• Energy Research

Energy performance contracts are a very promising area for attracting private investment in the renewable energy sector. The concept of energy performance contracting is a well-established mechanism aimed at increasing the energy efficiency of a facility and reducing annual maintenance costs. This paper presents a hierarchical model of a decentralized energy system with renewable energy sources and a battery energy storage system under an energy service agreement. This model reflects the interaction between the client and the performance company. The model includes the main parameters characterizing the energy service contract, such as net present value, contract duration and levelized cost of energy. As an example, a real decentralized power system is considered, which currently only uses diesel generation. In the case of building a photovoltaic system, the optimal equipment composition consists of a 100 kW solar station and storage batteries with a capacity of 240 kW·h. The optimal contract term is 5 years, and diesel fuel savings are 69%.

Energy performance contracts are a very promising area for attracting private investment in the renewable energy sector. The concept of energy performance contracting is a well-established mechanism aimed at increasing the energy efficiency of a facility and reducing annual maintenance costs. This paper presents a hierarchical model of a decentralized energy system with renewable energy sources and a battery energy storage system under an energy service agreement. This model reflects the interaction between the client and the performance company. The model includes the main parameters characterizing the energy service contract, such as net present value, contract duration and levelized cost of energy. As an example, a real decentralized power system is considered, which currently only uses diesel generation. In the case of building a photovoltaic system, the optimal equipment composition consists of a 100 kW solar station and storage batteries with a capacity of 240 kW·h. The optimal contract term is 5 years, and diesel fuel savings are 69%.

Abstract Various mechanisms have been developed worldwide to support renewable energy sources. These mechanisms promote greater integration of renewable energy sources into power supply systems. Many support mechanisms can operate only in centralized power systems with well-structured market relations. As far as autonomous power systems are concerned, high expectations are placed on energy service contracting which offers a number of advantages such as instant investment, absence of risks for local authorities, fuel savings and efficient technical solutions. This paper presents a methodology for installed capacity optimization of autonomous photovoltaic systems under energy service contracting. The proposed methodology is based on the chronological method for calculating power supply systems using multi-year meteorological data sets. The study uses classical mathematical models of components of power supply systems: solar panels, solar inverters and direct current combiner boxes with allowance for operational restrictions. The internal optimization algorithm is described for the installed capacity and standard size of solar inverters and direct current combiner boxes. A hierarchical two-stage model for interaction between energy service company and regional authorities is proposed. The installed capacity of the Tyoply Klyuch photovoltaic system (Far East, Russia) has been optimized. The optimization process took into consideration nine types of solar panels: monocrystalline, polycrystalline and heterojunction panels. The reported value of the installed capacity is 1600 kW under the nine-year long contract. The annual fuel economy constitutes 300 tons, and a profit for the energy service company is US$ 0.428 million at the expiration of the contract. The methodology described in the present paper is universal and can be applied throughout the world.

Abstract Various mechanisms have been developed worldwide to support renewable energy sources. These mechanisms promote greater integration of renewable energy sources into power supply systems. Many support mechanisms can operate only in centralized power systems with well-structured market relations. As far as autonomous power systems are concerned, high expectations are placed on energy service contracting which offers a number of advantages such as instant investment, absence of risks for local authorities, fuel savings and efficient technical solutions. This paper presents a methodology for installed capacity optimization of autonomous photovoltaic systems under energy service contracting. The proposed methodology is based on the chronological method for calculating power supply systems using multi-year meteorological data sets. The study uses classical mathematical models of components of power supply systems: solar panels, solar inverters and direct current combiner boxes with allowance for operational restrictions. The internal optimization algorithm is described for the installed capacity and standard size of solar inverters and direct current combiner boxes. A hierarchical two-stage model for interaction between energy service company and regional authorities is proposed. The installed capacity of the Tyoply Klyuch photovoltaic system (Far East, Russia) has been optimized. The optimization process took into consideration nine types of solar panels: monocrystalline, polycrystalline and heterojunction panels. The reported value of the installed capacity is 1600 kW under the nine-year long contract. The annual fuel economy constitutes 300 tons, and a profit for the energy service company is US$ 0.428 million at the expiration of the contract. The methodology described in the present paper is universal and can be applied throughout the world.

