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  • Energy Research
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Yahia Baashar;
    Yahia Baashar
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Yahia Baashar in OpenAIRE
    orcid Gamal Alkawsi;
    Gamal Alkawsi
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Gamal Alkawsi in OpenAIRE
    orcid Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani;
    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani in OpenAIRE
    Wahidah Hashim; +2 Authors

    Energy management and exchange have increasingly shifted from concentrated to hierarchical modes. Numerous issues have arisen in the decentralized energy sector, including the storage of customer data and the need to ensure data integrity, fairness, and accountability in the transaction phase. The problem is that in the field of the innovative technology of blockchain and its applications, with the energy sector still in the developmental stages, there is still a need for more research to understand the full capacity of the technology in the field. The main aim of this work was to investigate the state of the current research of blockchain technologies as well as their application within the field of energy. This work also set out to identify certain research gaps and provide a set of recommendations for future directions. Among these research gaps is the application of blockchain in decentralized storage, the integration of blockchain with artificial intelligence, and security and privacy concerns, which have not received much attention despite their importance. An analysis of fifty-seven carefully reviewed studies revealed that the emerging blockchain which provides privacy-protection technologies in cryptography and other areas that can be integrated to address users’ privacy concerns is another aspect that needs further investigation. Grid operations, economies, and customers will all learn from blockchain technology as it provides disintermediation, confidentiality, and tamper-proof transfers. Moreover, it provides innovative ways for customers and small solar generators to participate more actively in the electricity sector and to benefit from their properties. Blockchains are a rapidly evolving field of research and growth. A study of this emerging technology is necessary to increase comprehension, to educate the body of expertise on blockchains, and to realize its potential. This study recommends that future work investigates the potential application of blockchain in the energy sector as well as the challenges that face its implementation from the perspective of policy makers. This future approach will enable researchers to direct their focus to the case studies approach, which will facilitate and ease the application of blockchain technology.

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    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Ali Q. Al-Shetwi;
    Ali Q. Al-Shetwi
    ORCID
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    Ali Q. Al-Shetwi in OpenAIRE
    orcid M. A. Hannan;
    M. A. Hannan
    ORCID
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    M. A. Hannan in OpenAIRE
    orcid Majid A. Abdullah;
    Majid A. Abdullah
    ORCID
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    Majid A. Abdullah in OpenAIRE
    orcid M. S. A. Rahman;
    M. S. A. Rahman
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    M. S. A. Rahman in OpenAIRE
    +4 Authors

    Une grave crise énergétique sévit au Yémen depuis des décennies et la plupart de la population n'a pas accès à l'électricité. Cela a nui à la croissance économique, sociale et industrielle du pays. Le Yémen produit de l'électricité principalement à partir de combustibles fossiles, bien qu'il ait un fort potentiel d'énergie renouvelable. Malheureusement, la situation a récemment été aggravée par la guerre continue du pays, qui se poursuit depuis le début de 2015. Elle a eu un impact négatif sur les infrastructures énergétiques du pays, entraînant des pannes de courant. Par conséquent, ce document vise à fournir une perspective actualisée sur la crise énergétique actuelle du Yémen et expliquer ses problèmes clés et ses solutions potentielles.En outre, il examine le potentiel, le développement et l'état actuel des sources d'énergie renouvelables, telles que le solaire, l'éolien, la géothermie et la biomasse.En se basant sur les résultats, le Yémen est l'un des pays les plus riches du monde en termes de lumière solaire et de vitesse du vent, et ces deux ressources sont abondantes dans toutes les régions du pays.En outre, ce document met en lumière la révolution de l'énergie solaire qui a surgi depuis le début de la guerre en raison de la panne complète de l'électricité nationale.En quelques années, l'énergie solaire au Yémen a augmenté sa capacité de 50 fois et est récemment devenue la principale source d'électricité pour la plupart des Yéménites. En outre, le document traite des difficultés et des défis auxquels est confrontée la mise en œuvre de projets d'investissement dans les énergies renouvelables. De nombreuses recommandations pour des améliorations potentielles dans l'utilisation généralisée des énergies renouvelables au Yémen sont également fournies dans ce document. Toutes les idées présentées dans ce document visent à accroître les efforts visant à accroître la production d'énergie renouvelable au Yémen, résolvant ainsi les problèmes