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Purpose In Italy, composting olive mill waste has become a common practice, since it mitigates the environmental problems associated with spreading the waste on land. Compost can be used to prepare growth media for plant nursery cultivation as a substitute for peat, a non-renewable resource whose extraction has long raised environmental concerns. Here, we investigate two common composting procedures--open windrow and static-pile in gas-permeable bags--and compare them to evaluate their environmental impact. Methods We perform a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) in accordance with ISO 14040 and 14044. The LCA considers carbon storage in the soil after 100 years, fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the impacts avoided by substituting for peat. We use cumulative energy demand, global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential, and eutrophication potential indicators in a contribution analysis and explore how the re-use of olive pits for energy production and reduction of commercial fertilizers improves the environmental balance. We also present a scenario analysis that indicates how parameter fluctuations affect the results. Results and discussion Our study shows that peat's impacts can be significantly reduced from 1162.3 to 96.3 kg CO2-eq/Mg for open windrow compost or 43.1 kg CO2-eq/Mg for static-pile compost in gas-permeable bags. For static-pile composting, the lack of volatile organic compound and ammonia emissions and the detection of oxygen concentrations above 12% vol. suggest fully aerobic conditions. Fugitive greenhouse gas emissions were the most important contributions to the GWP. In the contribution analysis for static-pile composting, the avoidance of compost spreading and the carbon storage effect (due to compost usage) contributed 54% of the overall impacts to GWP and between 21 and 45% to the other indicators. Conclusions This LCA study illustrates how horticulturists can improve their resource management practices by recycling olive mill waste materials. Proper management of composting unit aeration can reduce fugitive GHG emissions.

L'agriculture subsaharienne a été identifiée comme vulnérable au changement climatique en cours. L'adaptation de l'agriculture a été suggérée comme un moyen de maintenir la productivité. Une meilleure connaissance de la diversité intra-spécifique des variétés est une condition préalable à la bonne gestion de cette adaptation. Parmi les cultures, les racines et les tubercules jouent un rôle important dans la sécurité alimentaire et la croissance économique des populations les plus vulnérables d'Afrique. Ici, nous nous concentrons sur la patate douce. La patate douce (Ipomoea batatas) a été domestiquée en Amérique centrale et en Amérique du Sud et a ensuite été introduite en Afrique et est maintenant cultivée dans toute l'Afrique tropicale. Nous avons évalué sa diversité en Afrique de l'Ouest en échantillonnant une région s'étendant de la zone côtière du Togo à la région septentrionale sahélienne du Sénégal qui représente une gamme de conditions climatiques. À l'aide de 12 marqueurs microsatellites, nous avons évalué 132 variétés le long de ce gradient. Des données phénotypiques issues d'essais sur le terrain menés en trois saisons ont également été obtenues. La diversité génétique en Afrique de l'Ouest s'est avérée inférieure de 18 % à celle des États-Unis. La diversité génétique en Afrique de l'Ouest est structurée en cinq groupes, certains groupes se trouvant dans des zones climatiques très spécifiques, par exemple sous un climat tropical humide ou sous un climat sahélien. Nous avons également observé des groupes génétiques qui se produisent dans un plus large éventail de climats. Les groupes génétiques ont également été associés à la différenciation morphologique, principalement la forme des feuilles et la couleur de la tige ou de la racine. Cette structure particulière de la diversité le long d'un gradient climatique avec association à la variabilité phénotypique peut être utilisée pour des stratégies de conservation. S'il s'avère qu'une telle structure est associée à une adaptation climatique spécifique, elle permettra également de développer des stratégies pour adapter l'agriculture aux variations climatiques en cours en Afrique de l'Ouest. La agricultura subsahariana ha sido identificada como vulnerable al cambio climático