrow_drop_down
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    The Astronomical Journal
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    The Astronomical Journal
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: DOAJ
    https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
    Article . 2024
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Astronomical Jou...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      The Astronomical Journal
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      The Astronomical Journal
      Article . 2024
      Data sources: DOAJ
      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2024
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Han, Fei;

    Das Passivhaus Institut hat eine große Anzahl genutzter Passivhäuser in Europa messtechnisch ausgewertet und konnte nachweisen, dass der Heizwärmebedarf neu gebauter Passivhäuser im Bereich von 15 kWh/m2a liegt, was nur 10-20% des Heizwärmebedarfs des Green Building oder anderer Energiesparstandards für Gebäude in China entspricht. Mit dem Passivhaus können den Heizwärmebedarf und die CO2-Emissionen in China erheblich gesenkt werden, was für die chinesische Regierung und Gesellschaft von großer Bedeutung ist. Folglich hat China im Zeitraum 2016-2020 mehr als 10 Millionen Quadratmeter Niedrigstenergiegebäude (Passivhäuser) gebaut und wird bis 2025 weitere 50 Millionen Quadratmeter errichten. Daher ist die Hauptmotivation dieser Arbeit, den Energieverbrauch von Passivhäusern in China zu untersuchen. Ziel ist, die Anwendbarkeit der Passivhausstandards unter Berücksichtigung der chinesischen Nutzergewohnheiten und klimatischen Besonderheiten zu validieren und ergänzende Vorschläge für die Anwendung zu unterbreiten. Für diese Arbeit wurden ein Passivhaus-Wohngebäude, ein Passivhaus-Bürogebäude und ein Green Building im Deutsch-Chinesischen Ökopark Qingdao, Nordchina, als Gegenstand der Untersuchung ausgewählt. Die angewandte Forschungsmethode gliedert sich im Wesentlichen in vier Schritte: a) Einrichtung eines Energieverbrauchsüberwachungssystems, um Energieverbrauchsdaten zu erhalten. b) Passivhaus-Planungspaket (PHPP), Therm und IBE sind Simulationswerkzeuge, die in dieser Arbeit zur Bewertung des Gebäudeenergieverbrauchs und der Wärmebrücken verwendet werden. c) Vergleich der Energieverbrauchsdaten des Passivhausgebäudes mit den simulierten oder entworfenen Energieverbrauchsdaten und schließlich d) Ermittlung der Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Datensätzen durch Analyse der Ursachen, um die Energieeffizienz des Gebäudes zu optimieren und aufzuwerten. Für die Studie wurden zunächst 3-jährige Betriebsdaten des 2016 errichteten Passivhauses-Bürogebäude ausgewertet. Das Gebäudesystem wurde gemäß den Daten des hohen Energieverbrauchs im Jahr 2017 in Betrieb genommen. Danach waren die Energieverbrauchsdaten in den folgenden zwei Jahren deutlich niedriger. Dies zeigt, wie wichtig die Inbetriebnahme der HVAC-Anlage für große öffentliche Passivhausgebäude ist. Die Analyse der Energieverbrauchsdaten und der innere Komfort-Parameter für die folgenden zwei Jahre ergab, dass der Heizwärmebedarf größer war als der simulierte Wert und der Kühlbedarf gut mit dem simulierten Wert übereinstimmte. Der innere Komfort des Gebäudes wurde das ganze Jahr über innerhalb des festgelegten Komfortbereichs gehalten. Zweitens wurde ein Passivhaus-Wohngebäude mit 36 Wohneinheiten, das im Jahr 2020 fertiggestellt wurde, messtechnisch begleitet. Erstmalig wurde ein Passivhaus-Wohngebäude in China messtechnisch ausgewertet. Während des Überwachungszeitraums ergab ein umfassender Vergleich der Entwurfs- und Konstruktionstechniken zwischen dem Passivhaus-Wohngebäude und einem benachbarten als Green Building gebauten Wohngebäude, dass im Passivhaus-Wohngebäude der Heizwärmebedarf im Vergleich zu dem Green Building Wohngebäude erheblich reduziert wurde, und es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass eine groß angelegte Förderung von Passivhäusern ein vorteilhafter Weg wäre, um Chinas Dual-Carbon-Ziele zu erreichen. Nach Abschluss der Überwachung zeigte die Analyse, dass der tatsächliche Heizwärmebedarf höher war als der vorhergesagte Wert, und dass der Primärenergieverbrauch und der innere Komfort den Passivhausstandards entsprachen. Die Gründe für den höheren Heizwärmebedarf sind 1) die Belegungsrate von nur 47% (17/36) im ersten Bezugsjahr und 2) Baufeuchte und Nutzerverhalten. Die Anwendbarkeit des Passivhausstandards in der kalten Klimazone und in der Küstenregion Nordchinas wurde an den beiden ausgewählten Passivhausgebäuden nachgewiesen. Die beobachteten Ergebnisse entsprechen im Wesentlichen den Passivhausstandards. Aufgrund des Nutzerverhaltens und der Belegungsrate entspricht ein Teil der Indikatoren nicht den Erwartungen, jedoch zeigt das Passivhausgebäude herausragende Vorteile in Bezug auf Energieeinsparung und Innenraumkomfort, verglichen mit den aktuellen Green Building oder anderen Gebäudeenergieeinsparungsstandards in China. German Passive House Institute has monitored many operating passive houses in Europe to prove that the heating demand of newly built passive houses is in the range of 15 kWh/m2a, which is only 10-20% of the heating demand of Green Building Standards or other building energy-saving standards in China. The passive house can significantly decrease heating demand and reduce CO2 emissions in China, these issues are of great concern to the Chinese government and society. Consequently, China built more than 10 million square meters of ultra-low energy buildings (passive houses) in 2016-2020 and will build another 50 million square meters by 2025. Hence, to do monitoring research on the energy consumption of passive houses in China is the main motivation of this thesis. The goal is to validate and supplement the applicability of the Passive House Standards considering the Chinese user habits and local climate characteristics. One passive house residential building, one passive house office building and one Green Building in Sino-German Ecopark Qingdao in northern China are selected for this thesis. The research method used is mainly divided into four steps: a) establishing an energy consumption monitoring system to obtain energy consumption data. b) Passive House Planning Package (PHPP), Therm, and IBE are simulation tools used in this thesis to evaluate building energy consumption and thermal bridges. c) comparing the energy consumption data of the passive house building in operation with the simulated or designed energy consumption data, and then d) finding out the differences between the two sets of data, through analyzing the reasons to achieve the purpose of improving and upgrading the energy efficiency of the building. Firstly, 3 years of operational data of the passive house public building built in 2016 were analyzed. The building system was commissioned through the data of high energy consumption in 2017. Then, the energy consumption data for the subsequent 2 years were significantly lower. It showed the importance of HVAC commissioning for large passive house public buildings. The analysis of the energy consumption data and indoor environment parameters for the subsequent 2 years revealed that the space heating demand was larger than the simulated value and the cooling demand matched the simulated value well. The building’s indoor environment was maintained within the set comfort range year-round. Secondly, a passive house residential building containing 36 apartments, which was completed in 2020, was selected for monitoring. This is the first time that a passive house residential building was monitored in China. During the monitoring period, a comprehensive comparison of the design and construction techniques between the passive house residential building and a neighbouring Green Building residential building revealed that the passive house residential building would significantly reduce space heating demand, and it was suggested that large-scale promotion of passive houses would be a beneficial way to achieve China's dual carbon goals. After the monitoring was completed, the analysis showed that the actual heating demand was higher than the predicted heating demand, and the primary energy consumption and indoor comfort met the passive house standards well. The reasons for the higher heating demand are 1) the occupancy rate of only 47% (17/36) in the first moving-in year and 2) initial wall moisture and user behavior. The applicability of Passive House standards in the cold climate zone and coastal region of northern China was proven in the selected two passive house buildings. The monitored results meet basically the passive house standards. Because of the user behavior and occupation rate, part of the indicators doesn’t meet expectations, however, the passive house building shows outstanding advantages in terms of energy-saving and indoor comfort, compared with other current Green Building Standards or other building energy-saving standards in China.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sempau Roma, Josep; Kazantsev, Pavel; Izewskac, Joanna; Brualla Barberá, Lorenzo;