de pauvreté énergétique et réduisant les effets environnementaux. L'analyse présentée peut être utilisée comme référence scientifique pour les chercheurs et les entreprises industrielles à la recherche de solutions appropriées pour faire progresser les énergies renouvelables au Yémen. Una grave crisis energética ha asolado Yemen durante décadas, y la mayoría de la población carece de acceso a la electricidad. Esto ha perjudicado el crecimiento económico, social e industrial del país. Yemen genera electricidad principalmente a partir de combustibles fósiles, a pesar de tener un alto potencial de energía renovable. Desafortunadamente, la situación se ha agravado recientemente por la continua guerra del país, que ha estado en curso desde principios de 2015. Ha impactado negativamente en la infraestructura energética del país, lo que ha provocado cortes de energía. Por lo tanto, este documento tiene como objetivo proporcionar una perspectiva actualizada sobre la crisis energética actual de Yemen y explicar sus problemas clave y posibles soluciones. Además, examina el potencial, el desarrollo y el estado actual de las fuentes de energía renovables, como la solar, la eólica, la geotérmica y la biomasa. Sobre la base de los hallazgos, Yemen es uno de los países más ricos del mundo en términos de luz solar y velocidad del viento, y estos dos recursos son abundantes en todas las regiones del país. Además, este documento arroja luz sobre la revolución de la energía solar que ha surgido desde que comenzó la guerra debido a la interrupción completa de la electricidad nacional. hace unos años, la energía solar en Yemen ha aumentado su capacidad en 50 veces y recientemente se ha convertido en la principal fuente de electricidad para la mayoría de los yemeníes. Además, el documento analiza las dificultades y desafíos que enfrenta la implementación de proyectos de inversión en energía renovable. En este documento también se proporcionan numerosas recomendaciones para posibles mejoras en el uso generalizado de energía renovable en Yemen. Se espera que todas las ideas presentadas en este documento aumenten los esfuerzos para aumentar la producción de energía renovable en Yemen, resolviendo así los problemas de la pobreza energética y reduciendo los efectos ambientales. El análisis presentado puede utilizarse como referencia científica para investigadores y empresas industriales que buscan soluciones adecuadas para avanzar en la energía renovable de Yemen. A severe energy crisis has plagued Yemen for decades, and most of the population lack access to electricity.This has harmed the country's economic, social, and industrial growth.Yemen generates electricity mainly from fossil fuels, despite having a high potential for renewable energy.Unfortunately, the situation has recently been compounded by the country's continuing war, which has been ongoing since early 2015.It has impacted the country's energy infrastructure negatively, resulting in power outages.Therefore, this paper aims to provide an updated perspective on Yemen's current energy crisis and explain its key issues and potential solutions.Besides, it examines the potential, development, and current state of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass.Based on the findings, Yemen is one of the world's wealthiest countries in terms of sunlight and wind speed, and these two resources are abundant in all regions of the country.In addition, this paper sheds light on the solar energy revolution that has arisen since the war started due to the complete outage of the national electricity.Within a few years, solar energy in Yemen has increased its capacity by 50 times and has recently become the primary source of electricity for most Yemenis.Furthermore, the paper discusses the difficulties and challenges that face the implementation of renewable energy investment projects.Numerous recommendations for potential improvements in Yemen's widespread use of renewable energy are also provided in this paper.All of the ideas presented in this paper are hoped to increase the efforts to grow renewable energy production in Yemen, thereby solving the issues of energy poverty and reducing environmental effects.The presented analysis can be used as a scientific reference for researchers and industrial companies looking for suitable solutions to advance Yemen's renewable energy. ابتليت اليمن بأزمة طاقة حادة منذ عقود، ويفتقر معظم السكان إلى الكهرباء. وقد أضر ذلك بالنمو الاقتصادي والاجتماعي والصناعي للبلاد. وتولد اليمن الكهرباء بشكل رئيسي من الوقود الأحفوري، على الرغم من وجود إمكانات عالية للطاقة المتجددة. لسوء الحظ، تفاقمت الحالة مؤخرًا بسبب الحرب المستمرة في البلاد، والتي استمرت منذ أوائل عام 2015. وقد أثرت سلبًا على البنية التحتية للطاقة في البلاد، مما أدى إلى انقطاع التيار الكهربائي. لذلك، تهدف هذه الورقة إلى توفير منظور محدث حول أزمة الطاقة الحالية في اليمن وشرح قضاياها الرئيسية وحلولها المحتملة. إلى جانب ذلك، تبحث في إمكانات مصادر الطاقة المتجددة وتطورها وحالتها الحالية، مثل الطاقة الشمسية وطاقة الرياح والطاقة الحرارية الأرضية والكتلة الحيوية. بناءً على النتائج، تعد اليمن واحدة من أغنى دول العالم من حيث ضوء الشمس وسرعة الرياح، وهذان الموردان وفيران في جميع مناطق البلاد. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تسلط هذه الورقة الضوء على ثورة الطاقة الشمسية التي نشأت منذ بدء الحرب بسبب الانقطاع الكامل للكهرباء الوطنية. بعد بضع سنوات، زادت الطاقة الشمسية في اليمن من قدرتها بمقدار 50 ضعفًا وأصبحت مؤخرًا المصدر الرئيسي للكهرباء لمعظم اليمنيين. علاوة على ذلك، تناقش الورقة الصعوبات والتحديات التي تواجه تنفيذ مشاريع الاستثمار في الطاقة المتجددة .كما تقدم هذه الورقة العديد من التوصيات للتحسينات المحتملة في استخدام اليمن للطاقة المتجددة على نطاق واسع. ومن المأمول أن تزيد جميع الأفكار المقدمة في هذه الورقة من الجهود المبذولة لتنمية إنتاج الطاقة المتجددة في اليمن، وبالتالي حل قضايا فقر الطاقة والحد من الآثار البيئية. يمكن استخدام التحليل المقدم كمرجع علمي للباحثين والشركات الصناعية التي تبحث عن حلول مناسبة للنهوض بالطاقة المتجددة في اليمن.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
