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Les pays en développement, qui contribuent à 90 % de la production aquacole mondiale, sont considérés comme des points chauds du risque climatique mondial. Cependant, aucune étude ne se concentre sur la mesure de la vulnérabilité de l'aquaculture au niveau régional ou infranational aux aléas climatiques ou aux catastrophes. Cette étude a mesuré le niveau de vulnérabilité de l'aquaculture à la variabilité et au changement climatiques dans les 64 districts du Bangladesh en utilisant une approche d'indice de vulnérabilité composite (utilisant 19 indicateurs climatiques, environnementaux et socio-économiques) et un système d'information géographique (SIG). Les résultats révèlent que l'aquaculture dans 12 districts, à savoir Satkhira, Mymensingh, Panchagarh, Lalmonirhat, Nilphamari, Thakurgaon, Sunamganj, Dinajpur, Kurigram, Noakhali, Lakshmipur et Cox' s Bazar, présente une vulnérabilité très élevée (de la vulnérabilité la plus élevée à la plus faible), qui s'explique par leur niveau d'exposition plus élevé, leur niveau de sensibilité modéré et leur niveau de capacité d'adaptation inférieur à modéré. Parmi ceux-ci, 8 districts appartiennent à l'intérieur des terres et 4 districts aux régions côtières du pays. Trois districts, à savoir Dhaka, Chittagong et Bandarban, ont le plus faible niveau de vulnérabilité de l'aquaculture (dans l'ordre de la vulnérabilité la plus faible à la plus élevée) principalement en raison de la très grande capacité d'adaptation et du niveau modéré ou faible de sensibilité et d'exposition. Cette étude ponctuera la vulnérabilité de l'aquaculture continentale et développera et priorisera les actions visant à réduire les impacts climatiques. Los países en desarrollo, que contribuyen con el 90% de la producción acuícola mundial, se consideran puntos críticos de riesgo climático mundial. Sin embargo, ningún estudio se centra en medir la vulnerabilidad de la acuicultura a nivel distrital o subnacional a los peligros o desastres climáticos. Este estudio ha medido el nivel de vulnerabilidad de la acuicultura a la variabilidad y el cambio climático en los 64 distritos de Bangladesh utilizando un enfoque de índice de vulnerabilidad compuesto (utilizando 19 indicadores climáticos, ambientales y socioeconómicos) y un sistema de información geográfica (SIG). Los resultados revelan que la acuicultura en 12 distritos, a saber, Satkhira, Mymensingh, Panchagarh, Lalmonirhat, Nilphamari, Thakurgaon, Sunamganj, Dinajpur, Kurigram, Noakhali, Lakshmipur y Cox 's Bazar, tiene una vulnerabilidad muy alta (en orden de mayor a menor vulnerabilidad), lo que se explica por su mayor nivel de exposición, nivel moderado de sensibilidad y menor a moderado nivel de capacidad de adaptación. Entre estos, 8 distritos pertenecen al interior y 4 distritos a las regiones costeras del país. Tres distritos, a saber, Dhaka, Chittagong y Bandarban, tienen el nivel más bajo de vulnerabilidad de la acuicultura (en orden de menor a mayor vulnerabilidad) principalmente debido a una capacidad de adaptación muy alta y un nivel moderado o bajo de sensibilidad y exposición. Este estudio puntualizará la vulnerabilidad de la acuicultura continental y desarrollará y priorizará acciones para reducir los impactos climáticos. Developing countries, which contribute 90% of global aquaculture production, are considered global climate risk hotspots. However, no study focuses on measuring district- or sub-national-level aquaculture vulnerability to climatic hazards or disasters. This study has measured the level of aquaculture vulnerability to climate variability and change in all 64 districts of Bangladesh using a composite vulnerability index approach (using 19 climatic, environmental and