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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Dans les latitudes tempérées élevées, les ongulés donnent généralement naissance dans une fenêtre temporelle étroite lorsque les conditions sont optimales pour la survie de la progéniture au printemps ou au début de l'été, et utilisent une photopériode changeante pour les conceptions temporelles afin d'anticiper ces conditions. Cependant, dans les basses latitudes tropicales, la variation de la durée du jour est minime et la variation des précipitations rend le cycle saisonnier moins prévisible. Néanmoins, plusieurs espèces d'ongulés conservent des pics de naissance étroits dans de telles conditions, tandis que d'autres montrent que les naissances se propagent assez largement tout au long de l'année. Nous avons étudié comment la variation des précipitations d'une année à l'autre et d'une année à l'autre a influencé le moment de la reproduction de quatre espèces d'ongulés montrant ces modèles contrastés dans la région de Masai Mara au Kenya. Les quatre espèces présentaient des pics de naissance au cours de la période optimale putative au début de la saison humide. Pour le hartebeest et l'impala, le pic de naissance est diffus et la progéniture naît tout au long de l'année. En revanche, le topi et le phacochère ont montré une concentration saisonnière étroite de naissances, avec des conceptions supprimées une fois que les précipitations mensuelles sont tombées en dessous d'un seuil. Les fortes précipitations de la saison précédente et les fortes pluies précoces de l'année en cours ont amélioré la survie au stade juvénile de toutes les espèces, à l'exception de l'impala. Nos résultats révèlent comment la variation des précipitations affectant la croissance des graminées et donc la nutrition des herbivores peut régir la phénologie reproductive des ongulés dans les latitudes tropicales où la variation de la longueur du jour est minime. Le mécanisme sous-jacent semble être la suppression des conceptions une fois que les gains nutritionnels deviennent insuffisants. En réagissant de manière proximale à la variation des précipitations au cours de l'année, les ongulés de la savane tropicale sont moins susceptibles d'être affectés négativement par les conséquences du réchauffement climatique sur la phénologie de la végétation que les ongulés du Nord montrant un contrôle photopériodique plus rigide sur le moment de la reproduction. En latitudes templadas altas, los ungulados generalmente dan a luz dentro de una ventana de tiempo estrecha cuando las condiciones son óptimas para la supervivencia de la descendencia en primavera o principios del verano, y utilizan conceptos cambiantes de fotoperíodo a tiempo para anticipar estas condiciones. Sin embargo, en latitudes tropicales bajas, la variación de la duración del día es mínima, y la variación de las precipitaciones hace que el ciclo estacional sea menos predecible. Sin embargo, varias especies de ungulados conservan picos de nacimiento estrechos en tales condiciones, mientras que otras muestran nacimientos muy extendidos a lo largo del año. Investigamos cómo la variación interanual de las precipitaciones influyó en el tiempo reproductivo de cuatro especies de ungulados que muestran estos patrones contrastantes en la región de Masai Mara en Kenia. Las cuatro especies exhibieron picos de nacimiento durante el periodo óptimo putativo en la estación húmeda temprana. Para hartebeest e impala, el pico de nacimiento era difuso y las crías nacían durante todo el año. Por el contrario, topi y jabalí mostraron una estrecha concentración estacional de nacimientos, con concepciones suprimidas una vez que las precipitaciones mensuales cayeron por debajo de un nivel umbral. Las altas precipitaciones en la temporada anterior y las altas lluvias tempranas en el año en curso mejoraron la supervivencia en la etapa juvenil para todas las especies, excepto los impalas. Nuestros hallazgos revelan cómo la variación de la precipitación que afecta el crecimiento de la hierba y, por lo tanto, la nutrición de los herbívoros, puede gobernar la fenología reproductiva de los ungulados en latitudes tropicales donde la variación de la duración del día es mínima. El mecanismo subyacente parece ser la supresión de las concepciones una vez que las ganancias nutricionales se vuelven insuficientes. Al responder proximalmente a la variación de las precipitaciones dentro del año, es menos probable que los ungulados de la sabana tropical se vean afectados negativamente por las consecuencias del calentamiento global para la fenología de la vegetación que los ungulados del norte que muestran un control fotoperiódico más rígido sobre el tiempo reproductivo. In high temperate latitudes, ungulates generally give birth within a narrow time window when conditions are optimal for offspring survival in spring or early summer, and use changing photoperiod to time conceptions so as to anticipate these conditions. However, in low tropical latitudes day length variation is minimal, and rainfall variation makes the seasonal cycle less predictable. Nevertheless, several ungulate species retain narrow birth peaks under such conditions, while others show births spread quite widely through the year. We investigated how within-year and between-year variation in rainfall influenced the reproductive timing of four ungulate species showing these contrasting patterns in the Masai Mara region of Kenya. All four species exhibited birth peaks during the putative optimal period in the early wet season. For hartebeest and impala, the birth peak was diffuse and offspring were born throughout the year. In contrast, topi and warthog showed a narrow seasonal concentration of births, with conceptions suppressed once monthly rainfall fell below a threshold level. High rainfall in the previous season and high early rains in the current year enhanced survival into the juvenile stage for all the species except impala. Our findings reveal how rainfall variation affecting grass growth and hence herbivore nutrition can govern the reproductive phenology of ungulates in tropical latitudes where day length variation is minimal. The underlying mechanism seems to be the suppression of conceptions once nutritional gains become insufficient. Through responding proximally to within-year variation in rainfall, tropical savanna ungulates are less likely to be affected adversely by the consequences of global warming for vegetation phenology than northern ungulates showing more rigid photoperiodic control over reproductive timing. في خطوط العرض المعتدلة العالية، تلد ذوات الحوافر عمومًا في غضون فترة زمنية ضيقة عندما تكون الظروف مثالية لبقاء النسل في الربيع أو أوائل الصيف، وتستخدم تغيير الفترة الضوئية إلى مفاهيم زمنية لتوقع هذه الظروف. ومع ذلك، في خطوط العرض الاستوائية المنخفضة، يكون تباين طول اليوم ضئيلًا، ويجعل تباين هطول الأمطار الدورة الموسمية أقل قابلية للتنبؤ. ومع ذلك، فإن العديد من الأنواع ذوات الحوافر تحتفظ بقمم ولادة ضيقة في ظل هذه الظروف، في حين أن البعض الآخر يظهر أن الولادات تنتشر على نطاق واسع خلال العام. لقد حققنا في كيفية تأثير التباين في هطول الأمطار خلال العام وبين الأعوام على التوقيت التكاثري لأربعة أنواع من ذوات الحوافر تظهر هذه الأنماط المتناقضة في منطقة ماساي مارا في كينيا. أظهرت جميع الأنواع الأربعة قمم ولادة خلال الفترة المثلى المفترضة في موسم الأمطار المبكر. بالنسبة لحيوان النحل والامبالا، كانت ذروة الولادة منتشرة وولدت ذرية على مدار العام. على النقيض من ذلك، أظهر التوبي والخنزير الحربي تركيزًا موسميًا ضيقًا للولادات، مع قمع المفاهيم بمجرد انخفاض هطول الأمطار الشهري إلى ما دون مستوى العتبة. عزز ارتفاع هطول الأمطار في الموسم السابق وارتفاع الأمطار المبكرة في العام الحالي البقاء على قيد الحياة في مرحلة الشباب لجميع الأنواع باستثناء الإمبالا. تكشف النتائج التي توصلنا إليها كيف أن تباين هطول الأمطار الذي يؤثر على نمو العشب وبالتالي تغذية الحيوانات العاشبة يمكن أن يحكم الفينولوجيا الإنجابية لذوات الحوافر في خطوط العرض الاستوائية حيث يكون تباين طول اليوم ضئيلًا. يبدو أن الآلية الأساسية هي قمع المفاهيم بمجرد أن تصبح المكاسب الغذائية غير كافية. من خلال الاستجابة القريبة من التباين في هطول الأمطار خلال العام، فإن ذوات الحوافر في السافانا الاستوائية أقل عرضة للتأثر سلبًا بعواقب الاحترار العالمي على فينولوجيا الغطاء النباتي من ذوات الحوافر الشمالية التي تظهر تحكمًا دوريًا ضوئيًا أكثر صرامة في توقيت التكاثر.