en curso. Se ha sugerido la adaptación de la agricultura como una forma de mantener la productividad. Un mejor conocimiento de la diversidad intraespecífica de variedades es un requisito previo para el manejo exitoso de dicha adaptación. Entre los cultivos, la raíz y los tubérculos desempeñan un papel importante en la seguridad alimentaria y el crecimiento económico de las poblaciones más vulnerables de África. Aquí, nos centramos en la batata. La batata (Ipomoea batatas) se domesticó en América Central y del Sur y más tarde se introdujo en África y ahora se cultiva en toda el África tropical. Evaluamos su diversidad en África Occidental mediante el muestreo de una región que se extiende desde la zona costera de Togo hasta la región septentrional del Sahel en Senegal y que representa una variedad de condiciones climáticas. Utilizando 12 marcadores de microsatélites, evaluamos 132 variedades a lo largo de este gradiente. También se obtuvieron datos fenotípicos de ensayos de campo realizados en tres temporadas. Se encontró que la diversidad genética en África Occidental era un 18% menor que en América. La diversidad genética en África Occidental se estructura en cinco grupos, y algunos grupos se encuentran en áreas climáticas muy específicas, por ejemplo, en un clima tropical húmedo o en un clima saheliano. También observamos grupos genéticos que se producen en una gama más amplia de climas. Los grupos genéticos también se asociaron con la diferenciación morfológica, principalmente la forma de las hojas y el color del tallo o raíz. Esta estructura particular de diversidad a lo largo de un gradiente climático con asociación a la variabilidad fenotípica se puede utilizar para estrategias de conservación. Si se demuestra que dicha estructura está asociada con una adaptación climática específica, también permitirá desarrollar estrategias para adaptar la agricultura a la variación climática en curso en África Occidental. Sub-Saharan agriculture has been identified as vulnerable to ongoing climate change. Adaptation of agriculture has been suggested as a way to maintain productivity. Better knowledge of intra-specific diversity of varieties is prerequisites for the successful management of such adaptation. Among crops, root and tubers play important roles in food security and economic growth for the most vulnerable populations in Africa. Here, we focus on the sweet potato. The Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) was domesticated in Central and South America and was later introduced into Africa and is now cultivated throughout tropical Africa. We evaluated its diversity in West Africa by sampling a region extending from the coastal area of Togo to the northern Sahelian region of Senegal that represents a range of climatic conditions. Using 12 microsatellite markers, we evaluated 132 varieties along this gradient. Phenotypic data from field trials conducted in three seasons was also obtained. Genetic diversity in West Africa was found to be 18% lower than in America. Genetic diversity in West Africa is structured into five groups, with some groups found in very specific climatic areas, e.g. under a tropical humid climate, or under a Sahelian climate. We also observed genetic groups that occur in a wider range of climates. The genetic groups were also associated with morphological differentiation, mainly the shape of the leaves and the color of the stem or root. This particular structure of diversity along a climatic gradient with association to phenotypic variability can be used for conservation strategies. If such structure is proved to be associated with specific climatic adaptation, it will also allow developing strategies to adapt agriculture to ongoing climate variation in West Africa. تم تحديد الزراعة في جنوب الصحراء على أنها عرضة لتغير المناخ المستمر. تم اقتراح تكييف الزراعة كوسيلة للحفاظ على الإنتاجية. إن المعرفة الأفضل بتنوع الأصناف داخل الأنواع هو شرط أساسي للإدارة الناجحة لهذا التكيف. من بين المحاصيل، تلعب الجذور والدرنات أدوارًا مهمة في الأمن الغذائي والنمو الاقتصادي للفئات السكانية الأكثر ضعفًا في أفريقيا. هنا، نركز على البطاطا الحلوة. تم تدجين البطاطا الحلوة (إيبومويا باتاتاس) في أمريكا الوسطى والجنوبية وتم إدخالها لاحقًا إلى إفريقيا ويتم زراعتها الآن في جميع أنحاء إفريقيا الاستوائية. قمنا بتقييم تنوعها في غرب إفريقيا من خلال أخذ عينات من منطقة تمتد من المنطقة الساحلية لتوغو إلى منطقة الساحل الشمالي للسنغال التي تمثل مجموعة من الظروف المناخية. باستخدام 12 علامة