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  • Energies

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Isaac Rudden; Guang-Jin Li; Zi-Qiang Zhu; Alexander Duke; +1 Authors

    This paper investigates the nature of the low saliency ratio of large permanent magnet generators with fractional-slot concentrated windings (FSCWs). A saliency ratio of at least 1.2 is typically required to enable sensorless control of large generators—a value naturally achieved in integer slot winding topologies but absent in FSCW surface-mounted permanent magnet machines reported in the literature. The low saliency ratio in FSCW designs is attributed to larger teeth, which reduce magnetic saturation and increase d-axis inductance. This work explores methods to enhance the saliency ratio of FSCW machines for offshore wind turbines, facilitating sensorless rotor position estimation. The proposed approaches are categorized into two groups: (1) those that preserve the conventional machine geometry with minimal modification to the magnetic circuit and (2) those involving magnetic circuit alterations. The results show that significant improvement in saliency ratio is only achievable through magnetic circuit modifications, such as rotor shoes, albeit with some performance trade-offs. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is employed to design two optimized 3 MW FSCW machine topologies, achieving saliency ratios of 1.15 and 1.2 with minimal performance loss. Compared to a 3 MW FSCW baseline, the optimized designs show stator power reductions of 3.40% and 6.16% for saliency ratios of 1.15 and 1.2, respectively.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025
      Data sources: DOAJ
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Isaac Rudden; Guang-Jin Li; Zi-Qiang Zhu; Alexander Duke; +1 Authors

    This paper investigates the nature of the low saliency ratio of large permanent magnet generators with fractional-slot concentrated windings (FSCWs). A saliency ratio of at least 1.2 is typically required to enable sensorless control of large generators—a value naturally achieved in integer slot winding topologies but absent in FSCW surface-mounted permanent magnet machines reported in the literature. The low saliency ratio in FSCW designs is attributed to larger teeth, which reduce magnetic saturation and increase d-axis inductance. This work explores methods to enhance the saliency ratio of FSCW machines for offshore wind turbines, facilitating sensorless rotor position estimation. The proposed approaches are categorized into two groups: (1) those that preserve the conventional machine geometry with minimal modification to the magnetic circuit and (2) those involving magnetic circuit alterations. The results show that significant improvement in saliency ratio is only achievable through magnetic circuit modifications, such as rotor shoes, albeit with some performance trade-offs. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is employed to design two optimized 3 MW FSCW machine topologies, achieving saliency ratios of 1.15 and 1.2 with minimal performance loss. Compared to a 3 MW FSCW baseline, the optimized designs show stator power reductions of 3.40% and 6.16% for saliency ratios of 1.15 and 1.2, respectively.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roshan Hehar; William Burges; Thomas Fender; Jonathan Radcliffe; +1 Authors

    Decarbonising heat is critical for achieving net zero goals. This study investigates the deployment of heat pumps for decarbonising domestic heating in the United Kingdom (UK), focusing on a local analysis in the West Midlands and North West regions. Through detailed data modelling, including weather patterns, housing characteristics, and carbon intensity data, the study quantifies the potential carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reductions associated with air source heat pump adoption compared to conventional gas boilers. In this study, hourly temperature data for 2022 were examined for six local authorities: Birmingham, Warwick, Shropshire, Manchester, Oldham, and West Lancashire. Additionally, half-hourly carbon intensity data for 2022 were used for the two wider regions, the West Midlands and the North West of England. Results demonstrated that the North West region stands out with the highest percentage CO2 reductions due to the relatively low carbon intensity associated with the electricity grid, reaching up to 33% for an uptake of 40% of air source heat pumps. Moreover, regions with a high prevalence of detached housing, such as Shropshire and West Lancashire, show promise for emissions reductions and require continued monitoring and support for heat pump adoption. Despite limitations in modelling techniques and data sources, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers and strategic planners, guiding efforts to combat climate change and promote environmental sustainability in the UK.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025
      Data sources: DOAJ
      addClaim

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roshan Hehar; William Burges; Thomas Fender; Jonathan Radcliffe; +1 Authors

    Decarbonising heat is critical for achieving net zero goals. This study investigates the deployment of heat pumps for decarbonising domestic heating in the United Kingdom (UK), focusing on a local analysis in the West Midlands and North West regions. Through detailed data modelling, including weather patterns, housing characteristics, and carbon intensity data, the study quantifies the potential carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reductions associated with air source heat pump adoption compared to conventional gas boilers. In this study, hourly temperature data for 2022 were examined for six local authorities: Birmingham, Warwick, Shropshire, Manchester, Oldham, and West Lancashire. Additionally, half-hourly carbon intensity data for 2022 were used for the two wider regions, the West Midlands and the North West of England. Results demonstrated that the North West region stands out with the highest percentage CO2 reductions due to the relatively low carbon intensity associated with the electricity grid, reaching up to 33% for an uptake of 40% of air source heat pumps. Moreover, regions with a high prevalence of detached housing, such as Shropshire and West Lancashire, show promise for emissions reductions and require continued monitoring and support for heat pump adoption. Despite limitations in modelling techniques and data sources, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers and strategic planners, guiding efforts to combat climate change and promote environmental sustainability in the UK.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wenzhi Chen; Hongjian Sun; Minglei You; Jing Jiang; +1 Authors