    The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), jointly with the World Health Organization (WHO), has operated a postal dosimetry audit program for radiotherapy centers worldwide since 1969. In 2017 the IAEA introduced a new methodology based on radiophotoluminescent dosimetry (RPLD) for these audits. The detection system consists of a phosphate glass dosimeter inserted in a plastic capsule that is kept in measuring position with a PMMA holder during irradiation. Correction factors for this holder were obtained using experimental methods. In this work these methods are described and the resulting factors are verified by means of Monte Carlo simulation with the general-purpose code PENELOPE for a range of photon beam qualities relevant in radiotherapy. The study relies on a detailed geometrical representation of the experimental setup. Various photon beams were obtained from faithful modeling of the corresponding linacs. Monte Carlo simulation transport parameters are selected to ensure subpercent accuracy. The simulated correction factors fall in the interval 1.005-1.008 (±0.2%), with deviations with respect to experimental values not larger than 0.2(2)%. This study corroborates the validity of the holder correction factors currently used for the IAEA audits.

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    Physica Medica
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Physica Medica
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    Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Physica Medica
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      Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ej...
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      Physica Medica
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Subba, F.; Coster, D. P.; Xiang, L.; Militello, F.; +10 Authors

    A double-null configuration is being considered for the EU-DEMO, due to its potential benefits for power exhaust arising from the use of two active divertors and magnetically disconnected low- and high-field sides. Using systematic parameter scans in fluid simulations, we have investigated the divertor power exhaust in the EU-DEMO in a connected double-null configuration, and compared the edge plasma properties to those obtained in a single-null configuration under detached conditions anticipated for reactor operation. Neglecting drift effects and kinetic behaviour of the neutrals, no clear benefits of the double-null configuration could yet be identified for the radiation pattern and power mitigation on open field lines. Future work should address the aforementioned physics as well as the effect of the additional X-point on core radiation.

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    Nuclear Materials and Energy
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    Nuclear Materials and Energy
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    Nuclear Materials and Energy
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    Nuclear Materials and Energy
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    Nuclear Materials and Energy
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    Nuclear Materials and Energy
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nm...
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    MPG.PuRe
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      Nuclear Materials and Energy
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      Nuclear Materials and Energy
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      Nuclear Materials and Energy
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      Nuclear Materials and Energy
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      Nuclear Materials and Energy
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      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nm...
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    Authors: Ulisse Gomarasca; Mirco Migliavacca; Jens Kattge; Jacob A. Nelson; +40 Authors

    AbstractFundamental axes of variation in plant traits result from trade-offs between costs and benefits of resource-use strategies at the leaf scale. However, it is unclear whether similar trade-offs propagate to the ecosystem level. Here, we test whether trait correlation patterns predicted by three well-known leaf- and plant-level coordination theories – the leaf economics spectrum, the global spectrum of plant form and function, and the least-cost hypothesis – are also observed between community mean traits and ecosystem processes. We combined ecosystem functional properties from FLUXNET sites, vegetation properties, and community mean plant traits into three corresponding principal component analyses. We find that the leaf economics spectrum (90 sites), the global spectrum of plant form and function (89 sites), and the least-cost hypothesis (82 sites) all propagate at the ecosystem level. However, we also find evidence of additional scale-emergent properties. Evaluating the coordination of ecosystem functional properties may aid the development of more realistic global dynamic vegetation models with critical empirical data, reducing the uncertainty of climate change projections.