للأقمار الصناعية الصغيرة، قمنا بتقييم 132 نوعًا على طول هذا التدرج. كما تم الحصول على بيانات النمط الظاهري من التجارب الميدانية التي أجريت في ثلاثة مواسم. وجد أن التنوع الوراثي في غرب إفريقيا أقل بنسبة 18 ٪ منه في أمريكا. ينقسم التنوع الوراثي في غرب أفريقيا إلى خمس مجموعات، حيث توجد بعض المجموعات في مناطق مناخية محددة للغاية، على سبيل المثال في ظل مناخ استوائي رطب، أو في ظل مناخ الساحل. لاحظنا أيضًا المجموعات الوراثية التي تحدث في مجموعة واسعة من المناخات. ارتبطت المجموعات الوراثية أيضًا بالتمايز المورفولوجي، بشكل أساسي شكل الأوراق ولون الجذع أو الجذر. يمكن استخدام هذا الهيكل الخاص للتنوع على طول التدرج المناخي مع الارتباط بالتغير الظاهري لاستراتيجيات الحفظ. إذا ثبت أن هذا الهيكل مرتبط بتكيف مناخي محدد، فسيسمح أيضًا بتطوير استراتيجيات لتكييف الزراعة مع التقلبات المناخية المستمرة في غرب إفريقيا.

Sites of geo-cultural interest are often included in areas where multicultural contexts (geo and non geo) are present. Cultural heritage dissemination is sometimes mono-contextual, paying little attention to the possibility of inclusion in a wider multicultural context. When these different contexts are linkable to each other following a specific theme, multicultural heritage dissemination will be possible, and often the geo context can represent a fulcrum, a resilient tool in doing that. A portion of the Sinni river’s catchment area (Basilicata region, Southern Italy) has been chosen to test and verify the multi-level/disciplinary approach applicability. The area is located on the southeastern edge of the Pliocene to Pleistocene Sant’Arcangelo basin in the Southern Apennines chain of Italy. Here, both basic observations on the physical geography landscape evolution and specialized observations on river dynamics and on the hydrographic network have been carried out. Educational routes will be proposed with different educational levels along a path that will include the San Giorgio Lucano hypogea. This paper represents the results of a qualitative study providing an overview of the possibility, in a multicultural context, about whether, when, and how the geo context may act as a link between the different disciplines and what is the best way to make it. A relational database, organized in contexts, areas, and themes, is planned at different levels of detail, and is currently being developed in order to make final products easily available. Each level will be provided with basic concepts, territorial contextualization, and of activities/itineraries. The goal is to provide a versatile tool that enhances the territorial multi-cultural heritage to reach a greater number of end users interested in both geo and non geo contexts.

Assessment of future water resources under climate change is required in the Himalayas, where hydrological cycle is poorly studied and little understood. This study focuses on the upper Dudh Koshi river of Nepal (151km(2), 4200-8848ma.s.l.) at the toe of Mt. Everest, nesting the debris covered Khumbu, and Khangri Nup glaciers (62km(2)). New data gathered during three years of field campaigns (2012-2014) were used to set up a glacio-hydrological model describing stream flows, snow and ice melt, ice cover thickness and glaciers' flow dynamics. The model was validated, and used to assess changes of the hydrological cycle until 2100. Climate projections are used from three Global Climate Models used in the recent IPCC AR5 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Flow statistics are estimated for two reference decades 2045-2054, and 2090-2099, and compared against control run CR, 2012-2014. During CR we found a contribution of ice melt to stream flows of 55% yearly, with snow melt contributing for 19%. Future flows are predicted to increase in monsoon season, but to decrease yearly (-4% vs CR on average) at 2045-2054. At the end of century large reduction would occur in all seasons, i.e. -26% vs CR on average at 2090-2099. At half century yearly contribution of ice melt would be on average 45%, and snow melt 28%. At the end of century ice melt would be 31%, and snow contribution 39%. Glaciers in the area are projected to thin largely up to 6500ma.s.l. until 2100, reducing their volume by -50% or more, and their ice covered area by -30% or more. According to our results, in the future water resources in the upper Dudh Koshi would decrease, and depend largely upon snow melt and rainfall, so that adaptation measures to modified water availability will be required.