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    Authors: orcid Fuad Noman;
    Fuad Noman
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    Fuad Noman in OpenAIRE
    orcid Gamal Alkawsi;
    Gamal Alkawsi
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    Gamal Alkawsi in OpenAIRE
    Dallatu Abbas; orcid Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani;
    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani
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    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    Au cours des dernières années, l'énergie éolienne a attiré une attention considérable dans divers pays en raison de la forte demande énergétique et de la pénurie de sources d'énergie électrique traditionnelles. Parce que l'énergie éolienne constitue une source rentable et respectueuse de l'environnement, elle peut contribuer de manière significative à la réduction des émissions de carbone toujours croissantes. C'est l'une des technologies vertes à la croissance la plus rapide au monde, avec une part de production totale de 564 GW à la fin de 2018. En Malaisie, l'énergie éolienne a été un sujet brûlant dans les universités et l'industrie de l'énergie verte. Dans ce document, l'état actuel de la recherche sur l'énergie éolienne en Malaisie est examiné. Différents facteurs contributifs tels que la potentialité et les évaluations, la modélisation de la vitesse et de la direction du vent, la prévision du vent et la cartographie spatiale, et le dimensionnement optimal des parcs éoliens sont largement discutés. Ce document traite des progrès de toutes les études liées à l'énergie éolienne et présente des conclusions et des recommandations pour améliorer la recherche sur l'énergie éolienne en Malaisie. En los últimos años, la energía eólica ha ganado una gran atención en los últimos años en varios países debido a la alta demanda de energía y la escasez de fuentes de energía eléctrica tradicionales. Debido a que la energía eólica constituye una fuente rentable y respetuosa con el medio ambiente, puede contribuir significativamente a la reducción de las emisiones de carbono cada vez mayores. Es una de las tecnologías verdes de más rápido crecimiento en todo el mundo, con una participación total de generación de 564 GW a finales de 2018. En Malasia, la energía eólica ha sido un tema candente tanto en el mundo académico como en la industria de la energía verde. En este documento, se revisa el estado actual de la investigación en energía eólica en Malasia. Se discuten ampliamente diferentes factores contribuyentes, como la potencialidad y las evaluaciones, el modelado de la velocidad y la dirección del viento, la predicción del viento y el mapeo espacial, y el tamaño óptimo de los parques eólicos. Este documento discute el progreso de todos los estudios relacionados con la energía eólica y presenta conclusiones y recomendaciones para mejorar la investigación en energía eólica en Malasia. In recent years, wind energy has gained extensive attention in the recent years in various countries due to the high energy demand of energy and shortage of traditional electric energy sources.Because wind energy constitutes a cost effective and environmentally friendly source, it can significantly contribute toward the reduction of the ever-increasing carbon emissions.It is one of the fastest growing green technologies worldwide, with a total generation share of 564 GW as of the end of 2018.In Malaysia, wind energy has been a hot topic in both academia and green energy industry.In this paper, the current status of wind energy research in Malaysia is reviewed.Different contributing factors such as potentiality and assessments, wind speed and direction modeling, wind prediction and spatial mapping, and optimal sizing of wind farms are extensively discussed.This paper discusses the progress of all studies related to wind energy and presents conclusions and recommendations for improving wind energy research in Malaysia. في السنوات الأخيرة، اكتسبت طاقة الرياح اهتمامًا واسعًا في السنوات الأخيرة في مختلف البلدان بسبب ارتفاع الطلب على الطاقة ونقص مصادر الطاقة الكهربائية التقليدية. نظرًا لأن طاقة الرياح تشكل مصدرًا فعالًا من حيث التكلفة وصديقًا للبيئة، فإنها يمكن أن تساهم بشكل كبير في الحد من انبعاثات الكربون المتزايدة باستمرار. إنها واحدة من أسرع التقنيات الخضراء نموًا في جميع أنحاء العالم، حيث بلغ إجمالي حصة التوليد 564 جيجاوات اعتبارًا من نهاية عام 2018. في ماليزيا، كانت طاقة الرياح موضوعًا ساخنًا في كل من الأوساط الأكاديمية وصناعة الطاقة الخضراء. في هذه الورقة، تمت مراجعة الوضع الحالي لأبحاث طاقة الرياح في ماليزيا. تتم مناقشة عوامل مساهمة مختلفة مثل الإمكانات والتقييمات والتقييمات، ونمذجة سرعة الرياح واتجاهها، والتنبؤ بالرياح ورسم الخرائط المكانية، والتحجيم الأمثل لمزارع الرياح على نطاق واسع. تناقش هذه الورقة تقدم جميع الدراسات المتعلقة بطاقة الرياح وتقدم استنتاجات وتوصيات لتحسين أبحاث طاقة الرياح في ماليزيا.