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    PLoS ONE
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    PLoS ONE
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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Rodrigo José Galán; Angela-Maria Bernal-Vasquez; Christian Jebsen; Hans-Peter Piepho; +4 Authors

    AbstractKey messageHyperspectral data is a promising complement to genomic data to predict biomass under scenarios of low genetic relatedness. Sufficient environmental connectivity between data used for model training and validation is required.AbstractThe demand for sustainable sources of biomass is increasing worldwide. The early prediction of biomass via indirect selection of dry matter yield (DMY) based on hyperspectral and/or genomic prediction is crucial to affordably untap the potential of winter rye (Secale cerealeL.) as a dual-purpose crop. However, this estimation involves multiple genetic backgrounds and genetic relatedness is a crucial factor in genomic selection (GS). To assess the prospect of prediction using reflectance data as a suitable complement to GS for biomass breeding, the influence of trait heritability ($$H^{2}$$H2) and genetic relatedness were compared. Models were based on genomic (GBLUP) and hyperspectral reflectance-derived (HBLUP) relationship matrices to predict DMY and other biomass-related traits such as dry matter content (DMC) and fresh matter yield (FMY). For this, 270 elite rye lines from nine interconnected bi-parental families were genotyped using a 10 k-SNP array and phenotyped as testcrosses at four locations in two years (eight environments). From 400 discrete narrow bands (410 nm–993 nm) collected by an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) on two dates in each environment, 32 hyperspectral bands previously selected by Lasso were incorporated into a prediction model. HBLUP showed higher prediction abilities (0.41 – 0.61) than GBLUP (0.14 – 0.28) under a decreased genetic relationship, especially for mid-heritable traits (FMY and DMY), suggesting that HBLUP is much less affected by relatedness and$$H^{2}$$H2. However, the predictive power of both models was largely affected by environmental variances. Prediction abilities for DMY were further enhanced (up to 20%) by integrating both matrices and plant height into a bivariate model. Thus, data derived from high-throughput phenotyping emerges as a suitable strategy to efficiently leverage selection gains in biomass rye breeding; however, sufficient environmental connectivity is needed.

