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We have measured and calculated the energy distribution at zero exit angle of the proton fragments resulting from the dissociation of fast H2+ molecules when traversing carbon foils of different thicknesses. We discuss the role played by several processes that take place during the motion of the projectiles through the foil, in particular by the electron capture and loss processes, in order to explain the structure of the proton energy distribution. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Small-scale statistics of wavelet-based quantities of turbulence are examined, with particular attention to t α,β[ ι ], which is the wavelet-based transfer of the wavelet-based energy e α[ ι ] at location ι and scale r α to all scales smaller than r β (⩽r α). A divergence-free orthonormal wavelet decomposition method is applied to direct numerical simulation data of three-dimensional incompressible homogeneous isotropic turbulence with grid points and Taylor microscale Reynolds numbers up to 20483 and 732, respectively. We propose a new statistical measure for the degree of scale locality of wavelet-based energy flux to scales smaller than r β constructed from t α,β[ ι ]. At R λ = 732, the measure retains a constant value in the inertial subrange, a value about two-thirds as large as that in the dissipation range, though the flux is local in scale throughout the range, from the inertial subrange to the dissipation range. We confirm that the influence of energy transfer from the large-scale flow on the flu...

Waste incineration fly ash and bone powder could be successfully recycled to calcium phosphate hydrogel, a type of fast proton conductor. The electric conductivity of the crystallized hydrogel from them was compared with that from calcium carbonate reagent. It was found that the conductivity of the hydrogel from bone powder is almost equal to that from calcium carbonate reagent, which is higher than that from incineration fly ash. Because the crystallized hydrogel from incineration ash has a lower crystallinity than that from bone powder and calcium carbonate reagent. However, the difference of the conductivity among them can be hardly observed above 100 degrees C. The fuel cell with membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using the calcium phosphate hydrogel membrane prepared from incineration fly ash and bone powder was observed to generate electricity. The performance of fuel cells having the hydrogel membrane obtained from all raw materials increases with the cell temperature, and the fuel cell containing the hydrogel membrane from incineration fly ash has the highest dependence of the fuel cell performance. For this reason, the difference in the cell performance among them can be hardly observed above 120 degrees C. This tendency agrees with the change in the electric conductivity with the temperature. Further, the performance of all fuel cells with the hydrogel membrane is superior to that of the fuel cell with perfluorosulfonic polymer membrane at temperatures greater than approximately 85 degrees C.

AbstractThe electrical characteristics of β‐SiC are investigated and discussed in terms of the applicability to heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT).

材料表面に移動抵抗をもつ親水性多孔平板の等材料温度乾燥においてregular regime(RR)曲線が現れる可能性に関して, 数値実験的, 理論的検討を行った. その結果, 第1に抵抗値一定では抵抗のない場合と同じ描き方でRR曲線が現れたのに対して, 抵抗値が乾燥とともに増加する場合には現れなかった. 第2に水分移動係数の含水率依存性が既知のとき, 流束比較法に基づいた乾燥特性関数で, 移動抵抗をもつ場合の乾燥速度と平均含水率の関係を良好に推定できた.

On the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, mesozooplankton plays an important role in material transfer between primary producers and fisheries resources. The biomass of mesozooplankton in this region is known to vary annually, but little is known about annual changes in community structure and species composition. In the present study, regional and long-term changes in abundance, biomass and community structure of copepods and chaetognaths on the shelf were evaluated based on NORPAC net samples collected during summers of 1994-2009. During the study period, regime shifts occurred from high interannual variability regime (1994-1999) to low interannual variability regime with high temperature (2000-2005), then to a low interannual variability regime with low temperature (2007-2009). A total of 24 calanoid copepod species belonging to 21 genera were identified from samples. Copepod abundance ranged from 150 to 834,486 inds. m(-2), was greatest on the Middle shelf, and was higher in cold years, than in warm years. Copepod biomass ranged from 0.013 to 150 g DM m(-2), and was also higher in cold years than in warm years. Based on the results of cluster analysis, the copepod community was divided into six groups (A-F). The regional and interannual distributions of each group were distinct. Interannual changes in abundance of the dominant copepod on the Outer shelf and Middle shelf were highly significant (p < 0.0001), and their abundances were negatively correlated with temperature and salinity. Interannual changes in copepod community that occurred between cold and warm years are thought to have been caused by differences in the magnitude and timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom between the two regimes. Abundance and biomass of the chaetognath Parasagitta elegans ranged from 30 to 15,180 inds. m(-2) and from 11 to 1559 mg DM m(-2), respectively. Chaetognath abundance was significantly correlated with the abundance of the dominant copepods (p < 0.0001). Differences in cold and warm years may also affect recruitment of walleye pollock. We conclude that on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, the magnitude and timing of primary production, which is related to climate change, may significantly affect how it is transferred through the food web.

Linearly averaged position moment (LAPM) [Rk11Rk22⋅⋅⋅ Rk3N3N] is defined as the linear (not quadratic) average of the position moment operator Rk11Rk22⋅⋅⋅ Rk3N3N over the N-electron wave function Ψ({Rj}), where {Rj} are 3N Cartesian coordinates of electrons and {kj} are non-negative integers. When all the LAPM’s are well defined, it is shown that the Schrödinger equation is equivalent to a set of an infinite number of equations between LAPM’s involving the potential-energy operator. The kinetic energy operator does not appear. The spherical polar representation of the LAPM equation is also presented. Illustrations are given for simple one- and two-electron atoms, where the LAPM equation is applied to the determination of approximate wave functions and associated energies.