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Driven magnetic reconnection in a collisionless plasma is investigated by means of a two-and-one-half dimensional particle simulation. The dynamical compression by plasma inflow forms a peaked profile of current density in the neutral sheet. When the width of current layer is compressed as thin as the ion Larmor radius, the charge separation becomes distinct abruptly at the center bf the current layer due to the finite ion Larmor radius effect. The charge separation in the central current region and the subsequent spatial modification of the current profile result in excitation of collisionless driven magnetic reconnection. In the cause of collisionless driven magnetic reconnection an efficient energy conversion from field energy to particle energy is observed.

Greta Thunberg has called on politicians to “listen to the science” and take climate change seriously. But climate communication strategies can be more effective when “listening to the science” is complemented with “listening to society”.

Renewed COVID-19 outbreaks and uneven vaccination progress are prolonging the fight against the disease in developing Asia. This is contributing to a divergence in growth paths in the region that is partly being determined by the progress on tackling COVID-19. Asian Development Outlook 2021 Update raises regional growth forecasts for East Asia and Central Asia, and revises them down for South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. The main risks to the region’s economic prospects still center on the pandemic, particularly the emergence of new variants, lagging vaccine rollouts, and waning vaccine effectiveness. As economies recover from the pandemic, the threats of climate change will take center stage again. Sustainable food production and agricultural systems that are resilient to climate change will be crucial for developing Asia. To transform agriculture in the region, its economies must tackle challenges from changing consumer demand, changing demographics, and a changing and more fragile environment.

This publication is an initiative of the Government of Papua New Guinea that provides step-by-step guidance on how to rehabilitate mangroves. It aims to help address the impacts of climate change, particularly the coastal flooding prevalent in Papua New Guinea. It is a resource for the planting of mangroves for diverse purposes, including carbon absorption, nature conservation, support for fisheries, and ecotourism.

To obtain breeding materials for biomass production, Miscanthus sacchariflorus were searched and collected along the main rivers in the Kii Peninsula in November 2019, and their genetic resources were obtained. A total of 10 clones were collected in Wakayama, Nara, and Mie, where natural M. sacchariflorus populations were found at riversides and riverbeds. ; 2019年11月に紀伊半島の主要河川において，バイオマス利用を目的とする植物の育種素材としてオギ（Miscanthus sacchariflorus）遺伝資源の探索収集を行った．和歌山，奈良，三重の3県において，合計10点を収集し，いずれも河川敷や川沿いにおいて自生集団が認められた．

投稿論文 ; Refereed Article ; In recent years, addressing climate change has become a top priority of China’s national agenda. There has been a rich body of literature studying China’s position in climate policies and negotiations. However, a detailed analysis of the symbolic meaning and internal diversity of its position is lacking. This paper analyzes these issues through a discourse and strategic narrative lens, examining the connotations, characteristics, and construction of China’s climate discourse. Four climate discourses in China are identified: pragmatic ecological modernization, climate nationalism, ecological civilization, and collaborative civil environmentalism. These discourses are consistent with China’s national policy as well as its global vision. The dynamics of discourse adaptation, localization, integration, and innovation in the process of their construction, seen against the complex and changing domestic and international context, highlight the identitybased and issue-based strategic narratives. China provides a good example of a “non-Western” climate discourse that demonstrates an emerging country’s interests and climate practices , and offers the possibility of breaking the North-South impasse in global climate politics. This paper concludes that climate change is an important entry point for China to gain greater influence on global governance through implicit discursive strategies.

Taking Control of Oil provides a comprehensive assessment of recent global oil price trends, the exposure of PDMCs to oil price increases and its implications for social and economic development in the region. It also offers a number of policy options for managing risks associated with heavy dependence on oil imports and proposes a path for diversifying the energy mix in PDMCs.

