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We present a patient with severe essential tremor (ET), who underwent thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS). After previous medical treatment with Propranolol and Primidone failed, the patient resorted to alcohol, which greatly alleviated the symptoms. The downside of this situation, however, was that it led to alcoholism with severely disturbed liver enzymes and hepatic steatosis.After DBS the patient was free of tremor and thus could easily abstain from alcohol.In time the elevated liver enzymes returned to normal, which indicates that sufficient tremor control by DBS can help these patients to abstain from alcohol.

The invention relates to pyrazole derivatives of Formula (I), in which R<1¿, X, Z and n have the meanings indicated above, their preparation and their use as psychopharmaceuticals and/or as active compounds of medicaments for the treatment and prophylaxis of movement disorders and/or for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of adverse effects of anti-Parkinsonian drugs in extrapyramidal movement disorders and/or for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) induced by neuroleptics.

Abstract Agricultural land reforms are crucial to promote investments in sustainable land management and food production amidst accelerating urbanization and increasing population growth. However, notable gaps remain in the literature regarding how land reforms designed at the national level are implemented in localized contexts, especially as they interplay with customary tenure regimes. Adopting an institutional bricolage perspective, we explore interactions between local tenure arrangements and government land reforms and the resulting implications for food production in rural Mali. We show that specific market-based land tenure arrangements in the study area emerged from a combination of urbanization pressures and government-designed land reform. We find that tenure security is linked to agricultural investment decisions, as also documented by previous studies. We likewise show that anxieties and ambiguities stemming from state-mandated land registration foster the emergence of monetized forms of access to collective land. These new market-based systems drive greater out-migration of productive community members, leading to labour shortages and weakening the social cohesion and mutual support systems upon which the most vulnerable depend. The findings show that top-down land reforms in rural Mali lead to disruptions of the social fabric, along with re-organizations of tenure systems to accommodate social norms and priorities. We illustrate how, in the context of centralized policy making with limited local consultation, community members resist cooperating and creatively search for alternatives to achieve their social goals. Empirical investigations of socio-institutional challenges such as land tenure arrangements are critical for effective scaling of agricultural innovations and sustainable food production.

Résumé Objectifs Comprendre si et comment la pandémie de COVID-19 affecte le risque de différents types de conflits dans le monde dans le contexte du changement climatique. Méthodologie Sur la base de la base de données des conflits armés, de la COVID-19, des données climatiques détaillées et des données non climatiques couvrant la période 2020–2021, nous avons appliqué la modélisation des équations structurelles spécifiquement pour réorganiser les liens entre le climat, la COVID-19 et le risque de conflit. De plus, nous avons utilisé la méthode de l'arbre de régression boosté pour simuler le risque de conflit sous l'influence de multiples facteurs. Résultats Le risque de transmission de la COVID-19 semble diminuer à mesure que la température augmente. En outre, la COVID-19 a un impact mondial important sur le risque de conflit, bien qu'il existe des variations régionales et de risque de conflit. De plus, lorsque nous testons un effet différé d'un mois, nous constatons une cohérence entre les régions, indiquant une influence positive de la COVID-19 sur les manifestations (manifestations et émeutes) et une relation négative avec le risque de conflit non étatique et violent. Conclusion La COVID-19 a un effet complexe sur le risque de conflit dans le monde entier dans le contexte du changement climatique. Implications Jeter les bases théoriques de la façon dont la COVID-19 affecte le risque de conflit et fournir une certaine inspiration pour la mise en œuvre des politiques pertinentes. Resumen Objetivos Comprender si y cómo la pandemia de COVID-19 afecta el riesgo de diferentes tipos de conflictos en todo el mundo en el contexto del cambio climático. Metodología Con base en la base de datos de conflictos armados, COVID-19, clima detallado y datos no climáticos que cubren el período 2020–2021, aplicamos el Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales específicamente para reorganizar los vínculos entre el clima, COVID-19 y el riesgo de conflicto. Además, utilizamos el método del Árbol de Regresión Impulsado para simular el riesgo de conflicto bajo la influencia de múltiples factores. Hallazgos El riesgo de transmisión de COVID-19 parece disminuir a medida que aumenta la temperatura. Además, la COVID-19 tiene un impacto mundial sustancial en el riesgo de conflicto, aunque existen variaciones regionales y de riesgo de conflicto. Además, al probar un efecto rezagado de un mes, encontramos coherencia entre las regiones, lo que indica una influencia positiva de COVID-19 en las manifestaciones (protestas y disturbios) y una relación negativa con el riesgo de conflictos no estatales y violentos. Conclusión El COVID-19 tiene un efecto complejo sobre el riesgo de conflicto en todo el mundo bajo el cambio climático. Implicaciones Sentar las bases teóricas de cómo la COVID-19 afecta el riesgo de conflicto y proporcionar algo de inspiración para la implementación de políticas relevantes. Abstract Objectives Understand whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic affects the risk of different types of conflict worldwide in the context of climate change. Methodology Based on the database of armed conflict, COVID-19, detailed climate, and non-climate data covering the period 2020–2021, we applied Structural Equation Modeling specifically to reorganize the links between climate, COVID-19, and conflict risk. Moreover, we used the Boosted Regression Tree method to simulate conflict risk under the influence of multiple factors. Findings The transmission risk of COVID-19 seems to decrease as the temperature rises. Additionally, COVID-19 has a substantial worldwide impact on conflict risk, albeit regional and conflict risk variations exist. Moreover, when testing a one-month lagged effect, we find consistency across regions, indicating a positive influence of COVID-19 on demonstrations (protests and riots) and a negative relationship with non-state and violent conflict risk. Conclusion COVID-19 has a complex effect on conflict risk worldwide under climate change. Implications Laying the theoretical foundation of how COVID-19 affects conflict risk and providing some inspiration for the implementation of relevant policies. الملخص الأهداف فهم ما إذا كانت جائحة كوفيد-19 تؤثر على مخاطر أنواع مختلفة من النزاعات في جميع أنحاء العالم في سياق تغير المناخ وكيفية تأثيرها. المنهجية استنادًا إلى قاعدة بيانات النزاع المسلح وكوفيد-19 والمناخ التفصيلي والبيانات غير المناخية التي تغطي الفترة 2020–2021، طبقنا نمذجة المعادلة الهيكلية على وجه التحديد لإعادة تنظيم الروابط بين المناخ وكوفيد-19 ومخاطر النزاع. علاوة على ذلك، استخدمنا طريقة شجرة الانحدار المعزز لمحاكاة مخاطر النزاع تحت تأثير عوامل متعددة. النتائج يبدو أن خطر انتقال COVID -19 ينخفض مع ارتفاع درجة الحرارة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن COVID -19 له تأثير كبير في جميع أنحاء العالم على مخاطر النزاع، على الرغم من وجود اختلافات إقليمية ومخاطر النزاع. علاوة على ذلك، عند اختبار تأثير متأخر لمدة شهر واحد، نجد الاتساق عبر المناطق، مما يشير إلى التأثير الإيجابي لـ COVID -19 على المظاهرات (الاحتجاجات وأعمال الشغب) والعلاقة السلبية مع مخاطر النزاع العنيف وغير الحكومي. الخاتمة كوفيد-19 له تأثير معقد على مخاطر النزاع في جميع أنحاء العالم في ظل تغير المناخ. الآثار وضع الأساس النظري لكيفية تأثير كوفيد-19 على مخاطر النزاع وتوفير بعض الإلهام لتنفيذ السياسات ذات الصلة.