    Within smart homes, consumers could generate a vast amount of data that, if analyzed effectively, can improve the convenience of consumers and reduce energy consumption. In this paper, we propose to organize household appliance data into a knowledge graph by using the consumers’ usage habits, the periods of usage, and the location information for graph modeling. A framework, ‘DARK’ (Device Action Recommendation with Knowledge graphs), is proposed that includes three parts for enabling demand response. Firstly, a household device action recommendation algorithm is proposed that improves the knowledge graph attention algorithm to make accurate household appliance recommendations. Secondly, graph interpretable characteristics are developed in the DARK using trained graph embeddings. Finally, with the recommendation expectation, the consumers’ comfort level and appliances’ average power load are modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem in the DARK to participate in demand response. The results demonstrate that the proposed system can generate appliances’ action recommendations with an average of 93.4% accuracy and reduce power load by up to 20% while providing reasonable interpretations for the device action recommendation results on the customized UK-DALE dataset.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wenzhi Chen; Hongjian Sun; Minglei You; Jing Jiang; +1 Authors

    Within smart homes, consumers could generate a vast amount of data that, if analyzed effectively, can improve the convenience of consumers and reduce energy consumption. In this paper, we propose to organize household appliance data into a knowledge graph by using the consumers’ usage habits, the periods of usage, and the location information for graph modeling. A framework, ‘DARK’ (Device Action Recommendation with Knowledge graphs), is proposed that includes three parts for enabling demand response. Firstly, a household device action recommendation algorithm is proposed that improves the knowledge graph attention algorithm to make accurate household appliance recommendations. Secondly, graph interpretable characteristics are developed in the DARK using trained graph embeddings. Finally, with the recommendation expectation, the consumers’ comfort level and appliances’ average power load are modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem in the DARK to participate in demand response. The results demonstrate that the proposed system can generate appliances’ action recommendations with an average of 93.4% accuracy and reduce power load by up to 20% while providing reasonable interpretations for the device action recommendation results on the customized UK-DALE dataset.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025
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    Authors: Cagatay Cebeci; Max Parker; Luis Recalde-Camacho; David Campos-Gaona; +1 Authors

    Variable-Speed Hydropower Plants (VSHP) are becoming more promising for stabilising power grids with the increasing integration of renewable energy sources. This research focuses on improving fault ride-through capabilities and delivering efficient ancillary services for VSHPs to support the grid by developing a comprehensive control strategy. The control system proposed integrates a machine-side controller, a Frequency Support Controller (FSC), a Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM), a Vector Current Controller (VCC) for the grid-side converter, a turbine governor for regulating turbine speed, and a DC-link controller. PID with an anti-windup scheme and a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) were employed for the turbine governor. The MPC turbine governor results demonstrate the potential of advanced control methods for enhanced performance of the VSHP. A benchmarking between the MPC and the PID governor was made. The benchmarking results have reported that the MPC can achieve reference tracking improvements up to 99.42%. Tests on a diverse set of grid scenarios were conducted, and the graphical results showed significant improvements in mitigating the frequency drops through the effective governor response. The synthetic inertia provision is swift, completing within seconds of a frequency drop. Compared to the fixed-speed approach, the VSHP improves the grid’s overall stability by minimising frequency dipping and achieving steady-state recovery remarkably faster. The fixed-speed approach only begins to recover minutes after the VSHP reaches the settling time. By effectively providing critical ancillary services such as frequency support, synthetic inertia, and smooth fault ride-through capability, the VSHP can become a transformative solution for future power grids, which are estimated to be more reliant on renewable energy sources.

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    Authors: Cagatay Cebeci; Max Parker; Luis Recalde-Camacho; David Campos-Gaona; +1 Authors

    Variable-Speed Hydropower Plants (VSHP) are becoming more promising for stabilising power grids with the increasing integration of renewable energy sources. This research focuses on improving fault ride-through capabilities and delivering efficient ancillary services for VSHPs to support the grid by developing a comprehensive control strategy. The control system proposed integrates a machine-side controller, a Frequency Support Controller (FSC), a Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM), a Vector Current Controller (VCC) for the grid-side converter, a turbine governor for regulating turbine speed, and a DC-link controller. PID with an anti-windup scheme and a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) were employed for the turbine governor. The MPC turbine governor results demonstrate the potential of advanced control methods for enhanced performance of the VSHP. A benchmarking between the MPC and the PID governor was made. The benchmarking results have reported that the MPC can achieve reference tracking improvements up to 99.42%. Tests on a diverse set of grid scenarios were conducted, and the graphical results showed significant improvements in mitigating the frequency drops through the effective governor response. The synthetic inertia provision is swift, completing within seconds of a frequency drop. Compared to the fixed-speed approach, the VSHP improves the grid’s overall stability by minimising frequency dipping and achieving steady-state recovery remarkably faster. The fixed-speed approach only begins to recover minutes after the VSHP reaches the settling time. By effectively providing critical ancillary services such as frequency support, synthetic inertia, and smooth fault ride-through capability, the VSHP can become a transformative solution for future power grids, which are estimated to be more reliant on renewable energy sources.

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    Authors: Joana Verheyen; Christian Thommessen; Jürgen Roes; Harry Hoster;

    The ongoing transformation of district heating systems (DHSs) aims to reduce emissions and increase renewable energy sources. The objective of this work is to integrate solar thermal (ST) and seasonal aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) in various scenarios applied to a large DHS. Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) is used to develop a comprehensive model that minimizes operating costs, including heat pumps (HPs), combined heat and power (CHP) units, electric heat boilers (EHBs), heat-only boilers (HOBs), short-term thermal energy storage (TES), and ATES. Different ATES scenarios are compared to a reference without seasonal TES (potential of 15.3 GWh of ST). An ATES system with an injection well temperature of about 55 °C has an overall efficiency of 49.8% (58.6% with additional HPs) and increases the integrable amount of ST by 178% (42.5 GWh). For the scenario with an injection well temperature of 20 °C and HPs, the efficiency is 86.6% and ST is increased by 276% (57.5 GWh). The HOB heat supply is reduced by 8.9% up to 36.6%. However, the integration of an ATES is not always economically or environmentally beneficial. There is a high dependency on the configurations, prices, or emissions allocated to electricity procurement. Further research is of interest to investigate the sensitivity of the correlations and to apply a multi-objective MILP optimization.