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    Authors: orcid Fuad Noman;
    Fuad Noman
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    Fuad Noman in OpenAIRE
    orcid Gamal Alkawsi;
    Gamal Alkawsi
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    Gamal Alkawsi in OpenAIRE
    orcid Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani;
    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani
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    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani in OpenAIRE
    orcid Ali Q. Al-Shetwi;
    Ali Q. Al-Shetwi
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    Ali Q. Al-Shetwi in OpenAIRE
    +4 Authors

    La prévision précise de la vitesse du vent est un facteur clé dans de nombreuses applications énergétiques, en particulier lorsque l'énergie éolienne est intégrée aux réseaux électriques. Cependant, en raison de la nature intermittente et non stationnaire de la vitesse du vent, il est difficile de la modéliser et de la prédire. En outre, l'utilisation de variables multivariées non corrélées en tant que variables d'entrée exogènes a souvent un impact négatif sur la performance des modèles de prédiction. Dans cet article, nous présentons une prédiction de la vitesse du vent à court terme en plusieurs étapes à l'aide de variables d'entrée exogènes multivariées. Nous mettons en œuvre différentes méthodes de sélection de variables pour sélectionner le meilleur ensemble de variables qui améliorent considérablement les performances des modèles de prédiction. Nous évaluons la performance de huit méthodes d'apprentissage par transfert, de quatre réseaux de neurones peu profonds (NN) et de la méthode de persistance sur la prédiction des valeurs futures de la vitesse du vent à l'aide d'horizons temporels à court terme, à court terme et à plusieurs étapes. Nous avons effectué l'évaluation sur des données de vitesse du vent échantillonnées sur deux ans, moyennées à des intervalles de 10 minutes. Les résultats montrent que le modèle non linéaire auto-régressif exogène (NARX) a surpassé toutes les autres méthodes, atteignant une erreur absolue moyenne (MAE) et une erreur quadratique moyenne (RMSE) de 0,2205 et 0,3405 pour les prédictions en plusieurs étapes, respectivement. Malgré la faible performance des méthodes d'apprentissage par transfert (c'est-à-dire 0,43 et 0,58 pour MAE et RMSE, respectivement), on pense que les résultats pourraient être encore améliorés avec une meilleure amélioration de la sélection des caractéristiques et des paramètres du modèle. La predicción precisa de la velocidad del viento es un factor clave en muchas aplicaciones energéticas, especialmente cuando la energía eólica se integra con las redes eléctricas. Sin embargo, debido a la naturaleza intermitente y no estacionaria de la velocidad del viento, modelar y predecir es un desafío. Además, el uso de variables multivariadas no correlacionadas como variables de entrada exógenas a menudo afecta negativamente el rendimiento de los modelos de predicción. En este artículo, presentamos una predicción de la velocidad del viento a corto plazo de varios pasos utilizando variables de entrada exógenas multivariadas. Implementamos diferentes métodos de selección de variables para seleccionar el mejor conjunto de variables que mejoren significativamente el rendimiento de los modelos de predicción. Evaluamos el rendimiento de ocho métodos de aprendizaje por transferencia, cuatro redes neuronales poco profundas (NN) y el método de persistencia para predecir los valores futuros de la velocidad del viento utilizando horizontes temporales de ultracorto plazo, de corto plazo y de varios pasos. Realizamos la evaluación sobre datos de velocidad del viento de alta muestra de dos años promediados a intervalos de 10 minutos. Los resultados muestran que el modelo exógeno autorregresivo no lineal (NARX) superó a todos los demás métodos, logrando un error absoluto medio medio (MAE) y un error cuadrático medio (RMSE) de 0.2205 y 0.3405 para predicciones de varios pasos, respectivamente. A pesar del menor rendimiento de los métodos de aprendizaje por transferencia (es decir, 0,43 y 0,58 para MAE y RMSE, respectivamente), se cree que los resultados podrían mejorarse aún más con una mejor mejora de la selección de características y los parámetros del modelo. Precise wind speed prediction is a key factor in many energy applications, especially when wind energy is integrated with power grids. However, because of the intermittent and nonstationary nature of wind speed, modeling and predicting it is a challenge. In