The article is devoted to the application of energy performance contracts for the electrification of rural remote areas. The research presents a universal methodology for determining the main parameters of an energy performance contract. This methodology includes four main parts. The first part has a description of the climatic parameters on the territory under consideration and their use in mathematical modeling of isolated photovoltaic system operating modes. The second part has the mathematical models of an isolated photovoltaic system with battery energy storage system and diesel power plant. The third part consist of relevant questions and features of battery energy storage system operation in isolated energy systems. The fourth part is a hierarchical model of an energy performance contract. The model has the main indicators required for the client and contractor. These parameters are contract duration, contractor fee, modified levelized cost of energy and optimal composition of isolated energy system equipment. An isolated energy system located on the territory of Siberia was considered. The optimization results have the following key indicators: photovoltaic system (80 kW) with battery energy storage system (240 kW⋅h) reduces diesel fuel consumption by 68%. The energy performance agreement duration is 5 years and the modified levelized cost of energy is 15.53 RUB/kW⋅h.

The article is devoted to the application of energy performance contracts for the electrification of rural remote areas. The research presents a universal methodology for determining the main parameters of an energy performance contract. This methodology includes four main parts. The first part has a description of the climatic parameters on the territory under consideration and their use in mathematical modeling of isolated photovoltaic system operating modes. The second part has the mathematical models of an isolated photovoltaic system with battery energy storage system and diesel power plant. The third part consist of relevant questions and features of battery energy storage system operation in isolated energy systems. The fourth part is a hierarchical model of an energy performance contract. The model has the main indicators required for the client and contractor. These parameters are contract duration, contractor fee, modified levelized cost of energy and optimal composition of isolated energy system equipment. An isolated energy system located on the territory of Siberia was considered. The optimization results have the following key indicators: photovoltaic system (80 kW) with battery energy storage system (240 kW⋅h) reduces diesel fuel consumption by 68%. The energy performance agreement duration is 5 years and the modified levelized cost of energy is 15.53 RUB/kW⋅h.

Tourism development in ecologically vulnerable areas like the lake Baikal region in Eastern Siberia is a challenging problem. To this end, the dynamical models of AC/DC hybrid isolated power system consisting of four power grids with renewable generation units and energy storage systems are proposed using the advanced methods based on deep reinforcement learning and integral equations. First, the wind and solar irradiance potential of several sites on the lake Baikal’s banks is analyzed as well as the electric load as a function of the climatic conditions. The optimal selection of the energy storage system components is supported in online mode. The approach is justified using the retrospective meteorological datasets. Such a formulation will allow us to develop a number of valuable recommendations related to the optimal control of several autonomous AC/DC hybrid power systems with different structures, equipment composition and kind of AC or DC current. Developed approach provides the valuable information at different stages of AC/DC hybrid power systems projects development with stand-alone hybrid solar-wind power generation systems.

Tourism development in ecologically vulnerable areas like the lake Baikal region in Eastern Siberia is a challenging problem. To this end, the dynamical models of AC/DC hybrid isolated power system consisting of four power grids with renewable generation units and energy storage systems are proposed using the advanced methods based on deep reinforcement learning and integral equations. First, the wind and solar irradiance potential of several sites on the lake Baikal’s banks is analyzed as well as the electric load as a function of the climatic conditions. The optimal selection of the energy storage system components is supported in online mode. The approach is justified using the retrospective meteorological datasets. Such a formulation will allow us to develop a number of valuable recommendations related to the optimal control of several autonomous AC/DC hybrid power systems with different structures, equipment composition and kind of AC or DC current. Developed approach provides the valuable information at different stages of AC/DC hybrid power systems projects development with stand-alone hybrid solar-wind power generation systems.