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    Authors: Joana Verheyen; Christian Thommessen; Jürgen Roes; Harry Hoster;

    The ongoing transformation of district heating systems (DHSs) aims to reduce emissions and increase renewable energy sources. The objective of this work is to integrate solar thermal (ST) and seasonal aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) in various scenarios applied to a large DHS. Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) is used to develop a comprehensive model that minimizes operating costs, including heat pumps (HPs), combined heat and power (CHP) units, electric heat boilers (EHBs), heat-only boilers (HOBs), short-term thermal energy storage (TES), and ATES. Different ATES scenarios are compared to a reference without seasonal TES (potential of 15.3 GWh of ST). An ATES system with an injection well temperature of about 55 °C has an overall efficiency of 49.8% (58.6% with additional HPs) and increases the integrable amount of ST by 178% (42.5 GWh). For the scenario with an injection well temperature of 20 °C and HPs, the efficiency is 86.6% and ST is increased by 276% (57.5 GWh). The HOB heat supply is reduced by 8.9% up to 36.6%. However, the integration of an ATES is not always economically or environmentally beneficial. There is a high dependency on the configurations, prices, or emissions allocated to electricity procurement. Further research is of interest to investigate the sensitivity of the correlations and to apply a multi-objective MILP optimization.

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    Authors: Minh Phuong Nguyen; Tatiana Ponomarenko;

    The world economy is developing rapidly, and many countries in the world are facing pressure of energy demand due to economic development. Vietnam is one of the countries that has advantages in solar energy development, so it plans to develop renewable energy in the structure of the energy balance. The article analyzes the policies of a number of countries in the world that have significantly developed the field of solar energy (USA, Germany, Japan) or have some similarities with Vietnam (China, Thailand, Australia). Based on the results of the analysis, we develop recommendations for a strategy for sustainable development of the solar energy sector in Vietnam.

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    Authors: Minh Phuong Nguyen; Tatiana Ponomarenko;

    The world economy is developing rapidly, and many countries in the world are facing pressure of energy demand due to economic development. Vietnam is one of the countries that has advantages in solar energy development, so it plans to develop renewable energy in the structure of the energy balance. The article analyzes the policies of a number of countries in the world that have significantly developed the field of solar energy (USA, Germany, Japan) or have some similarities with Vietnam (China, Thailand, Australia). Based on the results of the analysis, we develop recommendations for a strategy for sustainable development of the solar energy sector in Vietnam.

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    Authors: Javier A. Calderon-Tellez; Milton M. Herrera; Javier Sabogal-Aguilar; Melisa Tuirán; +1 Authors

    Project management often overlooks the consideration of long-term effects that may impact sustainability transition and innovation. This paper addresses this gap by presenting an analysis that extends the traditional project life cycle model through the incorporation of a new phase, labelled “system impact”, which integrates innovation and sustainability into project management using a system dynamics methodology. To explore this extension, a simulation model is developed to analyse a solar photovoltaic (PV) power project, providing valuable insights into the systemic and dynamic impacts required for successful project outcomes, including effective benefits management and value creation. The results provide a sustainability-focused assessment of project success. Process innovation efficiency reaches its peak at 140 completed tasks, shortening the project duration from 18 to 13.25 months. This study highlights CO2 emission avoidance over 25 years compared to fossil fuel generators. Economically, despite an initial cost three times higher, the solar PV alternative proves more cost-effective in the long run, amounting to only 19% of the total cost of the fossil fuel option.

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    Authors: Javier A. Calderon-Tellez; Milton M. Herrera; Javier Sabogal-Aguilar; Melisa Tuirán; +1 Authors

    Project management often overlooks the consideration of long-term effects that may impact sustainability transition and innovation. This paper addresses this gap by presenting an analysis that extends the traditional project life cycle model through the incorporation of a new phase, labelled “system impact”, which integrates innovation and sustainability into project management using a system dynamics methodology. To explore this extension, a simulation model is developed to analyse a solar photovoltaic (PV) power project, providing valuable insights into the systemic and dynamic impacts required for successful project outcomes, including effective benefits management and value creation. The results provide a sustainability-focused assessment of project success. Process innovation efficiency reaches its peak at 140 completed tasks, shortening the project duration from 18 to 13.25 months. This study highlights CO2 emission avoidance over 25 years compared to fossil fuel generators. Economically, despite an initial cost three times higher, the solar PV alternative proves more cost-effective in the long run, amounting to only 19% of the total cost of the fossil fuel option.

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    Authors: Esther O. Yusuf; Ityona Amber; Simon Officer; Gbenga F. Oluyemi;

    This review provides a detailed examination of strategies for controlling the deposition of nanoparticles in porous media, emphasising the factors influencing their long-term stability and the challenges faced in practical applications. The review explores fundamental mechanisms of nanoparticle retention, including surface modification, intelligent materials, and optimised injection techniques, while discussing environmental and operational variables such as flow velocity, pH, ionic strength, and particle size. The review highlights innovative strategies to maintain nanoparticle stability over time, including responsive ligands, smart nanoparticles, self-healing coatings, and encapsulation techniques. Real-world case studies, including projects from Lockheed Martin, NanoRem, and NANO IRM, illustrate the practical application of these strategies in environmental remediation, emphasising the need for regulatory compliance and long-term monitoring. Overall, this review offers critical insights into the controlled application of nanoparticles for remediation, providing a roadmap for addressing the technical and regulatory challenges associated with their deployment in porous media.