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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2023
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    Article . 2023
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    HAL INRAE
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    Article . 2023
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2023
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    Authors: Siverio Lima, Mayara Sarisariyama;

    Die ca. 51 Milliarden Tonnen Treibhausgase, die jedes Jahr durch menschliche Aktivitäten freigesetzt werden, sammeln sich seit Jahrzehnten in der Atmosphäre und erhöhen deren Temperatur. Um eine Verschlimmerung der Klimakrise zu vermeiden, müsste die Zufuhr weiterer Treibhausgase gestoppt werden, wobei dies nicht realistisch erscheint. Daher investieren die Regierungen weltweit in Lösungen, die dazu beitragen können, die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels abzuschwächen. In anbetracht des enormen Einflusses der Straßennetzinfrastrukturen auf die Gesamtauswirkungen des Treibhausgasausstoßes wurde das SaferUp!-Projekt – finanziert durch ein Programm der Europäischen Union – konzipiert, um innovative Lösungen für städtische Asphaltdecken zu entwickeln, die die Nachhaltigkeit und Lebensqualität von Städten fördern. Im Rahmen des SaferUp!-Projekts untersucht diese wissenschaftliche Arbeit die ökologischen und wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen des Straßennetzes einer mittelgroßen europäischen Stadt (Münster, Deutschland), unter Anwendung von Ökobilanz- und Lebenszykluskostenbewertungsinstrumenten. Das Hauptziel ist es, potenzielle Asphaltmaterialien, Belagsstrukturen und Instandhaltungsstrategien zu identifizieren, die die Nachhaltigkeit des Straßennetzes von Münster verbessern und den Entscheidungsprozess von Stakeholder unterstützt. Diewissenschaftliche Arbeitist in vier Publikationen (Paper I, II, III und IV) unterteilt, die sich gegenseitig ergänzen. In den Publikationen I und II wird ein "Cradle-to-Gate"-Ansatz angewandt, bei dem die Umweltauswirkungen der Herstellung von Asphaltmischungen aus herkömmlichen und alternativen Materialien (z. B. Reststoffe und wiederverwertete Asphaltmischungen) analysiert werden. Im Gegensatz dazu wird in den Publikationen III der "Cradle-to-Cradle"-Ansatz angewandt, bei dem alle ökologischen und wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen von der Rohstoffbeschaffung bis zum Recyclingprozess über lange Analysezeiträume (20 bis 100 Jahre) bewertet werdet. Die für die Folgenabschätzung verwendeten Umweltindikatoren sind das Erderwärmungspotenzial (GWP – Global Warming Potential, ausgedrückt in kg CO2-Äquivalent) und der nicht erneuerbare kumulative Energiebedarf (nr-CED – non-renewable Cumulative Energy Demand, ausgedrückt in MJ). Publikation IV wendet das Modell des Road Network Evaluation Tool (RONET) an, um die wirtschaftliche Bewertung durchzuführen und die aktuellen Straßeninstandhaltungsinvestitionen und potenziellen Strategien zur Erhaltung des Straßennetzes unter zufriedenstellenden Bedingungen für einen langen Zeitraum zu bewerten. Die Methode der Multikriterien-Entscheidungsanalyse wird verwendet, um die Ergebnisse auszugleichen und die Darstellung einer so großen Datenmenge zu erleichtern. Die Ergebnisse werden unter Berücksichtigung aller Indikatoren (d.h. GWP, nr-CED und Kosten) , vom niedrigsten zum höchsten Wert, geordnet. Es ist wichtig, darauf hinzuweisen, dass diese Rangfolge keine Empfehlung darstellt und nur dazu dient, die Gesamtdarstellung der Ergebnisse zu erleichtern. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Belagskonstruktionen und Erhaltungsstrategien mit den geringsten Auswirkungen für Münsters Haupterschließungsstraßen (MAR – Main Access Roads) und Wohnstraßen (RSDT – Residential Roads) Bk 3.2 B und Bk 1.0 A sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass der Ausbau von Münsters Straßennetz mit höheren RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) -Anteilen zu einer Verringerung der CO2-Emissionen um 133.608 Tonnen auf 100 Jahre führen kann und etwa 3.668 GWh einspart, was der Jahresstromversorgung von Jamaika entspricht. The approximately 51 billion tons of greenhouse gases released every year by human activities have been accumulating for decades into the atmosphere, raising the Earth’s temperature. To avoid worsening the climate scenario, it would be necessary to stop adding more gases, which nowadays is not realistic. Hence, government leaders worldwide are investing in solutions that can help mitigate the effects of climate change. Considering the enormous influence of road network infrastructures on the overall impacts generated, the SaferUp! project - funded by a European Union program - was designed to develop innovative solutions for urban pavements, promoting the sustainability and livability of cities. As an outcome of the SaferUp! project, this dissertation investigates the environmental and economic impacts of the road network of a mid-size European city (Münster, Germany), applying Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Road Network Evaluation Tool (RONET), and the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method. The main goal is to identify potential asphalt materials, pavement structures, and maintenance strategies that improve the sustainability of Münster's road network, supporting the decision-making process of the stakeholders. The study is divided into four publications (henceforth, Paper I, II, III, and IV) that complement each other. Papers I and II apply a 'cradle-to-gate' approach, analyzing the environmental impacts of the production of asphalt mixtures composed of traditional and alternative materials (e.g., residues and reclaimed asphalt mixtures). In contrast, Paper III applies the 'cradle-to-cradle' approach, evaluating all the environmental impacts from the raw material acquisition until the recycling process, over long periods of analysis (20 to 100 years). The environmental indicators used to perform the impact assessment are the Global Warming Potential (GWP, expressed in kg of CO2 equivalent) and non-renewable Cumulative Energy Demand (nr-CED, expressed in MJ). Paper IV applies the Road Network Evaluation Tool (RONET) model to carry out the economic assessment, evaluating the current road maintenance investments and potential strategies to preserve the road network in satisfactory conditions for a long-term period. Further, the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method is used to rank asphalt materials and road pavement structures considering three indicators (i.e., GWP, Nr-CED, and material unit costs). The results suggest potential pavement structures and maintenance strategies with lower impacts to be applied in Münster's Main Access Roads (MAR - Bk 3.2 B) and Residential Roads (RSDT - Bk 1.0 A). The study further determines that building Münster's road network with higher contents of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in the future can avoid the emission of 133,608 tons of CO2 per 100 years and save approximately 3,668 GWh of primary energy, enough to supply Jamaica for one year.