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    Theoretical and Applied Genetics
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jagdish Kumar Ladha; Adusumilli Narayana Rao; Anitha K. Raman; Agnes Tirol Padre; +15 Authors

    AbstractSouth Asian countries will have to double their food production by 2050 while using resources more efficiently and minimizing environmental problems. Transformative management approaches and technology solutions will be required in the major grain‐producing areas that provide the basis for future food and nutrition security. This study was conducted in four locations representing major food production systems of densely populated regions of South Asia. Novel production‐scale research platforms were established to assess and optimize three futuristic cropping systems and management scenarios (S2, S3, S4) in comparison with current management (S1). With best agronomic management practices (BMPs), including conservation agriculture (CA) and cropping system diversification, the productivity of rice‐ and wheat‐based cropping systems of South Asia increased substantially, whereas the global warming potential intensity (GWPi) decreased. Positive economic returns and less use of water, labor, nitrogen, and fossil fuel energy per unit food produced were achieved. In comparison with S1, S4, in which BMPs, CA and crop diversification were implemented in the most integrated manner, achieved 54% higher grain energy yield with a 104% increase in economic returns, 35% lower total water input, and a 43% lower GWPi. Conservation agriculture practices were most suitable for intensifying as well as diversifying wheat–rice rotations, but less so for rice–rice systems. This finding also highlights the need for characterizing areas suitable for CA and subsequent technology targeting. A comprehensive baseline dataset generated in this study will allow the prediction of extending benefits to a larger scale.

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    Global Change Biology
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    Authors: Gundula Bartzke; Joseph O. Ogutu; Sabyasachi Mukhopadhyay; Devolent Mtui; +2 Authors