addition, using uncorrelated multivariate variables as exogenous input variables often adversely impacts the performance of prediction models. In this paper, we present a multistep short-term wind speed prediction using multivariate exogenous input variables. We implement different variable selection methods to select the best set of variables that significantly improve the performance of prediction models. We evaluate the performance of eight transfer learning methods, four shallow neural networks (NNs), and the persistence method on predicting the future values of wind speed using ultrashort-term, short-term, and multistep time horizons. We performed the evaluation over two-year high-sampled wind speed data averaged at 10-minute intervals. Results show that Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Exogenous (NARX) model outperformed all other methods, achieving an average mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.2205 and 0.3405 for multistep predictions, respectively. Despite the lower performance of the transfer learning methods (i.e., 0.43 and 0.58 for MAE and RMSE, respectively), it is believed that results could be further improved with a better enhancement of the feature selection and model parameters. يعد التنبؤ الدقيق بسرعة الرياح عاملاً رئيسياً في العديد من تطبيقات الطاقة، خاصة عندما يتم دمج طاقة الرياح مع شبكات الطاقة. ومع ذلك، نظرًا للطبيعة المتقطعة وغير الثابتة لسرعة الرياح، فإن النمذجة والتنبؤ بها يمثلان تحديًا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن استخدام المتغيرات متعددة المتغيرات غير المترابطة كمتغيرات مدخلات خارجية غالبًا ما يؤثر سلبًا على أداء نماذج التنبؤ. في هذه الورقة، نقدم تنبؤًا متعدد الخطوات لسرعة الرياح على المدى القصير باستخدام متغيرات المدخلات الخارجية متعددة المتغيرات. ننفذ طرق اختيار متغيرات مختلفة لاختيار أفضل مجموعة من المتغيرات التي تحسن بشكل كبير أداء نماذج التنبؤ. نقوم بتقييم أداء ثماني طرق لتعلم النقل، وأربع شبكات عصبية ضحلة (NNs)، وطريقة المثابرة على التنبؤ بالقيم المستقبلية لسرعة الرياح باستخدام آفاق زمنية قصيرة الأجل وقصيرة الأجل ومتعددة الخطوات. أجرينا التقييم على مدى عامين من بيانات سرعة الرياح ذات العينات العالية بمتوسط 10 دقائق. تظهر النتائج أن نموذج التكرار التلقائي غير الخطي (NARX) تفوق على جميع الطرق الأخرى، حيث حقق متوسط متوسط الخطأ المطلق (MAE) وخطأ الجذر التربيعي (RMSE) 0.2205 و 0.3405 للتنبؤات متعددة الخطوات، على التوالي. على الرغم من الأداء المنخفض لأساليب تعلم النقل (أي 0.43 و 0.58 لـ MAE و RMSE، على التوالي)، يُعتقد أنه يمكن تحسين النتائج بشكل أكبر من خلال تحسين اختيار الميزات ومعلمات النموذج.

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    Alexandria Engineering Journal
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    Authors: Misbah Abdelrahim; orcid Gamal Alkawsi;
    Gamal Alkawsi
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    Gamal Alkawsi in OpenAIRE
    orcid Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani;
    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani
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    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani in OpenAIRE
    Ali M. W. Alhasan; +4 Authors

    Renewable energy sources have become necessary for long-term energy sustainability due to the increased demand for electric cars and worrisome rises in carbon dioxide emissions from traditional energy sources. Furthermore, transportation is one of the sectors that uses the most energy on the planet, accounting for 24% of overall consumption. Fossil fuels are still the dominant energy source for balancing global demand/supply dynamics. Supporting laws and regulations have enhanced the first phase of environmentally friendly energy-resource consumption. This has spurred the development of new solutions that cut greenhouse-gas emissions and reduce the air pollution produced by internal combustion engines that are fuelled by fossil fuels. Wind energy is one of the clean energy sources that may be utilised for this purpose. Wind energy has been used to power electric-car-charging infrastructure, generally in a hybrid mode with another renewable source. This research examines the possibility of using wind energy as a standalone energy source to support electric-vehicle-charging infrastructure. Using data from Malacca, Malaysia, and HOMER software, the project will build and optimise a standalone wind-powered charging station. An RC-5K-A wind turbine coupled to a battery and converter is the appropriate choice for the system. The findings demonstrate that the turbine can produce 214,272 kWh per year at the cost of USD 0.081/kWh, confirming wind’s future feasibility as an energy-infrastructure support source.