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    Authors: Kerstin Kopal; Dirk Wittowsky;

    The city’s built environment and functionality play a crucial role in shaping individual mobility patterns, impacting the overall health and quality of life of its population. Understanding these influences is an important research topic, making it a central focus of this paper. This study aims to identify the factors responsible for promoting healthy mobility behavior. To address this comprehensively, a multidisciplinary empirical survey was developed based on the “Triad”—a model consisting of the built environment, mobility(-behavior), and public health. In addition to the evaluation of socio-demographic factors and activity radius mapping, statistical analyses like multiple linear regression were used. These statistical analyses allow the assessment of the impact of various independent variables on the promotion of healthy mobility behavior within urban settings. The multiple regression shows that the satisfaction with the accessibility of public transport and the sense of safety as a cyclist contribute to explaining the variation of healthy mobility. Furthermore, the satisfaction with walking in the neighborhood and the inhalation of exhaust fumes while walking also seem to have an impact. The results show the link between the Triad and make it clear that mobility planning and urban planning must take a more integrated approach to promote health and simultaneously protect the climate.

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    Authors: Marta Kozicka; Petr Havlík; Hugo Valin; Eva Wollenberg; +9 Authors

    AbstractPlant-based animal product alternatives are increasingly promoted to achieve more sustainable diets. Here, we use a global economic land use model to assess the food system-wide impacts of a global dietary shift towards these alternatives. We find a substantial reduction in the global environmental impacts by 2050 if globally 50% of the main animal products (pork, chicken, beef and milk) are substituted—net reduction of forest and natural land is almost fully halted and agriculture and land use GHG emissions decline by 31% in 2050 compared to 2020. If spared agricultural land within forest ecosystems is restored to forest, climate benefits could double, reaching 92% of the previously estimated land sector mitigation potential. Furthermore, the restored area could contribute to 13-25% of the estimated global land restoration needs under target 2 from the Kunming Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework by 2030, and future declines in ecosystem integrity by 2050 would be more than halved. The distribution of these impacts varies across regions—the main impacts on agricultural input use are in China and on environmental outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and South America. While beef replacement provides the largest impacts, substituting multiple products is synergistic.

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    Nature Communications
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    Authors: Hambal, Yusra;

    The demand for effective cooling and energy storage technologies is growing continuously. The climatic changes, miniaturization, and digitalization have redefined the technological development in the cooling and energy storage industries. The global focus is on the environmental-friendly, efficient, sustainable, and scalable cooling technologies. Owing to all these factors, green alternatives to the traditional air-conditioning and refrigeration are gaining momentum. One of such green alternatives is the electrocaloric effect (ECE). The electrocaloric effect is observed in dielectric materials as they undergo an adiabatic temperature change or an isothermal entropy change under an externally applied/removed electric field. Dielectric materials are capable to store the electrical energy as well. Therefore, they are particularly interesting for the new cooling and energy storage technologies. In this work, a ferroelectric relaxor polymer, namely, Poly(vinylidene fluoride – trifluoroethylene – chlorofluoroethylene) (P(VDF–TrFE–CFE) is investigated for the electrocaloric effect through the direct and the indirect methods. The electrical energy storage properties of different compositions of P(VDF–TrFE–CFE) and their nanocomposites with inorganic 0D nanofillers are studied. Initially, the relaxor properties in six different compositions of P(VDF–TrFE–CFE) are studied. Out of these six compositions, the three compositions, 51.3/48.7/6.2, 59.8/40.2/7.3, and 70/30/8.1, are analyzed for the first time. The field induced phase transition results in a double hysteresis loop in a few compositions. Through the direct electrocaloric measurements, it is observed that the electric field induced phase transition results in a higher electrocaloric temperature change. The indirect electrocaloric measurements are conducted with and without compensating the leakage current. It is shown that the indirect method can lead to erroneous results due to the leakage current. The results obtained through the indirect measurements conducted with the leakage current compensation are comparable to the direct measurements. The electrical energy storage properties of the neat terpolymers and their nanocomposites are compared. It is observed that the stored and discharged energy densities of the nanocomposites are superior to the neat terpolymers. Dissertation, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 2022

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.17185/du...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.17185/du...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Mailloux, J.; Abid, N.; Abraham, K.; Abreu, P.; +196 Authors

    Abstract The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (α) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER.

