• Energy Research
• GB close
• ZENODO close

{"references": ["S. Jacobsen, H.-G. Fritz, P.Deg\u00e9e, P.Dubois, and R.J\u00e9r\u00f4me, \"Continuous\nreactive extrusion polymerisation of L-lactide \u2015 an engineering view,\"\nMacromol. Symp., vol. 153, no. 1, pp. 261\u2013273, 2000.", "K. Madhavan Nampoothiri, N. R. Nair, and R. P. John, \"An overview of\nthe recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research,\" Bioresour.\nTechnol., vol. 101, no. 22, pp. 8493\u20138501, Nov. 2010.", "P. Dubois, C. Jacobs, R. Jerome, and P. Teyssie, \"Macromolecular\nengineering of polylactones and polylactides. 4. Mechanism and kinetics\nof lactide homopolymerization by aluminum isopropoxide,\"\nMacromolecules, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 2266\u20132270, Apr. 1991.", "D. R. Witzke, R. Narayan, and J. J. Kolstad, \"Reversible Kinetics and\nThermodynamics of the Homopolymerization of l-Lactide with 2-\nEthylhexanoic Acid Tin(II) Salt,\" Macromolecules, vol. 30, no. 23, pp.\n7075\u20137085, Nov. 1997.", "N. E. Kamber, W. Jeong, R. M. Waymouth, R. C. Pratt, B. G. G.\nLohmeijer, and J. L. Hedrick, \"Organocatalytic ring-opening\npolymerization,\" Chem. Rev., vol. 107, no. 12, pp. 5813\u20135840, 2007.", "W. Jeong, J. L. Hedrick, and R. M. Waymouth, \"Organic Spirocyclic\nInitiators for the Ring-Expansion Polymerization of \u03b2-Lactones,\" J. Am.\nChem. Soc., vol. 129, no. 27, pp. 8414\u20138415, Jul. 2007.", "M. Myers, E. F. Connor, T. Glauser, A. M\u00f6ck, G. Nyce, and J. L.\nHedrick, \"Phosphines: Nucleophilic organic catalysts for the controlled\nring-opening polymerization of lactides,\" J. Polym. Sci. Part Polym.\nChem., vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 844\u2013851, Apr. 2002.", "I. Ba\u015faran and A. Oral, \"Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(L-Lactic\nacid)/Clay Nanocomposite via Metal-Free Process,\" Polym.-Plast.\nTechnol. Eng., vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 1271\u20131276, 2013.", "\"InnoREX.\" (Online). Available: http://www.innorex.eu/about.php.\n[10] S. Jing, W. Peng, Z. Tong, and Z. Baoxiu, \"Microwave-irradiated ringopening\npolymerization of D,L-lactide under atmosphere,\" J. Appl.\nPolym. Sci., vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 2244\u20132247, May 2006.\n[11] P. Albert, H. Warth, R. M\u00fclhaupt, and R. Janda, \"Comparison of thermal\nand microwave-activated polymerization of \u03b5-caprolactone with titanium\ntetrabutylate as catalyst,\" Macromol. Chem. Phys., vol. 197, no. 5, pp.\n1633\u20131641, May 1996.\n[12] A. S\u00f6derg\u00e5rd and M. Stolt, \"Industrial Production of High Molecular\nWeight Poly(Lactic Acid),\" in Poly(Lactic Acid), R. Auras, L.-T. Lim,\nS. E. M. Selke, and H. Tsuji, Eds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010, pp.\n27\u201341.\n[13] R. Mehta, V. Kumar, and S. N. Upadhyay, \"Mathematical Modeling of\nthe Poly(lactic acid) Ring\u2013Opening Polymerization Kinetics,\" Polym.-\nPlast. Technol. Eng., vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 257\u2013264, 2007.\n[14] I. Banu, J.-P. Puaux, G. Bozga, and I. Nagy, \"Modeling of L-lactide\nPolymerization by Reactive Extrusion,\" Macromol. Symp., vol. 289, no.\n1, pp. 108\u2013118, 2010.\n[15] Y. Yu, G. Storti, and M. Morbidelli, \"Ring-Opening Polymerization of\nl,l-Lactide: Kinetic and Modeling Study,\" Macromolecules, vol. 42, no.\n21, pp. 8187\u20138197, Nov. 2009.\n[16] \"Compounding and extrusion - Fraunhofer ICT.\" (Online). Available:\nhttp://www.ict.fraunhofer.de/en/comp/pe/ce.html.\n[17] Y. Yu, G. Storti, and M. Morbidelli, \"Kinetics of Ring-Opening\nPolymerization of l,l-Lactide,\" Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 50, no. 13, pp.\n7927\u20137940, Jul. 2011.\n[18] L. J. Liu, C. Zhang, L. Q. Liao, X. L. Wang, and R. X. Zhuo,\n\"Microwave-assisted Polymerization of D, L-Lactide with Stannous\nOctanoate as Catalyst,\" Chin. Chem. Lett., vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 663\u2013664,\n2001.\n[19] M. Vukomanovi\u0107, M. Mitri\u0107, S. D. \u0160kapin, E. \u017dagar, J. Plavec, N.\nIgnjatovi\u0107, and D. Uskokovi\u0107, \"Influence of ultrasonic processing on the\nmacromolecular properties of poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) alone and in\nits biocomposite with hydroxyapatite,\" Ultrason. Sonochem., vol. 17, no.\n5, pp. 902\u2013908, Jun. 2010.\n[20] C. Zhang, L. Liao, and L. Liu, \"Rapid Ring-Opening Polymerization of\nD,L-Lactide by Microwaves,\" Macromol. Rapid Commun., vol. 25, no.\n15, pp. 1402\u20131405, Aug. 2004.\n[21] \"Ludovic - Twin screw extrusion - SCConsultants.\" (Online). Available:\nhttp://www.scconsultants.com/en/ludovic-twin-screw-simulationsoftware.\nhtml..\n[22] \"Purac home.\" (Online). Available: http://www.purac.com/.\n[23] \"NatureWorks LLC Home Page.\" (Online). Available:\nhttp://www.natureworksllc.com/."]} PLA emerged as a promising polymer because of its property as a compostable, biodegradable thermoplastic made from renewable sources. PLA can be polymerized from monomers (Lactide or Lactic acid) obtained by fermentation processes from renewable sources such as corn starch or sugarcane. For PLA synthesis, ring opening polymerization (ROP) of Lactide monomer is one of the preferred methods. In the literature, the technique mainly developed for ROP of PLA is based on metal/bimetallic catalyst (Sn, Zn and Al) or other organic catalysts in suitable solvent. However, the PLA synthesized using such catalysts may contain trace elements of the catalyst which may cause toxicity. This work estimated the usefulness and drawbacks of using different catalysts as well as effect of alternative energies and future aspects for PLA production.