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    Authors: Esther O. Yusuf; Ityona Amber; Simon Officer; Gbenga F. Oluyemi;

    This review provides a detailed examination of strategies for controlling the deposition of nanoparticles in porous media, emphasising the factors influencing their long-term stability and the challenges faced in practical applications. The review explores fundamental mechanisms of nanoparticle retention, including surface modification, intelligent materials, and optimised injection techniques, while discussing environmental and operational variables such as flow velocity, pH, ionic strength, and particle size. The review highlights innovative strategies to maintain nanoparticle stability over time, including responsive ligands, smart nanoparticles, self-healing coatings, and encapsulation techniques. Real-world case studies, including projects from Lockheed Martin, NanoRem, and NANO IRM, illustrate the practical application of these strategies in environmental remediation, emphasising the need for regulatory compliance and long-term monitoring. Overall, this review offers critical insights into the controlled application of nanoparticles for remediation, providing a roadmap for addressing the technical and regulatory challenges associated with their deployment in porous media.

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    Authors: Rongbin Zhang; Xiaoxiao Wu; Yifei Chen;

    Energy efficiency plays a vital role in the transition towards carbon neutrality. The rapid rise of the digital economy as an emerging growth engine raises important questions about its capacity to enhance energy efficiency. Understanding this relationship is essential for advancing sustainable development and minimizing carbon emissions. Using spatial Durbin models, mediation models, and panel threshold models, this paper empirically examines the nonlinear impact of digital economy development on energy utilization efficiency, taking Chinese cities as case study areas. This research shows that there is a nonlinear U-shaped relationship between the digital economy and energy efficiency, characterized by initial suppression followed by promotion, while the digital economy’s impact on energy efficiency improvement in surrounding cities shows an inverted U-shaped relationship, demonstrating initial promotion followed by suppression. Heterogeneity studies found that digital economy development in eastern Chinese cities has a significant positive promotional effect on energy efficiency, while cities in central and western regions show a suppressive effect. Mechanism tests indicated that the digital economy enhances energy efficiency by promoting industrial structure upgrading and improving green technological progress. However, its impact is significantly affected by external factors and exhibits threshold effects—only when urban development levels cross specific threshold values can the digital economy generate a positive promotional effect on energy efficiency.

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    Authors: Rongbin Zhang; Xiaoxiao Wu; Yifei Chen;

    Energy efficiency plays a vital role in the transition towards carbon neutrality. The rapid rise of the digital economy as an emerging growth engine raises important questions about its capacity to enhance energy efficiency. Understanding this relationship is essential for advancing sustainable development and minimizing carbon emissions. Using spatial Durbin models, mediation models, and panel threshold models, this paper empirically examines the nonlinear impact of digital economy development on energy utilization efficiency, taking Chinese cities as case study areas. This research shows that there is a nonlinear U-shaped relationship between the digital economy and energy efficiency, characterized by initial suppression followed by promotion, while the digital economy’s impact on energy efficiency improvement in surrounding cities shows an inverted U-shaped relationship, demonstrating initial promotion followed by suppression. Heterogeneity studies found that digital economy development in eastern Chinese cities has a significant positive promotional effect on energy efficiency, while cities in central and western regions show a suppressive effect. Mechanism tests indicated that the digital economy enhances energy efficiency by promoting industrial structure upgrading and improving green technological progress. However, its impact is significantly affected by external factors and exhibits threshold effects—only when urban development levels cross specific threshold values can the digital economy generate a positive promotional effect on energy efficiency.

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      Energies
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tianyi Pei; Hengliang Zhang; Wei Hua; Fengyu Zhang;

    The present paper deals with a review on bearing currents in electrical machines, with major emphasis on mechanisms, impacts, and mitigation strategies. High-frequency common-mode voltages from the inverter-driven system have been found to be the main reason for bearing current leading to motor bearing degradation and eventual failure. This paper deals with bearing currents—electrical discharge machining (EDM) currents, circulating bearing currents, and rotor-to-ground bearing currents—and the various methods of their generation and effects that are harmful to the bearings and lubricants of a motor. Mitigation techniques, among which the following have been taken into account, are studied in this context: the optimization of PWM modulation, and the use of shaft grounding brushes, insulated bearings, and passive or active filters. Finally, advantages, limitations, and implementation challenges are discussed. A review comparing three-phase and dual three-phase inverters showed that, due to the increased degree of freedom in modulation strategies, it is possible to eliminate common-mode voltages through active modulation techniques. Such added flexibility will reduce the risk of bearing currents effectively. It also highlights future research directions in bearing current suppression, including the development of multi-phase motor systems, real-time monitoring technologies with artificial intelligence, and the use of new insulation materials for the enhancement of bearing reliability. The results obtained should guide future research and engineering practices in suppressing bearing currents to improve motor durability with high performance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
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      Energies
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tianyi Pei; Hengliang Zhang; Wei Hua; Fengyu Zhang;

    The present paper deals with a review on bearing currents in electrical machines, with major emphasis on mechanisms, impacts, and mitigation strategies. High-frequency common-mode voltages from the inverter-driven system have been found to be the main reason for bearing current leading to motor bearing degradation and eventual failure. This paper deals with bearing currents—electrical discharge machining (EDM) currents, circulating bearing currents, and rotor-to-ground bearing currents—and the various methods of their generation and effects that are harmful to the bearings and lubricants of a motor. Mitigation techniques, among which the following have been taken into account, are studied in this context: the optimization of PWM modulation, and the use of shaft grounding brushes, insulated bearings, and passive or active filters. Finally, advantages, limitations, and implementation challenges are discussed. A review comparing three-phase and dual three-phase inverters showed that, due to the increased degree of freedom in modulation strategies, it is possible to eliminate common-mode voltages through active modulation techniques. Such added flexibility will reduce the risk of bearing currents effectively. It also highlights future research directions in bearing current suppression, including the development of multi-phase motor systems, real-time monitoring technologies with artificial intelligence, and the use of new insulation materials for the enhancement of bearing reliability. The results obtained should guide future research and engineering practices in suppressing bearing currents to improve motor durability with high performance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Isaac Rudden; Guang-Jin Li; Zi-Qiang Zhu; Alexander Duke; +1 Authors