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    Nuclear Fusion
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2022
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    INRIA2
    Article . 2022
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    Aaltodoc Publication Archive
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Abstract Hydrogen lines from forming planets are crucial for understanding planet formation. However, the number of planetary hydrogen line detections is still limited. Recent JWST/NIRSpec observations have detected Paschen and Brackett hydrogen lines at TWA 27 B (2M1207b). Although classified as a planetary- mass companison (PMC) rather than a planet due to its large mass ratio to the central star, TWA 27 B’s hydrogen line emissions are expected to be same as the planetary one, given its small mass (≈5M J). We aim to constrain the accretion properties and accretion geometry of TWA 27 B, contributing to our understanding of hydrogen-line emission mechanisms common to both PMCs and planets. We conduct spectral fitting of four bright hydrogen lines (Pa-α, Pa-β, Pa-γ, Pa-δ) with an accretion-shock emission model tailored for forming planets. We estimate the mass accretion rate at M ̇ ≈ 3 × 10 − 9 M J yr − 1 with our fiducial parameters, though this is subject to an uncertainty of up to factor of ten. Our analysis also indicates a dense accretion flow, n ≳ 1013 cm−3 just before the shock, implying a small accretion-shock filling factor f f on the planetary surface (f f ≲ 5 × 10−4). This finding suggests that magnetospheric accretion is occurring at TWA 27 B. Additionally, we carry out a comparative analysis of hydrogen-line emission color to identify the emission mechanism, but the associated uncertainties proved too large for definitive conclusions. This underscores the need for further high-precision observational studies to elucidate these emission mechanisms fully.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Astronomical Jou...arrow_drop_down
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    The Astronomical Journal
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    The Astronomical Journal
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: DOAJ
    https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
    Article . 2024
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Astronomical Jou...arrow_drop_down
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      The Astronomical Journal
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Astronomical Journal
      Article . 2024
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2024
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Han, Fei;

    Das Passivhaus Institut hat eine große Anzahl genutzter Passivhäuser in Europa messtechnisch ausgewertet und konnte nachweisen, dass der Heizwärmebedarf neu gebauter Passivhäuser im Bereich von 15 kWh/m2a liegt, was nur 10-20% des Heizwärmebedarfs des Green Building oder anderer Energiesparstandards für Gebäude in China entspricht. Mit dem Passivhaus können den Heizwärmebedarf und die CO2-Emissionen in China erheblich gesenkt werden, was für die chinesische Regierung und Gesellschaft von großer Bedeutung ist. Folglich hat China im Zeitraum 2016-2020 mehr als 10 Millionen Quadratmeter Niedrigstenergiegebäude (Passivhäuser) gebaut und wird bis 2025 weitere 50 Millionen Quadratmeter errichten. Daher ist die Hauptmotivation dieser Arbeit, den Energieverbrauch von Passivhäusern in China zu untersuchen. Ziel ist, die Anwendbarkeit der Passivhausstandards unter Berücksichtigung der chinesischen Nutzergewohnheiten und klimatischen Besonderheiten zu validieren und ergänzende Vorschläge für die Anwendung zu unterbreiten. Für diese Arbeit wurden ein Passivhaus-Wohngebäude, ein Passivhaus-Bürogebäude und ein Green Building im Deutsch-Chinesischen Ökopark Qingdao, Nordchina, als Gegenstand der Untersuchung ausgewählt. Die angewandte Forschungsmethode gliedert sich im Wesentlichen in vier Schritte: a) Einrichtung eines Energieverbrauchsüberwachungssystems, um Energieverbrauchsdaten zu erhalten. b) Passivhaus-Planungspaket (PHPP), Therm und IBE sind Simulationswerkzeuge, die in dieser Arbeit zur Bewertung des Gebäudeenergieverbrauchs und der Wärmebrücken verwendet werden. c) Vergleich der Energieverbrauchsdaten des Passivhausgebäudes mit den simulierten oder entworfenen Energieverbrauchsdaten und schließlich d) Ermittlung der Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Datensätzen durch Analyse der Ursachen, um die Energieeffizienz des Gebäudes zu optimieren und aufzuwerten. Für die Studie wurden zunächst 3-jährige Betriebsdaten des 2016 errichteten Passivhauses-Bürogebäude ausgewertet. Das Gebäudesystem wurde gemäß den Daten des hohen Energieverbrauchs im Jahr 2017 in Betrieb genommen. Danach waren die Energieverbrauchsdaten in den folgenden zwei Jahren deutlich niedriger. Dies zeigt, wie wichtig die Inbetriebnahme der HVAC-Anlage für große öffentliche Passivhausgebäude ist. Die Analyse der Energieverbrauchsdaten und der innere Komfort-Parameter für die folgenden zwei Jahre ergab, dass der Heizwärmebedarf größer war als der simulierte Wert und der Kühlbedarf gut mit dem simulierten Wert übereinstimmte. Der innere Komfort des Gebäudes wurde das ganze Jahr über innerhalb des festgelegten Komfortbereichs gehalten. Zweitens wurde ein Passivhaus-Wohngebäude mit 36 Wohneinheiten, das im Jahr 2020 fertiggestellt wurde, messtechnisch begleitet. Erstmalig wurde ein Passivhaus-Wohngebäude in China messtechnisch ausgewertet. Während des Überwachungszeitraums ergab ein umfassender Vergleich der Entwurfs- und Konstruktionstechniken zwischen dem Passivhaus-Wohngebäude und einem benachbarten als Green Building gebauten Wohngebäude, dass im Passivhaus-Wohngebäude der Heizwärmebedarf im Vergleich zu dem Green Building Wohngebäude erheblich reduziert wurde, und es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass eine groß angelegte Förderung von Passivhäusern ein vorteilhafter Weg wäre, um Chinas Dual-Carbon-Ziele zu erreichen. Nach Abschluss der Überwachung zeigte die Analyse, dass der tatsächliche Heizwärmebedarf höher war als der vorhergesagte Wert, und dass der Primärenergieverbrauch und der innere Komfort den Passivhausstandards entsprachen. Die Gründe für den höheren Heizwärmebedarf sind 1) die Belegungsrate von nur 47% (17/36) im ersten Bezugsjahr und 2) Baufeuchte und Nutzerverhalten. Die Anwendbarkeit des Passivhausstandards in der kalten Klimazone und in der Küstenregion Nordchinas wurde an den beiden ausgewählten Passivhausgebäuden nachgewiesen. Die beobachteten Ergebnisse entsprechen im Wesentlichen den Passivhausstandards. Aufgrund des Nutzerverhaltens und der Belegungsrate entspricht ein Teil der Indikatoren nicht den Erwartungen, jedoch zeigt das Passivhausgebäude herausragende Vorteile in Bezug auf Energieeinsparung und Innenraumkomfort, verglichen mit den aktuellen Green Building oder anderen Gebäudeenergieeinsparungsstandards in China. German Passive House Institute has monitored many operating passive houses in Europe to prove that the heating demand of newly built passive houses is in the range of 15 kWh/m2a, which is only 10-20% of the heating demand of Green Building Standards or other building energy-saving standards in China. The passive house can significantly decrease heating demand and reduce CO2 emissions in China, these issues are of great concern to the Chinese government and society. Consequently, China built more than 10 million square meters of ultra-low energy buildings (passive houses) in 2016-2020 and will build another 50 million square meters by 2025. Hence, to do monitoring research on the energy consumption of passive houses in China is the main motivation of this thesis. The goal is to validate and supplement the applicability of the Passive House Standards considering the Chinese user habits and local climate characteristics. One passive house residential building, one passive house office building and one Green Building in Sino-German Ecopark Qingdao in northern China are selected for this thesis. The research method used is mainly divided into four steps: a) establishing an energy consumption monitoring system to obtain energy consumption data. b) Passive House Planning Package (PHPP), Therm, and IBE are simulation tools used in this thesis to evaluate building energy consumption and thermal bridges. c) comparing the energy consumption data of the passive house building in operation with the simulated or designed energy consumption data, and then d) finding out the differences between the two sets of data, through analyzing the reasons to achieve the purpose of improving and upgrading the energy efficiency of the building. Firstly, 3 years of operational data of the passive house public building built in 2016 were analyzed. The building system was commissioned through the data of high energy consumption in 2017. Then, the energy consumption data for the subsequent 2 years were significantly lower. It showed the importance of HVAC commissioning for large passive house public buildings. The analysis of the energy consumption data and indoor environment parameters for the subsequent 2 years revealed that the space heating demand was larger than the simulated value and the cooling demand matched the simulated value well. The building’s indoor environment was maintained within the set comfort range year-round. Secondly, a passive house residential building containing 36 apartments, which was completed in 2020, was selected for monitoring. This is the first time that a passive house residential building was monitored in China. During the monitoring period, a comprehensive comparison of the design and construction techniques between the passive house residential building and a neighbouring Green Building residential building revealed that the passive house residential building would significantly reduce space heating demand, and it was suggested that large-scale promotion of passive houses would be a beneficial way to achieve China's dual carbon goals. After the monitoring was completed, the analysis showed that the actual heating demand was higher than the predicted heating demand, and the primary energy consumption and indoor comfort met the passive house standards well. The reasons for the higher heating demand are 1) the occupancy rate of only 47% (17/36) in the first moving-in year and 2) initial wall moisture and user behavior. The applicability of Passive House standards in the cold climate zone and coastal region of northern China was proven in the selected two passive house buildings. The monitored results meet basically the passive house standards. Because of the user behavior and occupation rate, part of the indicators doesn’t meet expectations, however, the passive house building shows outstanding advantages in terms of energy-saving and indoor comfort, compared with other current Green Building Standards or other building energy-saving standards in China.