socio-economic indicators) and geographical information system (GIS). The results reveal that aquaculture in 12 districts namely Satkhira, Mymensingh, Panchagarh, Lalmonirhat, Nilphamari, Thakurgaon, Sunamganj, Dinajpur, Kurigram, Noakhali, Lakshmipur, and Cox's Bazar have very high vulnerability (in order of highest to lowest vulnerability), which are explained by their higher level of exposure, moderate level of sensitivity, and lower to moderate level of adaptive capacity. Among these, 8 districts belong to inland and 4 districts to coastal regions of the country. Three districts, namely Dhaka, Chittagong, and Bandarban, have the lowest level of aquaculture vulnerability (in order of lowest to highest vulnerability) mainly because of very high adaptive capacity and moderate or low level of sensitivity and exposure. This study will punctuate the vulnerability of inland aquaculture and develop and prioritize actions to reduce the climatic impacts. تعتبر البلدان النامية، التي تساهم بنسبة 90 ٪ من الإنتاج العالمي لتربية الأحياء المائية، نقاطًا ساخنة لمخاطر المناخ العالمي. ومع ذلك، لا تركز أي دراسة على قياس مدى تأثر الاستزراع المائي على مستوى المنطقة أو المستوى دون الوطني بالمخاطر أو الكوارث المناخية. قاست هذه الدراسة مستوى ضعف تربية الأحياء المائية أمام تقلب المناخ وتغيره في جميع مقاطعات بنغلاديش البالغ عددها 64 مقاطعة باستخدام نهج مؤشر الضعف المركب (باستخدام 19 مؤشرًا مناخيًا وبيئيًا واجتماعيًا واقتصاديًا) ونظام المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS). تكشف النتائج أن الاستزراع المائي في 12 مقاطعة وهي ساتخيرا وميمنسينغ وبانتشاغاره ولالمونيرات ونيلفاماري وثاكورغاون وسونامغانج وديناجبور وكوريغرام ونواخالي ولاكشميبور وكوكس بازار لديهم ضعف شديد للغاية (بالترتيب من الأعلى إلى الأقل ضعفًا)، وهو ما يفسره ارتفاع مستوى تعرضهم ومستوى حساسيتهم المعتدل ومستوى قدرتهم على التكيف من الأقل إلى المعتدل. من بين هذه المناطق، تنتمي 8 مقاطعات إلى المناطق الداخلية و 4 مقاطعات إلى المناطق الساحلية في البلاد. ثلاث مقاطعات، وهي دكا وشيتاغونغ وباندربان، لديها أدنى مستوى من الضعف في تربية الأحياء المائية (من الأدنى إلى الأعلى ضعفًا) ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى القدرة العالية جدًا على التكيف والمستوى المعتدل أو المنخفض من الحساسية والتعرض. ستحدد هذه الدراسة مدى ضعف الاستزراع المائي الداخلي وتطوير الإجراءات وترتيب أولوياتها للحد من الآثار المناخية.

Fisheries and aquaculture make a crucial contribution to global food security, nutrition and livelihoods. However, the UN Sustainable Development Goals separate marine and terrestrial food production sectors and ecosystems. To sustainably meet increasing global demands for fish, the interlinkages among goals within and across fisheries, aquaculture and agriculture sectors must be recognized and addressed along with their changing nature. Here, we assess and highlight development challenges for fisheries-dependent countries based on analyses of interactions and trade-offs between goals focusing on food, biodiversity and climate change. We demonstrate that some countries are likely to face double jeopardies in both fisheries and agriculture sectors under climate change. The strategies to mitigate these risks will be context-dependent, and will need to directly address the trade-offs among Sustainable Development Goals, such as halting biodiversity loss and reducing poverty. Countries with low adaptive capacity but increasing demand for food require greater support and capacity building to transition towards reconciling trade-offs. Necessary actions are context-dependent and include effective governance, improved management and conservation, maximizing societal and environmental benefits from trade, increased equitability of distribution and innovation in food production, including continued development of low input and low impact aquaculture.