    This paper investigates the nature of the low saliency ratio of large permanent magnet generators with fractional-slot concentrated windings (FSCWs). A saliency ratio of at least 1.2 is typically required to enable sensorless control of large generators—a value naturally achieved in integer slot winding topologies but absent in FSCW surface-mounted permanent magnet machines reported in the literature. The low saliency ratio in FSCW designs is attributed to larger teeth, which reduce magnetic saturation and increase d-axis inductance. This work explores methods to enhance the saliency ratio of FSCW machines for offshore wind turbines, facilitating sensorless rotor position estimation. The proposed approaches are categorized into two groups: (1) those that preserve the conventional machine geometry with minimal modification to the magnetic circuit and (2) those involving magnetic circuit alterations. The results show that significant improvement in saliency ratio is only achievable through magnetic circuit modifications, such as rotor shoes, albeit with some performance trade-offs. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is employed to design two optimized 3 MW FSCW machine topologies, achieving saliency ratios of 1.15 and 1.2 with minimal performance loss. Compared to a 3 MW FSCW baseline, the optimized designs show stator power reductions of 3.40% and 6.16% for saliency ratios of 1.15 and 1.2, respectively.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Isaac Rudden; Guang-Jin Li; Zi-Qiang Zhu; Alexander Duke; +1 Authors

    This paper investigates the nature of the low saliency ratio of large permanent magnet generators with fractional-slot concentrated windings (FSCWs). A saliency ratio of at least 1.2 is typically required to enable sensorless control of large generators—a value naturally achieved in integer slot winding topologies but absent in FSCW surface-mounted permanent magnet machines reported in the literature. The low saliency ratio in FSCW designs is attributed to larger teeth, which reduce magnetic saturation and increase d-axis inductance. This work explores methods to enhance the saliency ratio of FSCW machines for offshore wind turbines, facilitating sensorless rotor position estimation. The proposed approaches are categorized into two groups: (1) those that preserve the conventional machine geometry with minimal modification to the magnetic circuit and (2) those involving magnetic circuit alterations. The results show that significant improvement in saliency ratio is only achievable through magnetic circuit modifications, such as rotor shoes, albeit with some performance trade-offs. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is employed to design two optimized 3 MW FSCW machine topologies, achieving saliency ratios of 1.15 and 1.2 with minimal performance loss. Compared to a 3 MW FSCW baseline, the optimized designs show stator power reductions of 3.40% and 6.16% for saliency ratios of 1.15 and 1.2, respectively.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roshan Hehar; William Burges; Thomas Fender; Jonathan Radcliffe; +1 Authors

    Decarbonising heat is critical for achieving net zero goals. This study investigates the deployment of heat pumps for decarbonising domestic heating in the United Kingdom (UK), focusing on a local analysis in the West Midlands and North West regions. Through detailed data modelling, including weather patterns, housing characteristics, and carbon intensity data, the study quantifies the potential carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reductions associated with air source heat pump adoption compared to conventional gas boilers. In this study, hourly temperature data for 2022 were examined for six local authorities: Birmingham, Warwick, Shropshire, Manchester, Oldham, and West Lancashire. Additionally, half-hourly carbon intensity data for 2022 were used for the two wider regions, the West Midlands and the North West of England. Results demonstrated that the North West region stands out with the highest percentage CO2 reductions due to the relatively low carbon intensity associated with the electricity grid, reaching up to 33% for an uptake of 40% of air source heat pumps. Moreover, regions with a high prevalence of detached housing, such as Shropshire and West Lancashire, show promise for emissions reductions and require continued monitoring and support for heat pump adoption. Despite limitations in modelling techniques and data sources, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers and strategic planners, guiding efforts to combat climate change and promote environmental sustainability in the UK.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2025
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roshan Hehar; William Burges; Thomas Fender; Jonathan Radcliffe; +1 Authors

    Decarbonising heat is critical for achieving net zero goals. This study investigates the deployment of heat pumps for decarbonising domestic heating in the United Kingdom (UK), focusing on a local analysis in the West Midlands and North West regions. Through detailed data modelling, including weather patterns, housing characteristics, and carbon intensity data, the study quantifies the potential carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reductions associated with air source heat pump adoption compared to conventional gas boilers. In this study, hourly temperature data for 2022 were examined for six local authorities: Birmingham, Warwick, Shropshire, Manchester, Oldham, and West Lancashire. Additionally, half-hourly carbon intensity data for 2022 were used for the two wider regions, the West Midlands and the North West of England. Results demonstrated that the North West region stands out with the highest percentage CO2 reductions due to the relatively low carbon intensity associated with the electricity grid, reaching up to 33% for an uptake of 40% of air source heat pumps. Moreover, regions with a high prevalence of detached housing, such as Shropshire and West Lancashire, show promise for emissions reductions and require continued monitoring and support for heat pump adoption. Despite limitations in modelling techniques and data sources, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers and strategic planners, guiding efforts to combat climate change and promote environmental sustainability in the UK.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
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      Energies
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    Authors: Wenzhi Chen; Hongjian Sun; Minglei You; Jing Jiang; +1 Authors

    Within smart homes, consumers could generate a vast amount of data that, if analyzed effectively, can improve the convenience of consumers and reduce energy consumption. In this paper, we propose to organize household appliance data into a knowledge graph by using the consumers’ usage habits, the periods of usage, and the location information for graph modeling. A framework, ‘DARK’ (Device Action Recommendation with Knowledge graphs), is proposed that includes three parts for enabling demand response. Firstly, a household device action recommendation algorithm is proposed that improves the knowledge graph attention algorithm to make accurate household appliance recommendations. Secondly, graph interpretable characteristics are developed in the DARK using trained graph embeddings. Finally, with the recommendation expectation, the consumers’ comfort level and appliances’ average power load are modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem in the DARK to participate in demand response. The results demonstrate that the proposed system can generate appliances’ action recommendations with an average of 93.4% accuracy and reduce power load by up to 20% while providing reasonable interpretations for the device action recommendation results on the customized UK-DALE dataset.