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    Authors: Sempau Roma, Josep; Kazantsev, Pavel; Izewskac, Joanna; Brualla Barberá, Lorenzo;

    The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), jointly with the World Health Organization (WHO), has operated a postal dosimetry audit program for radiotherapy centers worldwide since 1969. In 2017 the IAEA introduced a new methodology based on radiophotoluminescent dosimetry (RPLD) for these audits. The detection system consists of a phosphate glass dosimeter inserted in a plastic capsule that is kept in measuring position with a PMMA holder during irradiation. Correction factors for this holder were obtained using experimental methods. In this work these methods are described and the resulting factors are verified by means of Monte Carlo simulation with the general-purpose code PENELOPE for a range of photon beam qualities relevant in radiotherapy. The study relies on a detailed geometrical representation of the experimental setup. Various photon beams were obtained from faithful modeling of the corresponding linacs. Monte Carlo simulation transport parameters are selected to ensure subpercent accuracy. The simulated correction factors fall in the interval 1.005-1.008 (±0.2%), with deviations with respect to experimental values not larger than 0.2(2)%. This study corroborates the validity of the holder correction factors currently used for the IAEA audits.

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    Physica Medica
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    Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
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    Authors: Subba, F.; Coster, D. P.; Xiang, L.; Militello, F.; +10 Authors

    A double-null configuration is being considered for the EU-DEMO, due to its potential benefits for power exhaust arising from the use of two active divertors and magnetically disconnected low- and high-field sides. Using systematic parameter scans in fluid simulations, we have investigated the divertor power exhaust in the EU-DEMO in a connected double-null configuration, and compared the edge plasma properties to those obtained in a single-null configuration under detached conditions anticipated for reactor operation. Neglecting drift effects and kinetic behaviour of the neutrals, no clear benefits of the double-null configuration could yet be identified for the radiation pattern and power mitigation on open field lines. Future work should address the aforementioned physics as well as the effect of the additional X-point on core radiation.

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    Nuclear Materials and Energy
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    Nuclear Materials and Energy
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    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nm...
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      Nuclear Materials and Energy
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nm...
      Article
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      MPG.PuRe
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Ulisse Gomarasca; Mirco Migliavacca; Jens Kattge; Jacob A. Nelson; +40 Authors

    AbstractFundamental axes of variation in plant traits result from trade-offs between costs and benefits of resource-use strategies at the leaf scale. However, it is unclear whether similar trade-offs propagate to the ecosystem level. Here, we test whether trait correlation patterns predicted by three well-known leaf- and plant-level coordination theories – the leaf economics spectrum, the global spectrum of plant form and function, and the least-cost hypothesis – are also observed between community mean traits and ecosystem processes. We combined ecosystem functional properties from FLUXNET sites, vegetation properties, and community mean plant traits into three corresponding principal component analyses. We find that the leaf economics spectrum (90 sites), the global spectrum of plant form and function (89 sites), and the least-cost hypothesis (82 sites) all propagate at the ecosystem level. However, we also find evidence of additional scale-emergent properties. Evaluating the coordination of ecosystem functional properties may aid the development of more realistic global dynamic vegetation models with critical empirical data, reducing the uncertainty of climate change projections.