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    Energies
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    Authors: orcid Saad T. Y. Alfalahi;
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    orcid Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani;
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    orcid Ali Q. Al-Shetwi;
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    Ali Q. Al-Shetwi in OpenAIRE
    Ali Saadon Al-Ogaili; +3 Authors

    Dans le système de distribution d'énergie électrique, les technologies de l'électronique de puissance associées aux systèmes d'énergie renouvelable (SER) et aux réseaux intelligents ont suscité un intérêt croissant. Les dispositifs électroniques de puissance sont utilisés pour convertir, contrôler ou transférer l'énergie électrique des sources d'énergie renouvelables aux réseaux électriques. Cependant, l'augmentation continue des fréquences de commutation résultant de ces technologies d'électronique de puissance a conduit à l'émergence de nouvelles émissions dans la gamme de 2 à 150 kHz, en dehors de la gamme de fréquences classique pour la qualité de l'alimentation. Ces émissions sont connues dans le monde entier sous le nom de supraharmoniques (SH). Ces émissions affectent négativement la qualité de l'énergie des systèmes de distribution électrique et réduisent leur efficacité et leur durée de vie. Ainsi, les émissions supraharmoniques ont été étudiées dans la littérature, et plusieurs méthodes ont été développées en se concentrant sur l'identification, la mesure et l'établissement de nouvelles normes pour atténuer l'impact de ces émissions sur la qualité de l'énergie. Bien que ces études individuelles aient été bien documentées, un aperçu comparatif de ses identifications, des normes actuelles et des techniques de mesure n'avait pas été décrit jusqu'à présent. Par conséquent, cette étude passe en revue de manière approfondie les techniques et les normes connexes pour identifier, mesurer et atténuer les émissions de SH. De plus, le déficit de recherche actuel dans ce domaine important est mis en évidence, et une illustration de la façon dont ce problème a été abordé au cours des dernières années est présentée. En outre, les caractéristiques SH ainsi que les informations sur les mesures d'atténuation et les mesures sont mises en évidence et analysées en conséquence. Enfin, certaines recommandations importantes pour atténuer les émissions de SH sont suggérées. Cet examen renforcera, espérons-le, les efforts visant à développer le domaine SH en fournissant les bases nécessaires à d'autres mesures d'atténuation, normes et améliorations des techniques de mesure. En el sistema de distribución de energía eléctrica, las tecnologías de electrónica de potencia asociadas con los sistemas de energía renovable (RES) y las redes inteligentes han ganado un interés creciente. Los dispositivos electrónicos de potencia se utilizan para convertir, controlar o transferir energía eléctrica de RES a las redes eléctricas. Sin embargo, el aumento continuo de las frecuencias de conmutación como resultado de estas tecnologías de electrónica de potencia ha llevado a la aparición de nuevas emisiones en el rango de 2-150 kHz, fuera del rango de frecuencia clásico para la calidad de la energía. Estas emisiones se conocen en todo el mundo como supraarmónicos (SH). Estas emisiones afectan negativamente a la calidad de la energía de los sistemas de distribución eléctrica y reducen su eficiencia y vida útil. Por lo tanto, las emisiones supraarmónicas se han investigado en la literatura, y se desarrollaron varios métodos centrados en identificar, medir y establecer nuevos estándares para mitigar el impacto de estas emisiones en la calidad de la energía. Aunque estos estudios individuales han sido bien documentados, hasta ahora no se había descrito una descripción comparativa de sus identificaciones, estándares actuales y técnicas de medición. Por lo tanto, este estudio revisa exhaustivamente las técnicas y estándares relacionados para identificar, medir y mitigar las emisiones de SH. Además, se destaca la brecha de investigación actual en este importante campo y se presenta una ilustración sobre cómo se abordó este problema en los últimos años. Además, las características de SH junto con los conocimientos sobre las mitigaciones y las mediciones se destacan y analizan en consecuencia. Por último, se sugieren algunas recomendaciones importantes para mitigar las emisiones de SH. Se espera que esta revisión fortalezca los esfuerzos hacia el desarrollo del dominio SH al proporcionar la base necesaria para futuras mitigaciones, estándares y mejoras en las técnicas de medición. In the electric power distribution system, power electronics technologies associated with