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    Authors: Wenzhi Chen; Hongjian Sun; Minglei You; Jing Jiang; +1 Authors

    Within smart homes, consumers could generate a vast amount of data that, if analyzed effectively, can improve the convenience of consumers and reduce energy consumption. In this paper, we propose to organize household appliance data into a knowledge graph by using the consumers’ usage habits, the periods of usage, and the location information for graph modeling. A framework, ‘DARK’ (Device Action Recommendation with Knowledge graphs), is proposed that includes three parts for enabling demand response. Firstly, a household device action recommendation algorithm is proposed that improves the knowledge graph attention algorithm to make accurate household appliance recommendations. Secondly, graph interpretable characteristics are developed in the DARK using trained graph embeddings. Finally, with the recommendation expectation, the consumers’ comfort level and appliances’ average power load are modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem in the DARK to participate in demand response. The results demonstrate that the proposed system can generate appliances’ action recommendations with an average of 93.4% accuracy and reduce power load by up to 20% while providing reasonable interpretations for the device action recommendation results on the customized UK-DALE dataset.

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    Energies
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    Authors: Cagatay Cebeci; Max Parker; Luis Recalde-Camacho; David Campos-Gaona; +1 Authors

    Variable-Speed Hydropower Plants (VSHP) are becoming more promising for stabilising power grids with the increasing integration of renewable energy sources. This research focuses on improving fault ride-through capabilities and delivering efficient ancillary services for VSHPs to support the grid by developing a comprehensive control strategy. The control system proposed integrates a machine-side controller, a Frequency Support Controller (FSC), a Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM), a Vector Current Controller (VCC) for the grid-side converter, a turbine governor for regulating turbine speed, and a DC-link controller. PID with an anti-windup scheme and a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) were employed for the turbine governor. The MPC turbine governor results demonstrate the potential of advanced control methods for enhanced performance of the VSHP. A benchmarking between the MPC and the PID governor was made. The benchmarking results have reported that the MPC can achieve reference tracking improvements up to 99.42%. Tests on a diverse set of grid scenarios were conducted, and the graphical results showed significant improvements in mitigating the frequency drops through the effective governor response. The synthetic inertia provision is swift, completing within seconds of a frequency drop. Compared to the fixed-speed approach, the VSHP improves the grid’s overall stability by minimising frequency dipping and achieving steady-state recovery remarkably faster. The fixed-speed approach only begins to recover minutes after the VSHP reaches the settling time. By effectively providing critical ancillary services such as frequency support, synthetic inertia, and smooth fault ride-through capability, the VSHP can become a transformative solution for future power grids, which are estimated to be more reliant on renewable energy sources.

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    Energies
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    Energies
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    Authors: Cagatay Cebeci; Max Parker; Luis Recalde-Camacho; David Campos-Gaona; +1 Authors

    Variable-Speed Hydropower Plants (VSHP) are becoming more promising for stabilising power grids with the increasing integration of renewable energy sources. This research focuses on improving fault ride-through capabilities and delivering efficient ancillary services for VSHPs to support the grid by developing a comprehensive control strategy. The control system proposed integrates a machine-side controller, a Frequency Support Controller (FSC), a Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM), a Vector Current Controller (VCC) for the grid-side converter, a turbine governor for regulating turbine speed, and a DC-link controller. PID with an anti-windup scheme and a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) were employed for the turbine governor. The MPC turbine governor results demonstrate the potential of advanced control methods for enhanced performance of the VSHP. A benchmarking between the MPC and the PID governor was made. The benchmarking results have reported that the MPC can achieve reference tracking improvements up to 99.42%. Tests on a diverse set of grid scenarios were conducted, and the graphical results showed significant improvements in mitigating the frequency drops through the effective governor response. The synthetic inertia provision is swift, completing within seconds of a frequency drop. Compared to the fixed-speed approach, the VSHP improves the grid’s overall stability by minimising frequency dipping and achieving steady-state recovery remarkably faster. The fixed-speed approach only begins to recover minutes after the VSHP reaches the settling time. By effectively providing critical ancillary services such as frequency support, synthetic inertia, and smooth fault ride-through capability, the VSHP can become a transformative solution for future power grids, which are estimated to be more reliant on renewable energy sources.

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    Energies
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    Authors: Joana Verheyen; Christian Thommessen; Jürgen Roes; Harry Hoster;

    The ongoing transformation of district heating systems (DHSs) aims to reduce emissions and increase renewable energy sources. The objective of this work is to integrate solar thermal (ST) and seasonal aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) in various scenarios applied to a large DHS. Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) is used to develop a comprehensive model that minimizes operating costs, including heat pumps (HPs), combined heat and power (CHP) units, electric heat boilers (EHBs), heat-only boilers (HOBs), short-term thermal energy storage (TES), and ATES. Different ATES scenarios are compared to a reference without seasonal TES (potential of 15.3 GWh of ST). An ATES system with an injection well temperature of about 55 °C has an overall efficiency of 49.8% (58.6% with additional HPs) and increases the integrable amount of ST by 178% (42.5 GWh). For the scenario with an injection well temperature of 20 °C and HPs, the efficiency is 86.6% and ST is increased by 276% (57.5 GWh). The HOB heat supply is reduced by 8.9% up to 36.6%. However, the integration of an ATES is not always economically or environmentally beneficial. There is a high dependency on the configurations, prices, or emissions allocated to electricity procurement. Further research is of interest to investigate the sensitivity of the correlations and to apply a multi-objective MILP optimization.