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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2023
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2023
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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2023
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    Article . 2023
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    HAL INRAE
    Article . 2023
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2023
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2023
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    Authors: Siverio Lima, Mayara Sarisariyama;

    Die ca. 51 Milliarden Tonnen Treibhausgase, die jedes Jahr durch menschliche Aktivitäten freigesetzt werden, sammeln sich seit Jahrzehnten in der Atmosphäre und erhöhen deren Temperatur. Um eine Verschlimmerung der Klimakrise zu vermeiden, müsste die Zufuhr weiterer Treibhausgase gestoppt werden, wobei dies nicht realistisch erscheint. Daher investieren die Regierungen weltweit in Lösungen, die dazu beitragen können, die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels abzuschwächen. In anbetracht des enormen Einflusses der Straßennetzinfrastrukturen auf die Gesamtauswirkungen des Treibhausgasausstoßes wurde das SaferUp!-Projekt – finanziert durch ein Programm der Europäischen Union – konzipiert, um innovative Lösungen für städtische Asphaltdecken zu entwickeln, die die Nachhaltigkeit und Lebensqualität von Städten fördern. Im Rahmen des SaferUp!-Projekts untersucht diese wissenschaftliche Arbeit die ökologischen und wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen des Straßennetzes einer mittelgroßen europäischen Stadt (Münster, Deutschland), unter Anwendung von Ökobilanz- und Lebenszykluskostenbewertungsinstrumenten. Das Hauptziel ist es, potenzielle Asphaltmaterialien, Belagsstrukturen und Instandhaltungsstrategien zu identifizieren, die die Nachhaltigkeit des Straßennetzes von Münster verbessern und den Entscheidungsprozess von Stakeholder unterstützt. Diewissenschaftliche Arbeitist in vier Publikationen (Paper I, II, III und IV) unterteilt, die sich gegenseitig ergänzen. In den Publikationen I und II wird ein "Cradle-to-Gate"-Ansatz angewandt, bei dem die Umweltauswirkungen der Herstellung von Asphaltmischungen aus herkömmlichen und alternativen Materialien (z. B. Reststoffe und wiederverwertete Asphaltmischungen) analysiert werden. Im Gegensatz dazu wird in den Publikationen III der "Cradle-to-Cradle"-Ansatz angewandt, bei dem alle ökologischen und wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen von der Rohstoffbeschaffung bis zum Recyclingprozess über lange Analysezeiträume (20 bis 100 Jahre) bewertet werdet. Die für die Folgenabschätzung verwendeten Umweltindikatoren sind das Erderwärmungspotenzial (GWP – Global Warming Potential, ausgedrückt in kg CO2-Äquivalent) und der nicht erneuerbare kumulative Energiebedarf (nr-CED – non-renewable Cumulative Energy Demand, ausgedrückt in MJ). Publikation IV wendet das Modell des Road Network Evaluation Tool (RONET) an, um die wirtschaftliche Bewertung durchzuführen und die aktuellen Straßeninstandhaltungsinvestitionen und potenziellen Strategien zur Erhaltung des Straßennetzes unter zufriedenstellenden Bedingungen für einen langen Zeitraum zu bewerten. Die Methode der Multikriterien-Entscheidungsanalyse wird verwendet, um die Ergebnisse auszugleichen und die Darstellung einer so großen Datenmenge zu erleichtern. Die Ergebnisse werden unter Berücksichtigung aller Indikatoren (d.h. GWP, nr-CED und Kosten) , vom niedrigsten zum höchsten Wert, geordnet. Es ist wichtig, darauf hinzuweisen, dass diese Rangfolge keine Empfehlung darstellt und nur dazu dient, die Gesamtdarstellung der Ergebnisse zu erleichtern. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Belagskonstruktionen und Erhaltungsstrategien mit den geringsten Auswirkungen für Münsters Haupterschließungsstraßen (MAR – Main Access Roads) und Wohnstraßen (RSDT – Residential Roads) Bk 3.2 B und Bk 1.0 A sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass der Ausbau von Münsters Straßennetz mit höheren RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) -Anteilen zu einer Verringerung der CO2-Emissionen um 133.608 Tonnen auf 100 Jahre führen kann und etwa 3.668 GWh einspart, was der Jahresstromversorgung von Jamaika entspricht. The approximately 51 billion tons of greenhouse gases released every year by human activities have been accumulating for decades into the atmosphere, raising the Earth’s temperature. To avoid worsening the climate scenario, it would be necessary to stop adding more gases, which nowadays is not realistic. Hence, government leaders worldwide are investing in solutions that can help mitigate the effects of climate change. Considering the enormous influence of road network infrastructures on the overall impacts generated, the SaferUp! project - funded by a European Union program - was designed to develop innovative solutions for urban pavements, promoting the sustainability and livability of cities. As an outcome of the SaferUp! project, this dissertation investigates the environmental and economic impacts of the road network of a mid-size European city (Münster, Germany), applying Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Road Network Evaluation Tool (RONET), and the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method. The main goal is to identify potential asphalt materials, pavement structures, and maintenance strategies that improve the sustainability of Münster's road network, supporting the decision-making process of the stakeholders. The study is divided into four publications (henceforth, Paper I, II, III, and IV) that complement each other. Papers I and II apply a 'cradle-to-gate' approach, analyzing the environmental impacts of the production of asphalt mixtures composed of traditional and alternative materials (e.g., residues and reclaimed asphalt mixtures). In contrast, Paper III applies the 'cradle-to-cradle' approach, evaluating all the environmental impacts from the raw material acquisition until the recycling process, over long periods of analysis (20 to 100 years). The environmental indicators used to perform the impact assessment are the Global Warming Potential (GWP, expressed in kg of CO2 equivalent) and non-renewable Cumulative Energy Demand (nr-CED, expressed in MJ). Paper IV applies the Road Network Evaluation Tool (RONET) model to carry out the economic assessment, evaluating the current road maintenance investments and potential strategies to preserve the road network in satisfactory conditions for a long-term period. Further, the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method is used to rank asphalt materials and road pavement structures considering three indicators (i.e., GWP, Nr-CED, and material unit costs). The results suggest potential pavement structures and maintenance strategies with lower impacts to be applied in Münster's Main Access Roads (MAR - Bk 3.2 B) and Residential Roads (RSDT - Bk 1.0 A). The study further determines that building Münster's road network with higher contents of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in the future can avoid the emission of 133,608 tons of CO2 per 100 years and save approximately 3,668 GWh of primary energy, enough to supply Jamaica for one year.