    Les précipitations exercent une influence déterminante sur la disponibilité et la qualité de la végétation et des eaux de surface pour les herbivores dans les écosystèmes terrestres africains. Nous analysons les tendances temporelles et les variations des précipitations dans l'écosystème Masai Mara d'Afrique de l'Est et en déduisons leurs implications pour la dynamique des populations animales et de la biodiversité. Les données proviennent de 15 pluviomètres dans la région de Mara (1965–2015) et d'une station à Narok Town (1913–2015), dans le comté de Narok au Kenya. Il s'agit de la première analyse complète et la plus détaillée des changements des précipitations dans la région de son genre. Nos résultats ne corroborent pas les prévisions actuelles du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC) concernant une augmentation très probable des précipitations dans certaines parties de l'Afrique de l'Est. La composante pluviométrie de la saison sèche a augmenté entre 1935 et 2015, mais les précipitations annuelles ont diminué entre 1962 et 2015 dans la ville de Narok. Les précipitations mensuelles étaient plus stables et plus élevées dans la Mara qu'à Narok Town, probablement parce que la Mara se trouve plus près des zones de fortes précipitations le long des rives du lac Victoria. Des cycles interannuels principalement déterministes et persistants et des oscillations saisonnières des précipitations extrêmement stables caractérisent les précipitations dans les régions de Mara et de Narok. La fréquence des sécheresses sévères a augmenté et les inondations se sont intensifiées dans la Mara, mais les sécheresses sont devenues moins fréquentes et moins graves dans la ville de Narok. Les périodes de sécheresses et d'inondations extrêmes ont coïncidé avec une périodicité significative des oscillations des précipitations, impliquant de fortes influences des modèles de circulation atmosphérique et océanique mondiaux sur la variabilité des précipitations régionales. Ces changements dans les régimes pluviométriques ont des implications sur la dynamique des populations animales. L'augmentation des précipitations de la saison sèche entre 1935 et 2015 a peut-être contrebalancé les impacts de la pénurie de ressources générée par la baisse des précipitations annuelles entre 1965 et 2015 dans la ville de Narok. Cependant, on peut s'attendre à ce que l'augmentation des précipitations extrêmes dans le Mara crée des conditions propices aux épidémies de maladies animales infectieuses et à la réduction de la qualité de la végétation pour les herbivores, en particulier lorsque les sécheresses et les inondations persistent sur plusieurs années. Les précipitations plus extrêmes de la saison humide peuvent également modifier l'utilisation de l'espace par les herbivores, y compris les schémas de migration. Las precipitaciones ejercen una influencia controladora sobre la disponibilidad y la calidad de la vegetación y las aguas superficiales para los herbívoros en los ecosistemas terrestres africanos. Analizamos las tendencias temporales y la variación de las precipitaciones en el ecosistema Maasai Mara de África Oriental e inferimos sus implicaciones para la dinámica de la población animal y la biodiversidad. Los datos se originaron a partir de 15 pluviómetros en la región de Mara (1965–2015) y una estación en Narok Town (1913–2015), en el condado de Narok en Kenia. Este es el primer análisis exhaustivo y más detallado de los cambios en las precipitaciones en la región de este tipo. Nuestros resultados no respaldan las predicciones actuales del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) de aumentos muy probables de las precipitaciones en partes de África oriental. El componente de precipitación de la estación seca aumentó durante 1935–2015, pero la precipitación anual disminuyó durante 1962–2015 en Narok Town. La precipitación mensual fue más estable y más alta en el Mara que en Narok Town, probablemente porque el Mara se encuentra más cerca de las áreas de alta precipitación a lo largo de las orillas del lago Victoria. Los ciclos interanuales predominantemente deterministas y persistentes y las oscilaciones de las precipitaciones estacionales extremadamente estables caracterizan las precipitaciones en las regiones de Mara y Narok. La frecuencia de las sequías severas aumentó y las inundaciones se intensificaron en la Mara, pero las sequías se hicieron menos frecuentes y menos severas en la ciudad de Narok. Los tiempos de las sequías e inundaciones extremas coincidieron con una periodicidad significativa en las oscilaciones de las precipitaciones, lo que implica una fuerte influencia de los patrones de circulación atmosférica y oceánica global en la variabilidad regional de las precipitaciones. Estos cambios en los patrones de lluvia tienen implicaciones para la dinámica de la población animal. El aumento de las precipitaciones en la estación seca durante 1935–2015 posiblemente contrarrestó los impactos de la escasez de recursos generados por la disminución de las precipitaciones anuales durante 1965–2015 en Narok Town. Sin embargo, se puede esperar que el aumento de las precipitaciones extremas en la Mara cree condiciones propicias para los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas de los animales y la reducción de la calidad de la vegetación para los herbívoros, especialmente cuando las sequías y las inundaciones persisten durante varios años. Las precipitaciones más extremas de la estación húmeda también pueden alterar el uso del espacio de los herbívoros, incluidos los patrones de migración. Rainfall exerts a controlling influence on the availability and quality of vegetation and surface water for herbivores in African terrestrial ecosystems. We analyse temporal trends and variation in rainfall in the Maasai Mara ecosystem of East Africa and infer their implications for animal population and biodiversity dynamics. The data originated from 15 rain gauges in the Mara region (1965–2015) and one station in Narok Town (1913–2015), in Kenya's Narok County. This is the first comprehensive and most detailed analysis of changes in rainfall in the region of its kind. Our results do not support the current predictions of the International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) of very likely increases of rainfall over parts of Eastern Africa. The dry season rainfall component increased during 1935–2015 but annual rainfall decreased during 1962–2015 in Narok Town. Monthly rainfall was more stable and higher in the Mara than in Narok Town, likely because the Mara lies closer to the high-precipitation areas along the shores of Lake Victoria. Predominantly deterministic and persistent inter-annual cycles and extremely stable seasonal rainfall oscillations characterize rainfall in the Mara and Narok regions. The frequency of severe droughts increased and floods intensified in the Mara but droughts became less frequent and less severe in Narok Town. The timings of extreme droughts and floods coincided with significant periodicity in rainfall oscillations, implicating strong influences of global atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on regional rainfall variability. These changing rainfall patterns have implications for animal population dynamics. The increase in dry season rainfall during 1935–2015 possibly counterbalanced the impacts of resource scarcity generated by the declining annual rainfall during 1965–2015 in Narok Town. However, the increasing rainfall extremes in the Mara can be expected to create conditions conducive to outbreaks of infectious animal diseases and reduced vegetation quality for herbivores, particularly when droughts and floods persist over multiple years. The more extreme wet season rainfall may also alter herbivore space use, including migration patterns. يمارس هطول الأمطار تأثيرًا مسيطرًا على توافر ونوعية الغطاء النباتي والمياه السطحية للحيوانات العاشبة في النظم الإيكولوجية الأرضية الأفريقية. نحلل الاتجاهات الزمنية والتباين في هطول الأمطار في النظام البيئي لماساي مارا في شرق إفريقيا ونستنتج آثارها على عدد الحيوانات وديناميكيات التنوع البيولوجي. نشأت البيانات من 15 مقياسًا للأمطار في منطقة مارا (1965-2015) ومحطة واحدة في بلدة ناروك (1913-2015)، في مقاطعة ناروك في كينيا. هذا هو أول تحليل شامل وأكثر تفصيلاً للتغيرات في هطول الأمطار في المنطقة من نوعه. لا تدعم نتائجنا التوقعات الحالية للفريق الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ (IPCC) بشأن الزيادات المحتملة جدًا في هطول الأمطار على أجزاء من شرق إفريقيا. زاد عنصر هطول الأمطار في موسم الجفاف خلال الفترة 1935–2015 ولكن انخفض هطول الأمطار السنوي خلال الفترة 1962-2015 في بلدة ناروك. كان هطول الأمطار الشهري أكثر استقرارًا وأعلى في مارا منه في بلدة ناروك، ويرجع ذلك على الأرجح إلى أن مارا تقع بالقرب من المناطق ذات الأمطار العالية على طول شواطئ بحيرة فيكتوريا. تتميز الدورات الحتمية والمستمرة بين السنوات في الغالب وتذبذبات هطول الأمطار الموسمية المستقرة للغاية بهطول الأمطار في منطقتي مارا وناروك. ازداد تواتر الجفاف الشديد واشتدت الفيضانات في منطقة مارا، لكن الجفاف أصبح أقل تواترًا وأقل حدة في مدينة ناروك. تزامنت أوقات الجفاف والفيضانات الشديدة مع تواتر كبير في تذبذبات هطول الأمطار، مما أدى إلى تأثيرات قوية لأنماط دوران الغلاف الجوي والمحيطات العالمية على تقلبات هطول الأمطار الإقليمية. هذه الأنماط المتغيرة لهطول الأمطار لها آثار على ديناميكيات تعداد الحيوانات. من المحتمل أن تؤدي الزيادة في هطول الأمطار في موسم الجفاف خلال الفترة 1935-2015 إلى موازنة آثار ندرة الموارد الناتجة عن انخفاض هطول الأمطار السنوي خلال الفترة 1965-2015 في بلدة ناروك. ومع ذلك، يمكن توقع أن تؤدي الأمطار الغزيرة المتزايدة في منطقة مارا إلى خلق ظروف مواتية لتفشي الأمراض الحيوانية المعدية وانخفاض جودة الغطاء النباتي للحيوانات العاشبة، لا سيما عندما يستمر الجفاف والفيضانات على مدى عدة سنوات. قد يؤدي هطول الأمطار في موسم الأمطار الأكثر شدة أيضًا إلى تغيير استخدام مساحة الحيوانات العاشبة، بما في ذلك أنماط الهجرة.

