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L'aquaculture est un secteur de production alimentaire de plus en plus important, fournissant des protéines pour la consommation humaine. Cependant, l'aquaculture marine lutte souvent pour l'espace en raison de la nature surpeuplée des activités humaines dans de nombreuses zones côtières marines, et en raison de l'attention limitée des gestionnaires de l'aménagement du territoire. Ici, nous évaluons la nécessité de l'aménagement du territoire côtier, en mettant l'accent sur la création de zones appropriées pour le développement de l'aquaculture marine, appelées zones allouées à l'aquaculture (AZA), dans lesquelles l'aquaculture a assuré l'utilisation et la priorité sur d'autres activités, et où les impacts environnementaux négatifs potentiels et les interactions négatives avec d'autres utilisateurs sont minimisés ou évités. Nous examinons les exemples existants de développement spatial de l'aquaculture marine dans le monde et discutons de la bonne utilisation de la sélection des sites par rapport aux différentes exigences légales et réglementaires. Les autorités nationales ou régionales chargées de la gestion des zones côtières devraient mener une planification spatiale définissant des sites optimaux pour l'aquaculture afin de promouvoir le développement d'une aquaculture marine durable et d'éviter les conflits avec d'autres utilisateurs, en suivant une approche participative et en adhérant aux principes de gestion écosystémique. La acuicultura es un sector de producción de alimentos cada vez más importante, que proporciona proteínas para el consumo humano. Sin embargo, la acuicultura marina a menudo lucha por el espacio debido a la naturaleza abarrotada de las actividades humanas en muchas áreas costeras marinas y debido a la atención limitada de los gerentes de planificación espacial. Aquí, evaluamos la necesidad de una planificación espacial costera, enfatizando el establecimiento de áreas adecuadas para el desarrollo de la acuicultura marina, denominadas Zonas Asignadas para la Acuicultura (AZA), en las que la acuicultura ha asegurado el uso y la prioridad sobre otras actividades, y donde se minimizan o evitan los posibles impactos ambientales adversos y las interacciones negativas con otros usuarios. Revisamos los ejemplos existentes de desarrollo espacial de la acuicultura marina en todo el mundo y discutimos el uso adecuado de la selección de sitios en relación con diferentes requisitos legales y reglamentarios. Las autoridades nacionales o regionales encargadas de la gestión de la zona costera deben llevar a cabo una planificación espacial que defina los sitios óptimos para la acuicultura para promover el desarrollo de la acuicultura marina sostenible y evitar conflictos con otros usuarios, siguiendo un enfoque participativo y adhiriéndose a los principios de gestión basada en los ecosistemas. Aquaculture is an increasingly important food-producing sector, providing protein for human consumption.However, marine aquaculture often struggles for space due to the crowded nature of human activities in many marine coastal areas, and because of limited attention from spatial planning managers.Here, we assess the need for coastal spatial planning, emphasising the establishment of suitable areas for the development of marine aquaculture, termed Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZAs), in which aquaculture has secured use and priority over other activities, and where potential adverse environmental impacts and negative interactions with other users are minimised or avoided.We review existing examples of marine aquaculture spatial development worldwide and discuss the proper use of site selection in relation to different legal and regulatory requirements.National or regional authorities in charge of coastal zone management should carry out spatial planning defining optimal sites for aquaculture to promote development of sustainable marine aquaculture and avoid conflict with other users, following a participatory approach and adhering to the principles of ecosystem-based management. تعد تربية الأحياء المائية قطاعًا متزايد الأهمية لإنتاج الأغذية، حيث توفر البروتين للاستهلاك البشري. ومع ذلك، غالبًا ما تكافح تربية الأحياء المائية البحرية من أجل الفضاء بسبب الطبيعة المزدحمة للأنشطة البشرية في العديد من المناطق الساحلية البحرية، وبسبب الاهتمام المحدود من مديري التخطيط المكاني. هنا، نقوم بتقييم الحاجة إلى التخطيط المكاني الساحلي، مع التركيز على إنشاء مناطق مناسبة لتطوير تربية الأحياء المائية البحرية، والتي يطلق عليها المناطق المخصصة لتربية الأحياء المائية (AZAs)، والتي ضمنت فيها تربية الأحياء المائية الاستخدام والأولوية على الأنشطة الأخرى، وحيث يتم تقليل أو تجنب الآثار البيئية السلبية المحتملة والتفاعلات السلبية مع المستخدمين الآخرين. نستعرض الأمثلة الحالية للتنمية المكانية لتربية الأحياء المائية البحرية في جميع أنحاء العالم ونناقش الاستخدام السليم لاختيار الموقع فيما يتعلق بالمتطلبات القانونية والتنظيمية المختلفة. يجب على السلطات الوطنية أو الإقليمية المسؤولة عن إدارة المناطق الساحلية تنفيذ التخطيط المكاني الذي يحدد المواقع المثلى لتربية الأحياء المائية لتعزيز تنمية تربية الأحياء المائية المستدامة وتجنب الصراع مع المستخدمين الآخرين، باتباع نهج تشاركي ومناسب لمبادئ الإدارة القائمة على النظام الإيكولوجي.