renewable energy systems (RES) and smart grids have gained growing interest. The power electronics devices are used to convert, control, or transfer electric power from RES to the power grids. However, the continuous increase in switching frequencies resulting from these power electronics technologies has led to the emergence of new emissions in the range of 2-150 kHz, outside the classical frequency range for power quality. These emissions are known worldwide as supraharmonics (SH). These emissions negatively affect the power quality of electrical distribution systems and reduce their efficiency and lifetime. Thus, the supraharmonics emissions have been investigated in the literature, and several methods were developed focusing on identifying, measuring, and setting new standards to mitigate the impact of these emissions on the power quality. Although these individual studies have been well documented, a comparative overview of its identifications, current standards, and measurement techniques had not been described so far. Therefore, this study extensively reviews the related techniques and standards for identifying, measuring, and mitigating SH emissions. Moreover, the current research gap in this important field is highlighted, and an illustration on how this problem was tackled in the past few years is presented. Additionally, the SH characteristics alongside insights into the mitigations and measurements are highlighted and analyzed accordingly. Finally, some important recommendations to mitigate SH emissions are suggested. This review will hopefully strengthen the efforts toward the development of SH domain by providing the necessary groundwork for further mitigations, standards, and measuring techniques improvement. في نظام توزيع الطاقة الكهربائية، اكتسبت تقنيات إلكترونيات الطاقة المرتبطة بأنظمة الطاقة المتجددة (RES) والشبكات الذكية اهتمامًا متزايدًا. تُستخدم أجهزة إلكترونيات الطاقة لتحويل الطاقة الكهربائية أو التحكم فيها أو نقلها من RES إلى شبكات الطاقة. ومع ذلك، فإن الزيادة المستمرة في ترددات التبديل الناتجة عن تقنيات إلكترونيات الطاقة هذه أدت إلى ظهور انبعاثات جديدة في نطاق 2-150 كيلو هرتز، خارج نطاق التردد الكلاسيكي لجودة الطاقة. تُعرف هذه الانبعاثات في جميع أنحاء العالم باسم التوافقيات الفائقة (SH). تؤثر هذه الانبعاثات سلبًا على جودة طاقة أنظمة التوزيع الكهربائية وتقلل من كفاءتها وعمرها. وهكذا، تم التحقيق في انبعاثات التوافقيات الفائقة في الأدبيات، وتم تطوير العديد من الطرق التي تركز على تحديد وقياس ووضع معايير جديدة للتخفيف من تأثير هذه الانبعاثات على جودة الطاقة. على الرغم من أن هذه الدراسات الفردية قد تم توثيقها جيدًا، إلا أنه لم يتم وصف نظرة عامة مقارنة لتعريفاتها ومعاييرها الحالية وتقنيات القياس حتى الآن. لذلك، تستعرض هذه الدراسة على نطاق واسع التقنيات والمعايير ذات الصلة لتحديد وقياس وتخفيف انبعاثات SH. علاوة على ذلك، يتم تسليط الضوء على الفجوة البحثية الحالية في هذا المجال المهم، ويتم تقديم توضيح حول كيفية معالجة هذه المشكلة في السنوات القليلة الماضية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم تسليط الضوء على خصائص SH جنبًا إلى جنب مع رؤى حول التخفيف والقياسات وتحليلها وفقًا لذلك. أخيرًا، تم اقتراح بعض التوصيات المهمة للتخفيف من انبعاثات SH. نأمل أن تعزز هذه المراجعة الجهود المبذولة نحو تطوير مجال SH من خلال توفير الأساس اللازم لمزيد من التخفيف والمعايير وتحسين تقنيات القياس.

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    Authors: orcid Abdulwahab A. Q. Hasan;
    Abdulwahab A. Q. Hasan
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    Abdulwahab A. Q. Hasan in OpenAIRE
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    The reliability of photovoltaic (PV) modules operating under various weather conditions attracts the manufacturer’s concern since several studies reveal a degradation rate higher than 0.8% per year for the silicon-based technology and reached up to 2.76% per year in a harsh climate. The lifetime of the PV modules is decreased because of numerous degradation modes. Electromigration and delamination are two failure modes that play a significant role in PV modules’ output power losses. The correlations of these two phenomena are not sufficiently explained and understood like other failures such as corrosion and potential-induced degradation. Therefore, in this review, we attempt to elaborate on the correlation and the influence of delamination and electromigration on PV module components such as metallization and organic materials to ensure the reliability of the PV modules. Moreover, the effects, causes, and the sites that tend to face these failures, particularly the silicon solar cells, are explained in detail. Elsewhere, the factors of aging vary as the temperature and humidity change from one country to another. Hence, accelerated tests and the standards used to perform the aging test for PV modules have been covered in this review.