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    Authors: Joana Verheyen; Christian Thommessen; Jürgen Roes; Harry Hoster;

    The ongoing transformation of district heating systems (DHSs) aims to reduce emissions and increase renewable energy sources. The objective of this work is to integrate solar thermal (ST) and seasonal aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) in various scenarios applied to a large DHS. Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) is used to develop a comprehensive model that minimizes operating costs, including heat pumps (HPs), combined heat and power (CHP) units, electric heat boilers (EHBs), heat-only boilers (HOBs), short-term thermal energy storage (TES), and ATES. Different ATES scenarios are compared to a reference without seasonal TES (potential of 15.3 GWh of ST). An ATES system with an injection well temperature of about 55 °C has an overall efficiency of 49.8% (58.6% with additional HPs) and increases the integrable amount of ST by 178% (42.5 GWh). For the scenario with an injection well temperature of 20 °C and HPs, the efficiency is 86.6% and ST is increased by 276% (57.5 GWh). The HOB heat supply is reduced by 8.9% up to 36.6%. However, the integration of an ATES is not always economically or environmentally beneficial. There is a high dependency on the configurations, prices, or emissions allocated to electricity procurement. Further research is of interest to investigate the sensitivity of the correlations and to apply a multi-objective MILP optimization.

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    Authors: Minh Phuong Nguyen; Tatiana Ponomarenko;

    The world economy is developing rapidly, and many countries in the world are facing pressure of energy demand due to economic development. Vietnam is one of the countries that has advantages in solar energy development, so it plans to develop renewable energy in the structure of the energy balance. The article analyzes the policies of a number of countries in the world that have significantly developed the field of solar energy (USA, Germany, Japan) or have some similarities with Vietnam (China, Thailand, Australia). Based on the results of the analysis, we develop recommendations for a strategy for sustainable development of the solar energy sector in Vietnam.

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    Authors: Minh Phuong Nguyen; Tatiana Ponomarenko;

    The world economy is developing rapidly, and many countries in the world are facing pressure of energy demand due to economic development. Vietnam is one of the countries that has advantages in solar energy development, so it plans to develop renewable energy in the structure of the energy balance. The article analyzes the policies of a number of countries in the world that have significantly developed the field of solar energy (USA, Germany, Japan) or have some similarities with Vietnam (China, Thailand, Australia). Based on the results of the analysis, we develop recommendations for a strategy for sustainable development of the solar energy sector in Vietnam.

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    Authors: Javier A. Calderon-Tellez; Milton M. Herrera; Javier Sabogal-Aguilar; Melisa Tuirán; +1 Authors

    Project management often overlooks the consideration of long-term effects that may impact sustainability transition and innovation. This paper addresses this gap by presenting an analysis that extends the traditional project life cycle model through the incorporation of a new phase, labelled “system impact”, which integrates innovation and sustainability into project management using a system dynamics methodology. To explore this extension, a simulation model is developed to analyse a solar photovoltaic (PV) power project, providing valuable insights into the systemic and dynamic impacts required for successful project outcomes, including effective benefits management and value creation. The results provide a sustainability-focused assessment of project success. Process innovation efficiency reaches its peak at 140 completed tasks, shortening the project duration from 18 to 13.25 months. This study highlights CO2 emission avoidance over 25 years compared to fossil fuel generators. Economically, despite an initial cost three times higher, the solar PV alternative proves more cost-effective in the long run, amounting to only 19% of the total cost of the fossil fuel option.

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    Authors: Javier A. Calderon-Tellez; Milton M. Herrera; Javier Sabogal-Aguilar; Melisa Tuirán; +1 Authors

    Project management often overlooks the consideration of long-term effects that may impact sustainability transition and innovation. This paper addresses this gap by presenting an analysis that extends the traditional project life cycle model through the incorporation of a new phase, labelled “system impact”, which integrates innovation and sustainability into project management using a system dynamics methodology. To explore this extension, a simulation model is developed to analyse a solar photovoltaic (PV) power project, providing valuable insights into the systemic and dynamic impacts required for successful project outcomes, including effective benefits management and value creation. The results provide a sustainability-focused assessment of project success. Process innovation efficiency reaches its peak at 140 completed tasks, shortening the project duration from 18 to 13.25 months. This study highlights CO2 emission avoidance over 25 years compared to fossil fuel generators. Economically, despite an initial cost three times higher, the solar PV alternative proves more cost-effective in the long run, amounting to only 19% of the total cost of the fossil fuel option.

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    Authors: Esther O. Yusuf; Ityona Amber; Simon Officer; Gbenga F. Oluyemi;

    This review provides a detailed examination of strategies for controlling the deposition of nanoparticles in porous media, emphasising the factors influencing their long-term stability and the challenges faced in practical applications. The review explores fundamental mechanisms of nanoparticle retention, including surface modification, intelligent materials, and optimised injection techniques, while discussing environmental and operational variables such as flow velocity, pH, ionic strength, and particle size. The review highlights innovative strategies to maintain nanoparticle stability over time, including responsive ligands, smart nanoparticles, self-healing coatings, and encapsulation techniques. Real-world case studies, including projects from Lockheed Martin, NanoRem, and NANO IRM, illustrate the practical application of these strategies in environmental remediation, emphasising the need for regulatory compliance and long-term monitoring. Overall, this review offers critical insights into the controlled application of nanoparticles for remediation, providing a roadmap for addressing the technical and regulatory challenges associated with their deployment in porous media.