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    La conservation de la faune est confrontée à de nombreux défis croissants sur les terres privées et communautaires en Afrique, y compris au Kenya. Nous analysons la dynamique des populations de 44 espèces sauvages communes par rapport à la variation des précipitations dans la Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy (NWC), située dans la région de Nakuru-Naivasha au Kenya, sur la base des dénombrements totaux au sol effectués deux fois par an de mars 1996 à mai 2015. Les précipitations dans la région étaient quasi-périodiques avec des périodes de cycle dépendant de la composante pluviométrique et variant de 2,8 ans pour la saison sèche à 10,9 ans pour la saison humide. Ces oscillations sont associées à des sécheresses sévères fréquentes et à une pénurie alimentaire pour les herbivores. Les tendances pour les 44 espèces sauvages ont montré cinq tendances générales au cours de la période 1996-2015. 1) Le nombre de Steinbuck, de Bushbuck, de Hartebeest et de Kudu a diminué de manière persistante et significative tout au long de la période 1996-2015 et mérite donc la plus grande attention en matière de conservation. 2) Le nombre de singes Klipspringer, mangouste, oribi, porc-épic, guépard, léopard, autruche et Sykes a également diminué de manière notable mais pas de manière significative entre 1996 et 2015. 3) Le nombre de diks, d'élands, de lièvres d'Afrique, de chacals, de duikers, d'hippopotames et de gazelles de Thomson a d'abord augmenté, puis diminué entre 1996 et 2015, mais seulement de manière significative pour les duikers et les hippopotames. 4) Le nombre d'Aardvark, de chat serval, de singe colobe, de renard aux oreilles de chauve-souris, de roseau, de hyène et de babouin a d'abord diminué, puis a augmenté, mais seules les augmentations du nombre de roseau et de babouin étaient significatives. 5) La gazelle de Grant, le zèbre de Grevy, le lion, le lièvre de printemps, le zèbre de Burchell, le porc de brousse, le rhinocéros blanc, l'hyrax rocheux, le topi, l'oryx, le singe vervet, la pintade, la girafe et les gnous ont augmenté régulièrement entre 1996 et 2015. L'augmentation n'était significative que pour l'hyrax rocheux, le topi, le singe vervet, la pintade, la girafe et le gnou. 6) Impala, buffle, phacochère et waterbuck, les nombres ont augmenté de manière significative et ont ensuite semblé se stabiliser entre 1996 et 2015. La biomasse agrégée des primates et des carnivores a globalement augmenté alors que celle des herbivores a d'abord augmenté de 1996 à 2006, puis s'est stabilisée par la suite. La biomasse agrégée des herbivores a augmenté linéairement avec l'augmentation des précipitations cumulées de la saison humide. Les densités des 30 espèces les plus abondantes étaient fortement corrélées positivement ou négativement avec les précipitations cumulées passées, le plus souvent avec la composante du début de la saison humide. Les initiatives collaboratives de conservation et de gestion de la faune entreprises sur la mosaïque de terres privées, communales et publiques ont donc été associées à une augmentation ou à une absence de diminution du nombre de 32 et à une diminution du nombre de 12 des 44 espèces. Malgré le déclin de certaines espèces, une conservation communautaire efficace est essentielle pour l'avenir de la faune dans la CNO et d'autres pâturages du Kenya et au-delà et dépend de manière cruciale de la bonne volonté, de l'engagement efficace et de l'action collective des communautés locales, travaillant en partenariat avec diverses organisations, qui, dans la CNO, opéraient sous l'égide du Nakuru Wildlife Forum. La protección de la vida silvestre se enfrenta a numerosos y crecientes desafíos en tierras privadas y comunales en África, incluso en Kenia. Analizamos la dinámica poblacional de 44 especies comunes de vida silvestre en relación con la variación de las precipitaciones en Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy (NWC), ubicada en la región de Nakuru-Naivasha en Kenia, en base a los recuentos totales del suelo realizados dos veces al año desde marzo de 1996 hasta mayo de 2015. Las precipitaciones en la región fueron cuasi periódicas, con períodos de ciclo dependientes del componente de precipitación y que variaban de 2,8 años para la estación seca a 10,9 años para la estación húmeda. Estas oscilaciones se asocian con frecuentes sequías severas y escasez de alimentos para los herbívoros. Las tendencias para las 44 especies de vida silvestre mostraron cinco patrones generales durante 1996-2015. 1) Los números de Steinbuck, bushbuck, hartebeest y kudu disminuyeron de manera persistente y significativa a lo largo de 1996-2015 y, por lo tanto, merecen la mayor atención. 2) El número de monos Klipspringer, mangosta, oribi, puercoespín, guepardo, leopardo, avestruz y Sykes también disminuyó notablemente, pero no significativamente, entre 1996 y 2015. 3) Los números de dik dik, eland, liebre africana, chacal, duiker, hipopótamo y gacela de Thomson primero aumentaron y luego disminuyeron entre 1996 y 2015, pero solo significativamente para duiker e hipopótamo. 4) Los números de cerdo hormiguero, gato serval, mono colobo, zorro de orejas de murciélago, junco, hiena y babuino primero disminuyeron y luego aumentaron, pero solo los aumentos en los números de junco y babuino fueron significativos. 5) El número de gacelas de Grant, cebras de Grevy, leones, liebres de primavera, cebras de Burchell, cerdos monteses, rinocerontes blancos, hyrax de roca, topi, oryx, monos vervet, gallinas de Guinea, jirafas y ñus aumentó constantemente entre 1996 y 2015. El aumento fue significativo solo para el hirax de roca, topi, mono vervet, pintadas, jirafas y ñus. 6) Impala, búfalo, jabalí y waterbuck, los números aumentaron significativamente y luego parecieron estabilizarse entre 1996 y 2015. La biomasa agregada de primates y carnívoros aumentó en general, mientras que la de los herbívoros aumentó por primera vez de 1996 a 2006 y luego se estabilizó a partir de entonces. La biomasa herbívora agregada aumentó linealmente con el aumento de las precipitaciones acumuladas en la estación húmeda. Las densidades de las 30 especies más abundantes se correlacionaron positiva o negativamente con las precipitaciones acumuladas en el pasado, más comúnmente con el componente de la estación húmeda temprana. Por lo tanto, las iniciativas colaborativas de protección y gestión de la vida