To investigate the influence of the cholinergic nerves on the action of i.v. ethanol on interdigestive gastric acid, pancreatic enzyme, and bile acid output, seven healthy volunteers were studied. On each of 4 different days, they swallowed a multilumen intestinal tube system that allowed the measurement of intraluminal pressures and the collection of gastric and duodenal juice. The subjects received an i.v. infusion of either ethanol (600 mg/kg for 30 min followed by 3 mg/kg/min), atropine (5 mu/kg/h), a combination of both drugs, or NaCl. Whereas ethanol did not significantly influence motility, atropine induced motoric quiescence. Ethanol significantly (p less than 0.05) stimulated gastric acid output, by 55%, whereas atropine inhibited it by 91%. When ethanol and atropine were given together, gastric acid output was significantly higher than during atropine use alone. Both ethanol and atropine inhibited pancreatic amylase output--by 47% and by 82%, respectively. The degree of inhibition was 80% when ethanol and atropine were given simultaneously. Atropine but not ethanol significantly reduced bile acid output. The finding that atropine did not completely reverse the stimulating effect of i.v. ethanol on gastric acid secretion suggests that ethanol stimulates gastric acid secretion not only by a cholinergic but also by a noncholinergic mechanism. The observation that atropine did not reverse the inhibiting effect of ethanol suggests, but does not prove, that the effect of ethanol on the pancreas is predominantly mediated by cholinergic nerves.

The objective of this paper is to analyse impacts of COVID-19 on the nexus of food systems, the environment and sustainable development and propose ways for governments and international agencies to mitigate impacts in the short and medium term. It covers the historic period from early 2020 to early 2021 and also makes an assessment on future prospects. Although evidence is collected from all around the world, the focus is primarily on developing countries. The methods used are a review of the announced actions and preliminary findings in the academic and grey literature as well as on reliable websites from global and international institutions. By October 2020, governments around the world had invested about $12 trillion to counteract the economic effects of COVID-19. This investment could contribute to progress on the SDGs and global climate targets insofar as it was invested within a framework that supports both socio-economic recovery and sustainability. Initial analysis indicates that investments for economic recovery did not sufficiently address food security and sustainability, concentrating instead on immediate economic risk management. The global sustainable development agenda must promote the resilience and sustainability of food systems through policies and measures that: i) account for environmental thresholds and trade-offs; ii) promote food security and healthy diets; iii) enhance and protect rural livelihoods; and iv) address the inequalities and injustices that have emerged and will prevail during a post-COVID transition. National stimulus programs and the actions of international agencies must be assessed and monitored to deliver multiple benefits simultaneously and guide building back better.

Since the onset of the COVID-19 crisis many have opinionated on how it may affect society’s response to climate change. Two key questions here are how COVID-19 is expected to influence climate action by citizens and by the government. We answer these by applying topic modelling to textual responses from a survey of Spanish citizens. The identified topics tend to be more negative than positive, and more optimistic concerning future climate action by citizens. Positive views involve increasing pro-environmental behavior and are more common among younger, higher educated and male respondents as well as among those who perceive climate change as a serious threat or positively assessed COVID-19 confinement. Negative topics express concern that financial resources for climate action will be limited due to a focus on healthcare and economic recovery. In addition, they mention government mismanagement and waste due to use of protective measures like masks and gloves as impediments to effective climate action.