Le poisson est une source essentielle de revenus, de nourriture et de nutrition en Zambie, bien que contrairement au passé, la pêche de capture ne réponde plus à la demande nationale de poisson. Les pénuries d'approvisionnement ont créé une opportunité de développer le secteur de l'aquaculture en Zambie, qui est maintenant l'un des plus grands producteurs de poissons d'élevage (Tilapia spp.) sur le continent. Dans sa forme actuelle, le secteur de l'aquaculture présente une dichotomie. Il comprend, d'une part, un secteur des petits exploitants qui produit et fournit principalement sur les marchés locaux, et d'autre part, un secteur commercial en plein essor à plus grande échelle composé d'un petit nombre d'entreprises pionnières qui (re)façonnent la façon dont la chaîne de valeur approvisionne les marchés nationaux, principalement urbains. Un défi notable auquel est confronté le développement de la chaîne de valeur de l'aquaculture en Zambie est de veiller à ce que le secteur commercial à plus grande échelle puisse continuer à croître et à générer des avantages économiques pour le pays, tout en préservant simultanément une croissance inclusive et durable des systèmes de production des petits exploitants. Une étude approfondie de la chaîne de valeur de l'aquaculture à méthodes mixtes a été menée en Zambie en 2017 dans le but de fournir aux parties prenantes concernées des informations pertinentes sur la contribution de la chaîne de valeur à la croissance économique et à son inclusivité, ainsi que sur ses aspects de durabilité sociale et environnementale. Dans cet article, nous présentons quelques résultats clés de l'étude pour faire la lumière sur la façon dont la durabilité des systèmes de production des petits exploitants pourrait être améliorée tout en préservant la tendance à la croissance des grands producteurs de manière inclusive. L'étude a révélé que la chaîne de valeur contribue positivement à la croissance économique du pays. Les petits exploitants agricoles classés comme « semi-subsistants » et « commerciaux » font face à plusieurs contraintes à la production, bien que quelque peu différentes, influençant ainsi leur statut de « durabilité ». Les petits exploitants de semi-subsistance réalisent des marges bénéficiaires positives (mais négligeables), et leur système de production n'est pas durable sur le plan environnemental et la chaîne de valeur qui les soutient fonctionne de manière sous-optimale sur plusieurs marqueurs sociaux. Le système des petits exploitants « commerciaux » est plus viable économiquement et durable sur le plan environnemental. L'étude juxtapose ces résultats avec ceux de l'analyse de systèmes d'étangs et de cages plus grands pour indiquer un ensemble d'options clés que les organisations gouvernementales, de recherche et de développement pourraient envisager pour soutenir les petits exploitants agricoles et améliorer la durabilité du système de production des petits exploitants de semi-subsistance en particulier, sans négliger l'ensemble du système. El pescado es una fuente clave de ingresos, alimentos y nutrición en Zambia, aunque a diferencia del pasado, la pesca de captura ya no satisface la demanda nacional de pescado. La escasez de oferta creó una oportunidad para desarrollar el sector de la acuicultura en Zambia, que ahora es uno de los mayores productores de peces de cultivo (Tilapia spp.) en el continente. En su forma actual, el sector de la acuicultura exhibe una dicotomía. Comprende, por un lado, un sector de pequeños agricultores que produce y suministra principalmente dentro de los mercados locales, y por otro lado, un floreciente sector comercial a gran escala que consiste en un pequeño número de empresas líderes pioneras que están (re)configurando la forma en que la cadena de valor abastece a los mercados nacionales, principalmente urbanos. Un desafío notable que enfrenta el desarrollo de la cadena de valor de la acuicultura en Zambia es garantizar que el sector comercial a gran escala pueda seguir creciendo y generar beneficios económicos para el país, al tiempo que salvaguarda el crecimiento inclusivo y sostenible de los sistemas de producción de los pequeños agricultores. En 2017 se llevó a cabo en Zambia un estudio en profundidad de la cadena de valor de la acuicultura de métodos mixtos que tenía como objetivo proporcionar a las partes interesadas pertinentes información pertinente sobre la contribución