here are increasing interests in using natural pozzolans as partial replacements for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete due to the benefit to the environment, low-carbon footprint, and durability improvement potentials. In the present research, open-air-burnt non-grinded rice husk ash (RHA) samples from Ganawuri-Plateau State, Nigeria, were used as a partial replacement for OPC in concrete. A water-permeable form (controlled permeability formwork – CPF) was utilized to counter the adverse effects of high-water demand. The combined effects of CPF and RHA on the cover-zone microstructure/porosity were analysed by the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test. Water sorptivity and sulphuric acid resistance properties were measured by Surface Water Absorption Test (SWAT) and accelerated sulphuric acid resistance test, respectively, to study the suitability of the concrete mixtures for sewerage concrete structures. Compared to Portland cement concrete, the RHA with CPF samples had relatively low permeability and low water sorptivity while the RHA without CPF samples showed the highest resistance to sulphuric acid attack, exhibiting no weight loss, no gypsum formation at the surface with the least surface discolouration. here are increasing interests in using natural pozzolans as partial replacements for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete due to the benefit to the environment, low-carbon footprint, and durability improvement potentials. In the present research, open-air-burnt non-grinded rice husk ash (RHA) samples from Ganawuri-Plateau State, Nigeria, were used as a partial replacement for OPC in concrete. A water-permeable form (controlled permeability formwork – CPF) was utilized to counter the adverse effects of high-water demand. The combined effects of CPF and RHA on the cover-zone microstructure/porosity were analysed by the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test. Water sorptivity and sulphuric acid resistance properties were measured by Surface Water Absorption Test (SWAT) and accelerated sulphuric acid resistance test, respectively, to study the suitability of the concrete mixtures for sewerage concrete structures. Compared to Portland cement concrete, the RHA with CPF samples had relatively low permeability and low water sorptivity while the RHA without CPF samples showed the highest resistance to sulphuric acid attack, exhibiting no weight loss, no gypsum formation at the surface with the least surface discolouration.

It is widely known that emissions of greenhouse gases from anthropogenic activities have been dramatically increasing at the unprecedented rate over the past several decades, and causing the global climate change. To assess the future trends of such global climate change, it is necessary to project future greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we explore the effects of further economic growth on CO2 emissions with the use of a multi-sector, multi-region global CGE model, and with explicit consideration to the endogeneity of emission regulations, i.e. the dependence of regulations on the level of income. The relationship between income level and emission regulations are derived from the consequence of the Kyoto Protocol type emission regulations. Our main finding is summarized as follows. Carbon taxes rise in all regions with economic growth because all regions, especially LDC regions, enjoy the rise in per capita income. However, the responsiveness of carbon taxes to income change is too weak to restrain the increase in emissions. In other words, given the degree of the responsiveness of regulations inferred from the acceptance of the Kyoto Protocol type regulations, carbon emissions are likely to increase all over the world along with further economic growth.

One of the most significant anticipated consequences of global climate change is the change in frequency of hydrological extremes. Predictions of climate change impacts on the regime of hydrological extremes have traditionally been conducted by a top-down approach that involves a high degree of uncertainty associated with the temporal and spatial characteristics of general circulation model (GCM) outputs and the choice of downscaling technique. This study uses the inverse approach to model hydrological risk and vulnerability to changing climate conditions in the Seyhan River basin, Turkey. With close collaboration with the end users, the approach first identifies critical hydrological exposures that may lead to local failures in the Seyhan River basin. The Hydro-BEAM hydrological model is used to inversely transform the main hydrological exposures, such as floods and droughts, into corresponding meteorological conditions. The frequency of critical meteorological conditions is investigated under present and future climate scenarios by means of a weather generator based on the improved K-nearest neighbour algorithm. The weather generator, linked with the output of GCMs in the last step of the proposed methodology, allows for the creation of an ensemble of scenarios and easy updating when improved GCM outputs become available. Two main conclusions were drawn from the application of the inverse approach to the Seyhan River basin. First, floods of 100-, 200- and 300-year return periods under present conditions will have 102-, 293- and 1370-year return periods under the future conditions; that is, critical flood events will occur much less frequently under the changing climate conditions. Second, the drought return period will change from 5.3 years under present conditions to 2.0 years under the future conditions; that is, critical drought events will occur much more frequently under the changing climate conditions. Copyright © 2008 IAHS Press. Acknowledgements This research was financially supported by the Project “Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production System in the Arid Areas” (ICCAP), administered by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) and the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBøTAK). Additional support was provided by the JSPS Grant-in-Aid nos 16380164, 1811748 and 19208022. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Japan Society for the Promotion of Science: 19208022, 16380164, 1811748 1 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellow), 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan fujihara@chikyu.ac.jp