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    Thesis . 2022
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    Authors: Kerstin Kopal; Dirk Wittowsky;

    The city’s built environment and functionality play a crucial role in shaping individual mobility patterns, impacting the overall health and quality of life of its population. Understanding these influences is an important research topic, making it a central focus of this paper. This study aims to identify the factors responsible for promoting healthy mobility behavior. To address this comprehensively, a multidisciplinary empirical survey was developed based on the “Triad”—a model consisting of the built environment, mobility(-behavior), and public health. In addition to the evaluation of socio-demographic factors and activity radius mapping, statistical analyses like multiple linear regression were used. These statistical analyses allow the assessment of the impact of various independent variables on the promotion of healthy mobility behavior within urban settings. The multiple regression shows that the satisfaction with the accessibility of public transport and the sense of safety as a cyclist contribute to explaining the variation of healthy mobility. Furthermore, the satisfaction with walking in the neighborhood and the inhalation of exhaust fumes while walking also seem to have an impact. The results show the link between the Triad and make it clear that mobility planning and urban planning must take a more integrated approach to promote health and simultaneously protect the climate.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2023
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      Sustainability
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    Authors: Marta Kozicka; Petr Havlík; Hugo Valin; Eva Wollenberg; +9 Authors

    AbstractPlant-based animal product alternatives are increasingly promoted to achieve more sustainable diets. Here, we use a global economic land use model to assess the food system-wide impacts of a global dietary shift towards these alternatives. We find a substantial reduction in the global environmental impacts by 2050 if globally 50% of the main animal products (pork, chicken, beef and milk) are substituted—net reduction of forest and natural land is almost fully halted and agriculture and land use GHG emissions decline by 31% in 2050 compared to 2020. If spared agricultural land within forest ecosystems is restored to forest, climate benefits could double, reaching 92% of the previously estimated land sector mitigation potential. Furthermore, the restored area could contribute to 13-25% of the estimated global land restoration needs under target 2 from the Kunming Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework by 2030, and future declines in ecosystem integrity by 2050 would be more than halved. The distribution of these impacts varies across regions—the main impacts on agricultural input use are in China and on environmental outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and South America. While beef replacement provides the largest impacts, substituting multiple products is synergistic.

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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Other literature type . 2023
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      Nature Communications
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    Authors: Hambal, Yusra;

    The demand for effective cooling and energy storage technologies is growing continuously. The climatic changes, miniaturization, and digitalization have redefined the technological development in the cooling and energy storage industries. The global focus is on the environmental-friendly, efficient, sustainable, and scalable cooling technologies. Owing to all these factors, green alternatives to the traditional air-conditioning and refrigeration are gaining momentum. One of such green alternatives is the electrocaloric effect (ECE). The electrocaloric effect is observed in dielectric materials as they undergo an adiabatic temperature change or an isothermal entropy change under an externally applied/removed electric field. Dielectric materials are capable to store the electrical energy as well. Therefore, they are particularly interesting for the new cooling and energy storage technologies. In this work, a ferroelectric relaxor polymer, namely, Poly(vinylidene fluoride – trifluoroethylene – chlorofluoroethylene) (P(VDF–TrFE–CFE) is investigated for the electrocaloric effect through the direct and the indirect methods. The electrical energy storage properties of different compositions of P(VDF–TrFE–CFE) and their nanocomposites with inorganic 0D nanofillers are studied. Initially, the relaxor properties in six different compositions of P(VDF–TrFE–CFE) are studied. Out of these six compositions, the three compositions, 51.3/48.7/6.2, 59.8/40.2/7.3, and 70/30/8.1, are analyzed for the first time. The field induced phase transition results in a double hysteresis loop in a few compositions. Through the direct electrocaloric measurements, it is observed that the electric field induced phase transition results in a higher electrocaloric temperature change. The indirect electrocaloric measurements are conducted with and without compensating the leakage current. It is shown that the indirect method can lead to erroneous results due to the leakage current. The results obtained through the indirect measurements conducted with the leakage current compensation are comparable to the direct measurements. The electrical energy storage properties of the neat terpolymers and their nanocomposites are compared. It is observed that the stored and discharged energy densities of the nanocomposites are superior to the neat terpolymers. Dissertation, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 2022

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.17185/du...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.17185/du...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Mailloux, J.; Abid, N.; Abraham, K.; Abreu, P.; +196 Authors

    Abstract The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (α) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER.

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    Nuclear Fusion
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2022
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    Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2022
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    INRIA2
    Article . 2022
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Aaltodoc Publication Archive
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: MPG.PuRe
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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