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    Authors: Esther O. Yusuf; Ityona Amber; Simon Officer; Gbenga F. Oluyemi;

    This review provides a detailed examination of strategies for controlling the deposition of nanoparticles in porous media, emphasising the factors influencing their long-term stability and the challenges faced in practical applications. The review explores fundamental mechanisms of nanoparticle retention, including surface modification, intelligent materials, and optimised injection techniques, while discussing environmental and operational variables such as flow velocity, pH, ionic strength, and particle size. The review highlights innovative strategies to maintain nanoparticle stability over time, including responsive ligands, smart nanoparticles, self-healing coatings, and encapsulation techniques. Real-world case studies, including projects from Lockheed Martin, NanoRem, and NANO IRM, illustrate the practical application of these strategies in environmental remediation, emphasising the need for regulatory compliance and long-term monitoring. Overall, this review offers critical insights into the controlled application of nanoparticles for remediation, providing a roadmap for addressing the technical and regulatory challenges associated with their deployment in porous media.

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    Authors: Rongbin Zhang; Xiaoxiao Wu; Yifei Chen;

    Energy efficiency plays a vital role in the transition towards carbon neutrality. The rapid rise of the digital economy as an emerging growth engine raises important questions about its capacity to enhance energy efficiency. Understanding this relationship is essential for advancing sustainable development and minimizing carbon emissions. Using spatial Durbin models, mediation models, and panel threshold models, this paper empirically examines the nonlinear impact of digital economy development on energy utilization efficiency, taking Chinese cities as case study areas. This research shows that there is a nonlinear U-shaped relationship between the digital economy and energy efficiency, characterized by initial suppression followed by promotion, while the digital economy’s impact on energy efficiency improvement in surrounding cities shows an inverted U-shaped relationship, demonstrating initial promotion followed by suppression. Heterogeneity studies found that digital economy development in eastern Chinese cities has a significant positive promotional effect on energy efficiency, while cities in central and western regions show a suppressive effect. Mechanism tests indicated that the digital economy enhances energy efficiency by promoting industrial structure upgrading and improving green technological progress. However, its impact is significantly affected by external factors and exhibits threshold effects—only when urban development levels cross specific threshold values can the digital economy generate a positive promotional effect on energy efficiency.

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    Authors: Rongbin Zhang; Xiaoxiao Wu; Yifei Chen;

    Energy efficiency plays a vital role in the transition towards carbon neutrality. The rapid rise of the digital economy as an emerging growth engine raises important questions about its capacity to enhance energy efficiency. Understanding this relationship is essential for advancing sustainable development and minimizing carbon emissions. Using spatial Durbin models, mediation models, and panel threshold models, this paper empirically examines the nonlinear impact of digital economy development on energy utilization efficiency, taking Chinese cities as case study areas. This research shows that there is a nonlinear U-shaped relationship between the digital economy and energy efficiency, characterized by initial suppression followed by promotion, while the digital economy’s impact on energy efficiency improvement in surrounding cities shows an inverted U-shaped relationship, demonstrating initial promotion followed by suppression. Heterogeneity studies found that digital economy development in eastern Chinese cities has a significant positive promotional effect on energy efficiency, while cities in central and western regions show a suppressive effect. Mechanism tests indicated that the digital economy enhances energy efficiency by promoting industrial structure upgrading and improving green technological progress. However, its impact is significantly affected by external factors and exhibits threshold effects—only when urban development levels cross specific threshold values can the digital economy generate a positive promotional effect on energy efficiency.

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    Authors: Tianyi Pei; Hengliang Zhang; Wei Hua; Fengyu Zhang;

    The present paper deals with a review on bearing currents in electrical machines, with major emphasis on mechanisms, impacts, and mitigation strategies. High-frequency common-mode voltages from the inverter-driven system have been found to be the main reason for bearing current leading to motor bearing degradation and eventual failure. This paper deals with bearing currents—electrical discharge machining (EDM) currents, circulating bearing currents, and rotor-to-ground bearing currents—and the various methods of their generation and effects that are harmful to the bearings and lubricants of a motor. Mitigation techniques, among which the following have been taken into account, are studied in this context: the optimization of PWM modulation, and the use of shaft grounding brushes, insulated bearings, and passive or active filters. Finally, advantages, limitations, and implementation challenges are discussed. A review comparing three-phase and dual three-phase inverters showed that, due to the increased degree of freedom in modulation strategies, it is possible to eliminate common-mode voltages through active modulation techniques. Such added flexibility will reduce the risk of bearing currents effectively. It also highlights future research directions in bearing current suppression, including the development of multi-phase motor systems, real-time monitoring technologies with artificial intelligence, and the use of new insulation materials for the enhancement of bearing reliability. The results obtained should guide future research and engineering practices in suppressing bearing currents to improve motor durability with high performance.

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    Authors: Tianyi Pei; Hengliang Zhang; Wei Hua; Fengyu Zhang;

    The present paper deals with a review on bearing currents in electrical machines, with major emphasis on mechanisms, impacts, and mitigation strategies. High-frequency common-mode voltages from the inverter-driven system have been found to be the main reason for bearing current leading to motor bearing degradation and eventual failure. This paper deals with bearing currents—electrical discharge machining (EDM) currents, circulating bearing currents, and rotor-to-ground bearing currents—and the various methods of their generation and effects that are harmful to the bearings and lubricants of a motor. Mitigation techniques, among which the following have been taken into account, are studied in this context: the optimization of PWM modulation, and the use of shaft grounding brushes, insulated bearings, and passive or active filters. Finally, advantages, limitations, and implementation challenges are discussed. A review comparing three-phase and dual three-phase inverters showed that, due to the increased degree of freedom in modulation strategies, it is possible to eliminate common-mode voltages through active modulation techniques. Such added flexibility will reduce the risk of bearing currents effectively. It also highlights future research directions in bearing current suppression, including the development of multi-phase motor systems, real-time monitoring technologies with artificial intelligence, and the use of new insulation materials for the enhancement of bearing reliability. The results obtained should guide future research and engineering practices in suppressing bearing currents to improve motor durability with high performance.

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