AbstractProcess‐based models are useful for assessing the impact of changing management practices and climate on yields and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural systems such as grasslands. They can be used to construct national GHG inventories using a Tier 3 approach. However, accurate simulations of nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes remain challenging. Models are limited by our understanding of soil‐plant‐microbe interactions and the impact of uncertainty in measured input parameters on simulated outputs. To improve model performance, thorough evaluations against in situ measurements are needed. Experimental data of N2O emissions under two management practices (control with typical fertilization versus increased clover and no fertilization) were acquired in a Swiss field experiment. We conducted a multimodel evaluation with three commonly used biogeochemical models (DayCent in two variants, PaSim, APSIM in two variants) comparing four years of data. DayCent was the most accurate model for simulating N2O fluxes on annual timescales, while APSIM was most accurate for daily N2O fluxes. The multimodel ensemble average reduced the error in estimated annual fluxes by 41% compared to an estimate using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)‐derived method for the Swiss agricultural GHG inventory (IPCC‐Swiss), but individual models were not systematically more accurate than IPCC‐Swiss. The model ensemble overestimated the N2O mitigation effect of the clover‐based treatment (measured: 39–45%; ensemble: 52–57%) but was more accurate than IPCC‐Swiss (IPCC‐Swiss: 72–81%). These results suggest that multimodel ensembles are valuable for estimating the impact of climate and management on N2O emissions.

Although modern medicine is available in many developing countries, such as the Comoros Islands, the primary health-care needs of the local population are based on traditional foods and beverages derived from natural resources and medicinal plants for cultural and historical reasons. Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn. (‘Mfandrabo’), Cinnamomum verum J.Presl (‘Mani yamdrara’), Ocimum gratissimum L. (‘Roulé’), Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. (‘Ynadombwe’), Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle (‘Sandze monach’) and Ocimum americanum L. (‘Kandza’) are six wild plants that are largely utilised to treat many diseases. The leaves of these plants are used in the traditional Comorian tea (aqueous infusion). This study aimed to identify and quantify the main health-promoting compounds in the traditional formulation of Comorian tea by HPLC profiling together with a preliminary assessment of antioxidant capacity to confirm the traditional use of these plants by the local population. The single plants were also studied. The Comoros tea presented a total polyphenolic content (TPC) of 4511.50 ± 74.41 mgGAE/100 g DW, a value higher than the TPCs of the different plants included in the Comorian tea. Moreover, the Comorian tea showed an antioxidant capacity (AOC) of 578.65 ± 6.48 mmol Fe2+/Kg DW, a value higher if compared to all the AOC values obtained in the single plants. The polyphenolic fraction (771.37 ± 35.76 mg/100 g DW) and organic acids (981.40 ± 38.38 mg/100 g DW) were the most important phytochemical classes in the Comorian tea (40.68% and 51.75% of the total phytocomplex, respectively), followed by the monoterpenes (5.88%) and vitamin C (1.67%), while carotenoids were detected in trace (0.02%). The Comorian tea could be important in meeting the high demand in the Comoros Islands and other developing countries for cost-effective and natural health-promoting foods and/or beverages to be produced by agri-food industries and used by the local population. This study may promote traditional foods in rural communities in the Comoros Islands and contribute to sustainable rural development and a commercial valorisation of these plants for health-promoting and food applications.