silvestre emprendidas en el mosaico de tierras privadas, comunales y públicas se asociaron con un aumento o ninguna disminución en el número de 32 y una disminución en el número de 12 de las 44 especies. A pesar de la disminución de algunas especies, la protección efectiva basada en la comunidad es fundamental para el futuro de la vida silvestre en la NWC y otros pastizales de Kenia y más allá, y depende de manera crucial de la buena voluntad, el compromiso efectivo y la acción colectiva de las comunidades locales, trabajando en asociación con varias organizaciones que, en la NWC, operaban bajo el paraguas del Foro de Vida Silvestre de Nakuru. Wildlife conservation is facing numerous and mounting challenges on private and communal lands in Africa, including in Kenya. We analyze the population dynamics of 44 common wildlife species in relation to rainfall variation in the Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy (NWC), located in the Nakuru-Naivasha region of Kenya, based on ground total counts carried out twice each year from March 1996 to May 2015. Rainfall in the region was quasi-periodic with cycle periods dependent on the rainfall component and varying from 2.8 years for the dry season to 10.9 years for the wet season. These oscillations are associated with frequent severe droughts and food scarcity for herbivores. The trends for the 44 wildlife species showed five general patterns during 1996-2015. 1) Steinbuck, bushbuck, hartebeest and greater kudu numbers declined persistently and significantly throughout 1996-2015 and thus merit the greatest conservation attention. 2) Klipspringer, mongoose, oribi, porcupine, cheetah, leopard, ostrich and Sykes monkey numbers also decreased noticeably but not significantly between 1996 and 2015. 3) Dik dik, eland, African hare, Jackal, duiker, hippo and Thomson's gazelle numbers first increased and then declined between 1996 and 2015 but only significantly for duiker and hippo. 4) Aardvark, serval cat, colobus monkey, bat-eared fox, reedbuck, hyena and baboon numbers first declined and then increased but only the increases in reedbuck and baboon numbers were significant. 5) Grant's gazelle, Grevy's zebra, lion, spring hare, Burchell's zebra, bushpig, white rhino, rock hyrax, topi, oryx, vervet monkey, guinea fowl, giraffe, and wildebeest numbers increased consistently between 1996 and 2015. The increase was significant only for rock hyrax, topi, vervet monkey, guinea fowl, giraffe and wildebeest. 6) Impala, buffalo, warthog, and waterbuck, numbers increased significantly and then seemed to level off between 1996 and 2015. The aggregate biomass of primates and carnivores increased overall whereas that of herbivores first increased from 1996 to 2006 and then levelled off thereafter. Aggregate herbivore biomass increased linearly with increasing cumulative wet season rainfall. The densities of the 30 most abundant species were either strongly positively or negatively correlated with cumulative past rainfall, most commonly with the early wet season component. The collaborative wildlife conservation and management initiatives undertaken on the mosaic of private, communal and public lands were thus associated with increase or no decrease in numbers of 32 and decrease in numbers of 12 of the 44 species. Despite the decline by some species, effective community-based conservation is central to the future of wildlife in the NWC and other rangelands of Kenya and beyond and is crucially dependent on the good will, effective engagement and collective action of local communities, working in partnerships with various organizations, which, in NWC, operated under the umbrella of the Nakuru Wildlife Forum. يواجه الحفاظ على الحياة البرية تحديات عديدة ومتزايدة على الأراضي الخاصة والمجتمعية في أفريقيا، بما في ذلك في كينيا. نقوم بتحليل الديناميكيات السكانية لـ 44 نوعًا من أنواع الحياة البرية الشائعة فيما يتعلق بتباين هطول الأمطار في محمية ناكورو للحياة البرية (NWC)، الواقعة في منطقة ناكورو- نايفاشا في كينيا، بناءً على إجمالي التعداد الأرضي الذي يتم إجراؤه مرتين كل عام من مارس 1996 إلى مايو 2015. كان هطول الأمطار في المنطقة شبه دوري مع فترات دورة تعتمد على مكون هطول الأمطار وتتراوح من 2.8 سنة لموسم الجفاف إلى 10.9 سنة لموسم الأمطار. وترتبط هذه التذبذبات بحالات الجفاف الشديد المتكررة وندرة الغذاء للحيوانات العاشبة. أظهرت الاتجاهات الخاصة بأنواع الحياة البرية البالغ عددها 44 نوعًا خمسة أنماط عامة خلال الفترة 1996-2015. 1) انخفضت أعداد شتاينباك وبوشباك وهارتبيست وأكبر كودو باستمرار وبشكل كبير خلال الفترة 1996-2015 وبالتالي تستحق أكبر اهتمام بالحفظ. 2) كما انخفضت أعداد قرود كليبسبرينغر، والنمس، وأوريبي، والشياهم، والفهد، والنمر، والنعام، وسايكس بشكل ملحوظ ولكن ليس بشكل ملحوظ بين عامي 1996 و 2015. 3) ازدادت أعداد ديك ديك، وإيلاند، والأرنب الأفريقي، وابن آوى، ودويكر، وفرس النهر، وغزال طومسون أولاً ثم انخفضت بين عامي 1996 و 2015 ولكن بشكل كبير فقط بالنسبة للدويكر وفرس النهر. 4) انخفضت أعداد آردفارك، وقط سيرفال، وقرد كولوبوس، وثعلب ذو أذنين خفافيش، وريدباك، والضباع، والبابون أولاً ثم زادت ولكن الزيادات في أعداد ريدباك والبابون كانت كبيرة فقط. 5) غزال غرانت، وحمار وحشي غريفي، والأسد، والأرنب الربيعي، وحمار وحشي بورشيل، والبوشبيغ، ووحيد القرن الأبيض، وهيراكس الصخرية، وتوبي، والمها، وقرد الفرفت، والطيور الغينية، والزرافة، وأعداد الحيوانات البرية زادت باستمرار بين عامي 1996 و 2015. كانت الزيادة كبيرة فقط بالنسبة لصخور الهيروكس والتوبي وقرود الفرفت والطيور الغينية والزرافة والثيران البرية. 6) ازدادت أعداد إمبالا والجاموس والخنازير والماء بشكل كبير ثم بدا أنها استقرت بين عامي 1996 و 2015. زادت الكتلة الحيوية الإجمالية للقرود والحيوانات آكلة اللحوم بشكل عام في حين زادت الكتلة الحيوية للحيوانات آكلة الأعشاب لأول مرة من عام 1996 إلى عام 2006 ثم استقرت بعد ذلك. زادت الكتلة الحيوية الكلية للحيوانات العاشبة خطيًا مع زيادة هطول الأمطار في موسم الأمطار التراكمي. كانت كثافات الأنواع الثلاثين الأكثر وفرة إما بشكل إيجابي أو سلبي مع هطول الأمطار التراكمي في الماضي، والأكثر شيوعًا مع مكون موسم الأمطار المبكر. وبالتالي، ارتبطت المبادرات التعاونية للحفاظ على الحياة البرية وإدارتها التي تم الاضطلاع بها على فسيفساء الأراضي الخاصة والمجتمعية والعامة بزيادة أو عدم انخفاض أعداد 32 نوعًا وانخفاض أعداد 12 نوعًا من أصل 44 نوعًا. على الرغم من تراجع بعض الأنواع، فإن الحفظ الفعال القائم على المجتمع أمر أساسي لمستقبل الحياة البرية في شركة المياه الوطنية وغيرها من المراعي في كينيا وخارجها ويعتمد بشكل حاسم على حسن النية والمشاركة الفعالة والعمل الجماعي للمجتمعات المحلية، والعمل في شراكات مع مختلف المنظمات، التي تعمل في شركة المياه الوطنية تحت مظلة منتدى ناكورو للحياة البرية.

