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Background:  Microglia are the major inflammatory cells in the central nervous system and play a role in brain injuries as well as brain diseases. In this study, we determined the role of microglia in ethanol’s apoptotic action on neuronal cells obtained from the mediobasal hypothalamus and maintained in primary cultures. We also tested the effect of cAMP, a signaling molecule critically involved in hypothalamic neuronal survival, on microglia‐mediated ethanol’s neurotoxic action.Methods:  Ethanol’s neurotoxic action was determined on enriched fetal mediobasal hypothalamic neuronal cells with or without microglia cells or ethanol‐activated microglia‐conditioned media. Ethanol’s apoptotic action was determined using nucleosome assay. Microglia activation was determined using OX6 histochemistry and by measuring inflammatory cytokines secretion from microglia in cultures using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An immunoneutralization study was conducted to identify the role of a cytokine involved in ethanol’s apoptotic action.Results:  We show here that ethanol at a dose range of 50 and 100 mM induces neuronal death by an apoptotic process. Ethanol’s ability to induce an apoptotic death of neurons is increased by the presence of ethanol‐activated microglia‐conditioned media. In the presence of ethanol, microglia showed elevated secretion of various inflammatory cytokines, of which TNF‐α shows significant apoptotic action on mediobasal hypothalamic neuronal cells. Ethanol’s neurotoxic action was completely prevented by cAMP. The cell‐signaling molecule also prevented ethanol‐activated microglial production of TNF‐α. Immunoneutralization of TNF‐α prevented the microglia‐derived media’s ability to induce neuronal death.Conclusions:  These results suggest that ethanol’s apoptotic action on hypothalamic neuronal cells might be mediated via microglia, possibly via increased production of TNF‐α. Furthermore, cAMP reduces TNF‐α production from microglia to prevent ethanol’s neurotoxic action.

Abstract Since energy consumption (EC) is becoming an important issue for sustainable development in the world, it has a practical significance to predict EC effectively. However, there are two main uncertainty factors affecting the accuracy of a region's EC prediction. Firstly, with the ongoing rapid changes in society, the consumption amounts can be non-smooth or even fluctuating during a long time period, which makes it difficult to investigate the sequence's trend in order to forecast. Secondly, in a given region, it is difficult to express the consumption amount as a real number, as there are different development levels in the region, which would be more suitably described as interval numbers. Most traditional prediction models for energy consumption forecasting deal with long-term real numbers. It is seldom found to discover research that focuses specifically on uncertain EC data. To this end, a novel energy consumption forecasting model has been established by expressing ECs in a region as interval grey numbers combining with the optimized discrete grey model (DGM(1,1)) in Grey System Theory (GST). To prove the effectiveness of the method, per capita annual electricity consumption in southern Jiangsu of China is selected as an example. The results show that the proposed model reveals the best accuracy for the short data sequences (the average fitting error is only 2.19% and the average three-step forecasting error is less than 4%) compared with three GM models and four classical statistical models. By extension, any fields of EC, such as petroleum consumption, natural gas consumption, can also be predicted using this novel model. As the sustained growth in EC of China's, it is of great significance to predict EC accurately to manage serious energy security and environmental pollution problems, as well as formulating relevant energy policies by the government.

According to the fact that the traditional manual management method can not solve the problem of frequent accidents in the engineering construction process, the integrated scheme of safety prevention based on BIM and RFID is put forward, and the principle and technical feasibility of the integrated scheme are analyzed. Based on the integration technology scheme, the multi-layer architecture design pattern is adopted, and the software hierarchy of the integration system is designed in detail. On this basis, the integrated application network for engineering construction safety control is analyzed and designed by using the technology based on BIM and RFID. The research results of this paper provide a feasible technical reference scheme for the automatic identification and dynamic monitoring and early warning of the hidden dangers in the construction site.

In the past 10 years, the implementation of grassland ecological compensation policy has played an important role in the sustainable development of the pastoral economy. How much impact on herders will delineating the ecological conservation redline have? Such delineation is significant for the smooth implementation of the ecological conservation redline. Based on this, taking the three banner counties with a large area under the control area of the ecological redline of the Xilin Gol as examples, OLS and quantile regression were used to analyze the impact of a grassland ecological compensation policy on herdsmen’s income level, and the ordered Probit model was used to analyze the influencing factors of herdsmen’s satisfaction with the policy. The results show that: (1) grassland ecological compensation has a significant positive impact on low-income herders in ecological protection redline areas; (2) grassland ecological compensation, income and the implementation of current policy have a positive impact on the satisfaction of herders in the redline area; (3) herdsmen are highly satisfied with the grassland ecological compensation policy, but there is still a lot of room for improvement in the compensation policy after the redline is delineated. In this regard, we should increase compensation for areas with a high proportion of ecological conservation redlines, and explore ways to increase income from animal husbandry products. At the same time, we should strengthen the publicity of ecological protection redline policies and promote the timely disbursement of funds, reconstruct the grassland ecological compensation mechanism by strengthening policy incentives and hardening regulatory constraints, and effectively improve the policy efficiency of ecological protection redlines.

In this study, Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) was successfully demonstrated in the analysis of the impedance spectra of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (HT-PEMFC) doped with phosphoric acid. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed and the quality of the recorded spectra was verified by Kramers-Kronig relations. DRT was then applied to the measured spectra and polarization losses were separated on the basis of their typical time constants. The main features of the distribution function were assigned to the cell’s polarization processes by selecting appropriate experimental conditions. DRT can be used to identify individual internal HT-PEMFC fuel cell phenomena without any a-priori knowledge about the physics of the system. This method has the potential to further improve EIS spectra interpretation with either equivalent circuits or physical models.