de la cadena de valor al crecimiento económico y su inclusión, así como sus aspectos de sostenibilidad social y ambiental. En este artículo, presentamos algunos hallazgos clave del estudio para arrojar luz sobre cómo se podría mejorar la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de los pequeños agricultores y, al mismo tiempo, preservar la tendencia de crecimiento de los productores más grandes de una manera inclusiva. El estudio encontró que la cadena de valor está contribuyendo positivamente al crecimiento económico del país. Los pequeños agricultores clasificados como "semisubsistentes" y "comerciales" enfrentan varias limitaciones a la producción, aunque algo diferentes, lo que influye en su estado de "sostenibilidad". Los pequeños agricultores de semisubsistencia logran márgenes de ganancia positivos (aunque insignificantes), y su sistema de producción no es ambientalmente sostenible y la cadena de valor que los respalda funciona de manera subóptima en varios marcadores sociales. El sistema de pequeños agricultores "comerciales" es más viable económicamente y ambientalmente sostenible. El estudio yuxtapone estos hallazgos con los del análisis de sistemas basados en estanques y jaulas más grandes para señalar un conjunto de opciones clave que las organizaciones gubernamentales, de investigación y desarrollo podrían considerar para apoyar a los pequeños agricultores y mejorar la sostenibilidad del sistema de producción de pequeños agricultores de semisubsistencia en particular, sin pasar por alto todo el sistema. Fish is a key source of income, food, and nutrition in Zambia, although unlike in the past, capture fisheries no longer meet the national demand for fish. Supply shortfalls created an opportunity to develop the aquaculture sector in Zambia, which is now one of the largest producers of farmed fish (Tilapia spp.) on the continent. In its present form, the aquaculture sector exhibits a dichotomy. It comprises, on the one hand, a smallholder sector that mainly produces for and supplies within local markets, and on the other hand, a burgeoning larger-scale commercial sector consisting of a small number of pioneering lead firms who are (re)shaping how the value chain supplies domestic, mainly urban, markets. A notable challenge confronting the development of the aquaculture value chain in Zambia is ensuring that the larger-scale commercial sector can continue to grow and generate economic benefits for the country, while simultaneously safeguarding inclusive and sustainable growth of smallholder production systems. An in-depth, mixed-methods aquaculture value chain study was carried out in Zambia in 2017 that aimed at providing relevant stakeholders with pertinent information on the value chain's contribution to economic growth and its inclusiveness, as well as its social and environmental sustainability aspects. In this article, we present some key findings from the study to shed light on how the sustainability of smallholder production systems could be enhanced while preserving the growth trend of larger producers in an inclusive way. The study found that the value chain is contributing positively towards economic growth in the country. Smallholder farmers classified as "semi-subsistence" and "commercial" face several albeit somewhat different constraints to production, thus influencing their "sustainability" status. Semi-subsistence smallholders achieve positive (yet negligible) profit margins, and their production system is not environmentally sustainable and the value chain that supports them performs sub-optimally on several social markers. The "commercial" smallholder system is more economically viable and environmentally sustainable. The study juxtaposes these findings with those from the analysis of larger pond and cage-based systems to point to a set of key options Government, research, and development organisations could consider to support smallholder farmers and enhance the sustainability of the semi-subsistence smallholder production system in particular, without overlooking the whole system. تعد الأسماك مصدرًا رئيسيًا للدخل والغذاء والتغذية في زامبيا، على الرغم من أنه على عكس الماضي، لم تعد مصائد الأسماك تلبي الطلب الوطني على الأسماك. خلق نقص العرض فرصة لتطوير قطاع الاستزراع المائي في زامبيا، التي تعد الآن واحدة من أكبر منتجي الأسماك المستزرعة (أنواع البلطي) في القارة. في شكله الحالي، يُظهر قطاع الاستزراع المائي انقسامًا. وهي