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    Authors: Ogutu, Joseph O.; Moehlman, Patricia D; Piepho, Hans-Peter; Runyoro, Victor A; +2 Authors

    The Ngorongoro Crater is an intact caldera with an area of approximately 310 km2. Long term records on herbivore populations, vegetation and rainfall made it possible to analyze historic and project future herbivore population dynamics. In 1974 there was a perturbation in that resident Maasai and their livestock were removed from the Crater. Vegetation structure changed in 1967 from predominately short grassland to mid and tall grasses dominating in 1995. Even with a change in grassland structure, total herbivore biomass remained relatively stable from 1963 to 2012, implying that the crater has a stable multi-herbivore community. However, in 1974, Maasai pastoralists were removed from the Ngorongoro Crater and there were significant changes in population trends for some herbivore species. Buffalo, elephant and ostrich numbers increased significantly during 1974-2012. The zebra population was stable from 1963 to 2012 whereas numbers of other eight species declined substantially between 1974 and 2012 relative to their peak numbers during 1974-1976. Numbers of Grant’s and Thomson’s gazelles, eland, kongoni, waterbuck (wet season only) declined significantly in the Crater in both seasons after 1974. Wildebeest numbers decreased in the Crater between 1974 and 2012 but this decrease was not statistically significant. In addition, some herbivore species were consistently more abundant inside the Crater during the wet than the dry season. This pattern was most evident for the large herbivore species requiring bulk forage, comprising buffalo, eland, and elephant. Analyses of rainfall indicated that there was a persistent annual cycle of 4.83 years. Herbivore population size was correlated with rainfall in both the wet and dry seasons. The relationships established between the time series of historic animal counts in the wet and dry seasons and lagged wet and dry season rainfall series were used to forecast the likely future trajectories of the wet and dry season population size for each species under three alternative climate change scenarios.