AbstractGlobal greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be traced to five economic sectors: energy, industry, buildings, transport and AFOLU (agriculture, forestry and other land uses). In this topical review, we synthesise the literature to explain recent trends in global and regional emissions in each of these sectors. To contextualise our review, we present estimates of GHG emissions trends by sector from 1990 to 2018, describing the major sources of emissions growth, stability and decline across ten global regions. Overall, the literature and data emphasise that progress towards reducing GHG emissions has been limited. The prominent global pattern is a continuation of underlying drivers with few signs of emerging limits to demand, nor of a deep shift towards the delivery of low and zero carbon services across sectors. We observe a moderate decarbonisation of energy systems in Europe and North America, driven by fuel switching and the increasing penetration of renewables. By contrast, in rapidly industrialising regions, fossil-based energy systems have continuously expanded, only very recently slowing down in their growth. Strong demand for materials, floor area, energy services and travel have driven emissions growth in the industry, buildings and transport sectors, particularly in Eastern Asia, Southern Asia and South-East Asia. An expansion of agriculture into carbon-dense tropical forest areas has driven recent increases in AFOLU emissions in Latin America, South-East Asia and Africa. Identifying, understanding, and tackling the most persistent and climate-damaging trends across sectors is a fundamental concern for research and policy as humanity treads deeper into the Anthropocene.

This manuscript presents a systematic meta-narrative review of peer-reviewed publications considering community acceptance and social impacts of site-specific Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) projects to inform the design and implementation of CCUS projects who seek to engage with communities during this process, as well as similar climate mitigation and adaptation initiatives. A meta-narrative approach to systematic review was utilized to understand literature from a range of site specific CCUS studies. 53 peer-reviewed papers were assessed reporting empirical evidence from studies on community impacts and social acceptance of CCUS projects published between 2009 and 2021. Three separate areas of contestation were identified. The first contestation was on acceptance, including how acceptance was conceptualized, how the different CCUS projects engaged with communities, and the role of acceptance in social learning. The second contestation related to communities: how communities were represented, where the communities were located in relation to the CCUS projects, and how the communities were defined. The third contestation was around CCUS impacts and the factors influencing individuals’ perceptions of impacts, the role of uncertainty, and how impacts were challenged by local communities, politicians and scientists involved in the projects. The next step was to explore how these contestations were conceptualised, the aspects of commonality and difference, as well as the notable omissions. This facilitated a synthesis of the key dimensions of each contestation to inform our discussion regarding community awareness and acceptance of CCUS projects. This review concludes that each CCUS project is complex thus it is not advisable to provide best practice guidelines that will ensure particular outcomes. This systematic review shared recommendations in the literature as to how best to facilitate community engagement in relation to CCUS projects and similar place-based industrial innovation projects. These recommendations focus on the importance of providing transparency, acknowledging uncertainty and encouraging collaboration.

This paper presents an analytical investigation of heat-transfer limits of a novel solar loop-heat pipe developed for space heating and domestic hot water use. In the loop-heat pipe, the condensate liquid returns to the evaporator via small specially designed holes, using a mini-channel evaporator. The study considered the commonly known heat-transfer limits of loop-heat pipes, namely, the viscous, sonic, entrainment, boiling and heat-transfer limits due to the two-phase pressure drop in the loop. The analysis considered the main factors that affect the limits in the mini-channel evaporator: the operating temperature, mini-channel aspect ratio, evaporator length, evaporator inclination angle, evaporator-to-condenser height difference and the dimension of the holes. It was found that the entrainment is the main governing limit of the system operation. With the specified loop design and operational conditions, the solar loop-heat pipe can achieve a heat-transport capacity of 725 W. The analytical model presented in this study can be used to optimise the heat-transfer capacity of the novel solar loop-heat pipe.

The microchannel receiver is based on a compact finned structure to increase the heat transfer area to the fluid.This design improves the receiver exergy efficiency by means of two main features:Reduced heat losses due to the arrangement of the panels in a triangular cross-section cavity (light-trapping geometry).Reduced pressure drop by adjusting the channel hydraulic diameter to the panel cooling requirement.