تتألف، من ناحية، من قطاع أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة الذي ينتج بشكل أساسي للأسواق المحلية ويزودها، ومن ناحية أخرى، قطاع تجاري مزدهر على نطاق أوسع يتكون من عدد صغير من الشركات الرائدة الرائدة التي (تعيد)تشكيل كيفية تزويد سلسلة القيمة بالأسواق المحلية، الحضرية بشكل رئيسي. يتمثل أحد التحديات الملحوظة التي تواجه تطوير سلسلة قيمة تربية الأحياء المائية في زامبيا في ضمان استمرار القطاع التجاري على نطاق أوسع في النمو وتوليد فوائد اقتصادية للبلد، مع الحفاظ في الوقت نفسه على النمو الشامل والمستدام لأنظمة إنتاج أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة. أجريت دراسة متعمقة ومختلطة الطرائق لسلسلة قيمة تربية الأحياء المائية في زامبيا في عام 2017 تهدف إلى تزويد أصحاب المصلحة المعنيين بالمعلومات ذات الصلة بمساهمة سلسلة القيمة في النمو الاقتصادي وشموليتها، فضلاً عن جوانب الاستدامة الاجتماعية والبيئية. في هذه المقالة، نقدم بعض النتائج الرئيسية من الدراسة لتسليط الضوء على كيفية تعزيز استدامة أنظمة إنتاج أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة مع الحفاظ على اتجاه نمو كبار المنتجين بطريقة شاملة. وجدت الدراسة أن سلسلة القيمة تساهم بشكل إيجابي في النمو الاقتصادي في البلاد. يواجه صغار المزارعين المصنفين على أنهم "شبه معيشيين" و "تجاريين" العديد من القيود على الإنتاج وإن كانت مختلفة إلى حد ما، مما يؤثر على وضعهم "المستدام". يحقق أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة شبه الكفاف هوامش ربح إيجابية (وإن كانت ضئيلة)، ونظام إنتاجهم غير مستدام بيئيًا وتؤدي سلسلة القيمة التي تدعمهم أداءً دون المستوى الأمثل على العديد من العلامات الاجتماعية. نظام أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة "التجاري" أكثر جدوى من الناحية الاقتصادية وأكثر استدامة من الناحية البيئية. وتجمع الدراسة هذه النتائج مع تلك المستخلصة من تحليل النظم القائمة على الأحواض والأقفاص الأكبر للإشارة إلى مجموعة من الخيارات الرئيسية التي يمكن أن تنظر فيها المنظمات الحكومية والبحثية والإنمائية لدعم صغار المزارعين وتعزيز استدامة نظام إنتاج أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة شبه الكفاف على وجه الخصوص، دون إغفال النظام بأكمله.

Floods are a major source of risk for the agricultural sector. Flood risk in the agricultural sector primarily arises from river flooding, flash floods, and coastal flooding. The impacts of floods can result in sizable agricultural damages at the local level. Floods in agricultural zones expose agricultural producers, agricultural supply chains, rural financial institutions (such as agricultural banks), and governments to financial risks due to the loss of crops, delinquency on seasonal production loans, damage to infrastructure and loss of public revenues. The costs associated with these damages are often absorbed by households directly or governments that provide compensation to agricultural producers in the aftermath of catastrophic flood events. Rural financial institutions also absorb the cost of floods through loan rescheduling or, in catastrophic cases, loan cancellation. In many developing countries, floods are dealt with in a reactive, rather than proactive, manner and little is done to be financially prepared for a catastrophic outcome of floods. Going forward, government and donors can play an important role to facilitate the development of risk spreading mechanisms in general and agricultural flood insurance in particular. First, this includes investment in the generation of public goods to support disaster risk reduction and recovery, risk management, and ultimately insurance applications. Second, awareness building and risk education are essential for better risk management and insurance. In that vein, identifying and assessing flood risk is critical first steps. Third, many of the technologies described here have applications beyond insurance, including for better planning, risk reduction, early warning, and disaster response. Insurance can complement such activities, but is only viable if carried out jointly as part of a broader risk management framework. Fourth, more research and technical assistance is needed to develop simple and financially viable products for flood risk transfer at aggregate levels; there is increasing demand expressed for such products from flood-prone countries. Finally, donors and government can support international and regional centers involved in flood modeling and facilitate a platform that convenes the technical expertise required for flood risk insurance development. Several of such centers and core expertises were identified through this work.