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    Authors: Dallatu Abbas Umar; orcid Chong Tak Yaw;
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    Sieh Kiong Tiong in OpenAIRE
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    Wind turbine blades perform the most important function in the wind energy conversion process. It plays the most vital role of absorbing the kinetic energy of the wind, and converting it to mechanical energy before it is transformed into electrical energy by generators. In this work, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 4412 and SG6043 airfoils were selected to design a small horizontal axis variable speed wind turbine blade for harvesting efficient energy from low wind speed areas. Due to the low wind profile of the targeted area, a blade of one-meter radius was considered in this study. To attain the set objectives of fast starting time and generate more torque and power at low wind speeds, optimization was carryout by varying Reynolds numbers (Re) on tip speed ratios (TSR) values of 4, 5, and 6. The blade element momentum (BEM) method was developed in MATLAB programming code to iteratively find the best twist and chord distributions along the one-meter blade length for each Re and tip speed ratio (TSR) value. To further enhance the blade performance, the twist and chord distributions were transferred to Q-blade software, where simulations of the power coefficients (Cp) were performed and further optimized by varying the angles of attack. The highest power coefficients values of 0.42, 0.43, and 0.44 were recorded with NACA 4412 rotor blades, and 0.43, 0.44, and 0.45 with SG6043 rotor blades. At the Re of 3.0 × 105, the blades were able to harvest maximum power of 144.73 watts (W), 159.69 W, and 201.04 W with the NACA 4412 and 213.15 W, 226.44 W, 245.09 W with the SG6043 at the TSR of 4, 5, and 6 respectively. The lowest cut-in speed of 1.80 m/s and 1.70 m/s were achieved with NACA 4412 and SG6043 airfoils at TSR 4. At a low wind speed of 4 m/s, the blades were able to harness an efficient power of 79.3. W and 80.10 W with both rotor blades at the TSR 4 and 6 accordingly.

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    Energies
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    Energies
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      Energies
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    Authors: orcid Gamal Alkawsi;
    Gamal Alkawsi
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    Gamal Alkawsi in OpenAIRE
    orcid Yahia Baashar;
    Yahia Baashar
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    Yahia Baashar in OpenAIRE
    orcid Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani;
    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani
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    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani in OpenAIRE
    orcid Chin Wai Lim;
    Chin Wai Lim
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    Chin Wai Lim in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    This study provides a techno-financial evaluation of two sites in Malaysia: Kudat, located on the coast of the northernmost part of Sabah, the state of East Malaysia with promising wind potential, and Putrajaya in the Klang Valley region with moderate wind potential at high elevations similar to the dominant cities in Malaysia. Three small-scale wind turbines were evaluated, taking into account a nominal electrical power generation below 100 kW. The research is focused on 220 residential households. The software used to perform the evaluation was Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER). The research novelty is the examination of the non-hybrid small-scale turbines at high elevations for regions with low wind speed, such as Malaysia. Regardless of the wind farms’ financial profit, this study used the net present cost (NPC) analysis in all cases. This research demonstrates the feasibility of small-scale wind turbines mounted at high elevations for generating sufficient energy. The results indicate that in both areas, the RX-20KH3 model is the best option, and the costs of the FH-5000 and RX-20KH3 farms are proportionate for a renewable project. Furthermore, with government support, the WES80 farm could be suitable.

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    Energies
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
    Article . 2021
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      Energies
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    Authors: orcid Fuad Noman;
    Fuad Noman
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    Fuad Noman in OpenAIRE
    orcid Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani;
    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani
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    Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani in OpenAIRE
    orcid Vassilios Agelidis;
    Vassilios Agelidis
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    Vassilios Agelidis in OpenAIRE
    orcid Kiong Sieh Tiong;
    Kiong Sieh Tiong
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    Kiong Sieh Tiong in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    The integration of large-scale wind farms and large-scale charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) into electricity grids necessitates energy storage support for both technologies. Matching the variability of the energy generation of wind farms with the demand variability of the EVs could potentially minimize the size and need for expensive energy storage technologies required to stabilize the grid. This paper investigates the feasibility of using the wind as a direct energy source to power EV charging stations. An interval-based approach corresponding to the time slot taken for EV charging is introduced for wind energy conversion and analyzed using different constraints and criteria, including the wind speed averaging time interval, various turbines manufacturers, and standard high-resolution wind speed datasets. A quasi-continuous wind turbine’s output energy is performed using a piecewise recursive approach to measure the EV charging effectiveness. Wind turbine analysis using two years of wind speed data shows that the application of direct wind-to-EV is able to provide sufficient constant power to supply the large-scale charging stations. The results presented in this paper confirm that the potential of direct powering of EV charging stations by wind has merits and that research in this direction is worth pursuing.

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    Applied Sciences
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