AbstractWhen organisms are unable to feed ad libitum they may be more susceptible to negative effects of environmental stressors such as ocean acidification and warming (OAW). We reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) at 15 or 20 °C and at ambient or high PCO2 (650 versus 1750 µatm PCO2; pH = 8.1 or 7.6) at ad libitum feeding and observed no discernible effect of PCO2 on the size-at-age of juveniles after 277 (20 °C) and 367 (15 °C) days. Feeding trials were then conducted including a restricted ration (25% ad libitum). At 15 °C, growth rate increased with ration but was unaffected by PCO2. At 20 °C, acidification and warming acted antagonistically and low feeding level enhanced PCO2 effects. Differences in growth were not merely a consequence of lower food intake but also linked to changes in digestive efficiency. The specific activity of digestive enzymes (amylase, trypsin, phosphatase alkaline and aminopeptidase N) at 20 °C was lower at the higher PCO2 level. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating restricted feeding into experimental designs examining OAW and suggests that ad libitum feeding used in the majority of the studies to date may not have been suitable to detect impacts of ecological significance.

AbstractSoil organisms have an important role in aboveground community dynamics and ecosystem functioning in terrestrial ecosystems. However, most studies have considered soil biota as a black box or focussed on specific groups, whereas little is known about entire soil networks. Here we show that during the course of nature restoration on abandoned arable land a compositional shift in soil biota, preceded by tightening of the belowground networks, corresponds with enhanced efficiency of carbon uptake. In mid- and long-term abandoned field soil, carbon uptake by fungi increases without an increase in fungal biomass or shift in bacterial-to-fungal ratio. The implication of our findings is that during nature restoration the efficiency of nutrient cycling and carbon uptake can increase by a shift in fungal composition and/or fungal activity. Therefore, we propose that relationships between soil food web structure and carbon cycling in soils need to be reconsidered.

Marine aquaculture takes advantage of marine ecosystem services to produce goods that can be relevant from a food security point of view. However, this activity is subject to multiple stressors as the ones exerted by global climate change. Local stressed conditions due to environmental drivers may be exacerbated by the COVID19 pandemic crisis. In this paper we analyze the pre-COVID-19 situation in two Spanish regions with the highest aquaculture production, Galicia and the Valencian Community. The incidence of storms, heat waves and mussel farming closure were analyzed, and surveys were used to define the perception of producers in terms of economic problems derived from COVID-19 and synergistic environmental concerns. Also the temporal trend of mussel production was analyzed. Spanish marine aquaculture has been intensively subjected to climatic stressors that made it more vulnerable to COVID-19, showing some weakness in terms of production as can be seen in mussel production and fresh consumption. Anyway, extensive aquaculture and aquaculture developed by Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) was reported as somewhat more resilient to the impact of COVID-19. In order to ensure the environmental and economic sustainability of marine aquaculture - under a future uncertain pandemic scenario – our outcomes underline the need for more resilient adaptation programs and recovery plans taking into account the climate change effects. M.C.M.’s research activity was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action (Grant agreement no. 835589, MIRROR Project).