AbstractBlue foods, sourced in aquatic environments, are important for the economies, livelihoods, nutritional security and cultures of people in many nations. They are often nutrient rich1, generate lower emissions and impacts on land and water than many terrestrial meats2, and contribute to the health3, wellbeing and livelihoods of many rural communities4. The Blue Food Assessment recently evaluated nutritional, environmental, economic and justice dimensions of blue foods globally. Here we integrate these findings and translate them into four policy objectives to help realize the contributions that blue foods can make to national food systems around the world: ensuring supplies of critical nutrients, providing healthy alternatives to terrestrial meat, reducing dietary environmental footprints and safeguarding blue food contributions to nutrition, just economies and livelihoods under a changing climate. To account for how context-specific environmental, socio-economic and cultural aspects affect this contribution, we assess the relevance of each policy objective for individual countries, and examine associated co-benefits and trade-offs at national and international scales. We find that in many African and South American nations, facilitating consumption of culturally relevant blue food, especially among nutritionally vulnerable population segments, could address vitamin B12and omega-3 deficiencies. Meanwhile, in many global North nations, cardiovascular disease rates and large greenhouse gas footprints from ruminant meat intake could be lowered through moderate consumption of seafood with low environmental impact. The analytical framework we provide also identifies countries with high future risk, for whom climate adaptation of blue food systems will be particularly important. Overall the framework helps decision makers to assess the blue food policy objectives most relevant to their geographies, and to compare and contrast the benefits and trade-offs associated with pursuing these objectives.

New approaches to ocean governance for coastal communities are needed. With few exceptions, the status quo does not meet the diverse development aspirations of coastal communities or ensure healthy oceans for current and future generations. The blue economy is expected to grow to USD2.5–3 trillion by 2030, and there is particular interest in its potential to alleviate poverty in Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States, and to support a blue recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper presents a selective, thematic review of the blue economy literature to examine: (i) the opportunities and risks for coastal communities, (ii) the barriers and enablers that shape community engagement, and (iii) the strategies employed by communities and supporting organizations, which can be strengthened to deliver a ‘sustainable' blue economy and improve social justice for coastal communities. Our review finds that under business-as-usual and blue growth, industrial fisheries, large-scale aquaculture, land reclamation, mining, and oil and gas raise red flags for communities and marine ecosystems. Whereas, if managed sustainably, small-scale fisheries, coastal aquaculture, seaweed farming and eco-tourism are the most likely to deliver benefits to communities. Yet, these are also the sectors most vulnerable to negative and cumulative impacts from other sectors. Based on our evaluation of enablers, barriers and strategies, the paper argues that putting coastal communities at the center of a clear vision for an inclusive Sustainable Blue Economy and co-developing a shared and accessible language for communities, practitioners and policy-makers is essential for a more equitable ocean economy, alongside mainstreaming social justice principles and integrated governance that can bridge different scales of action and opportunity.

Deltas are home to a large and growing proportion of the world's population, often living in conditions of extreme poverty. Deltaic ecosystems are ecologically significant as they support high biodiversity and a variety of fisheries, however these coastal environments are extremely vulnerable to climate change. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (Bangladesh/India), the Mahanadi (India), and the Volta (Ghana) are among the most important and populous delta regions in the world and they are all considered at risk of food insecurity and climate change. The fisheries sector is vital for populations that live in the three deltas, as a source of animal protein (in Bangladesh and Ghana around 50-60% of animal protein is supplied by fish while in India this is about 12%) through subsistence fishing, as a source of employment and for the wider economy. The aquaculture sector shows a rapid growth in Bangladesh and India while in Ghana this is just starting to expand. The main exported species differ across countries with Ghana and India dominated by marine fish species, whereas Bangladesh exports shrimps and prawns. Fisheries play a more important part in the economy of Bangladesh and Ghana than for India, both men and women work in fisheries, with a higher proportion of women in the Volta then in the Asian deltas. Economic and integrated modelling using future scenarios suggest that changes in temperature and primary production could reduce fish productivity and fisheries income especially in the Volta and Bangladesh deltas, however these losses could be mitigated by reducing overfishing and improving management. The analysis provided in this paper highlights the importance of applying plans for fisheries management at regional level. Minimizing the impacts of climate change while increasing marine ecosystems resilience must be a priority for scientists and governments before these have dramatic impacts on millions of people's lives.