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    https://doi.org/10.1101/542910...
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      https://doi.org/10.1101/542910...
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    Authors: Lisec, Jan; Römisch-Margl, Lilla; Nikoloski, Zoran (Prof. Dr.); Piepho, Hans-Peter; +4 Authors

    SummaryWe conducted a comparative analysis of the root metabolome of six parental maize inbred lines and their 14 corresponding hybrids showing fresh weight heterosis. We demonstrated that the metabolic profiles not only exhibit distinct features for each hybrid line compared with its parental lines, but also separate reciprocal hybrids. Reconstructed metabolic networks, based on robust correlations between metabolic profiles, display a higher network density in most hybrids as compared with the corresponding inbred lines. With respect to metabolite level inheritance, additive, dominant and overdominant patterns are observed with no specific overrepresentation. Despite the observed complexity of the inheritance pattern, for the majority of metabolites the variance observed in all 14 hybrids is lower compared with inbred lines. Deviations of metabolite levels from the average levels of the hybrids correlate negatively with biomass, which could be applied for developing predictors of hybrid performance based on characteristics of metabolite patterns.

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    The Plant Journal
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      The Plant Journal
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    Authors: Rodrigo José Galán; Angela-Maria Bernal-Vasquez; Christian Jebsen; Hans-Peter Piepho; +4 Authors

    AbstractKey messageHyperspectral and genomic data are effective predictors of biomass yield in winter rye. Variable selection procedures can improve the informativeness of reflectance data.AbstractIntegrating cutting-edge technologies is imperative to sustainably breed crops for a growing global population. To predict dry matter yield (DMY) in winter rye (Secale cerealeL.), we tested single-kernel models based on genomic (GBLUP) and hyperspectral reflectance-derived (HBLUP) relationship matrices, a multi-kernel model combining both matrices and a bivariate model fitted with plant height as a secondary trait. In total, 274 elite rye lines were genotyped using a 10 k-SNP array and phenotyped as testcrosses for DMY and plant height at four locations in Germany in two years (eight environments). Spectral data consisted of 400 discrete narrow bands ranging between 410 and 993 nm collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on two dates on each environment. To reduce data dimensionality, variable selection of bands was performed, resulting in the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) as the best method in terms of predictive abilities. The mean heritability of reflectance data was moderate ($$h^{2}$$h2 = 0.72) and highly variable across the spectrum. Correlations between DMY and single bands were generally significant (p < 0.05) but low (≤ 0.29). Across environments and training set (TRN) sizes, the bivariate model showed the highest prediction abilities (0.56–0.75), followed by the multi-kernel (0.45–0.71) and single-kernel (0.33–0.61) models. With reduced TRN, HBLUP performed better than GBLUP. The HBLUP model fitted with a set of selected bands was preferred. Within and across environments, prediction abilities increased with larger TRN. Our results suggest that in the era of digital breeding, the integration of high-throughput phenotyping and genomic selection is a promising strategy to achieve superior selection gains in hybrid rye.

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    Theoretical and Applied Genetics
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    Authors: Ogutu, Joseph O.; Piepho, Hans-Peter; Dublin, H.T.; Bhola, N.; +1 Authors

    AbstractUnderstanding long‐term climatic variability is basic to wise management and conservation of biodiversity. We analysed temporal variations in the local rainfall, temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and the hemispheric El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), using the Southern Oscillation Index and how they co varied in the Mara‐Serengeti ecosystem of Kenya and Tanzania. Local rainfall showed a striking temporal variability and an evident 5‐year quasi‐periodicity in the ecosystem. Severe droughts were a recurrent/persistent feature of the ecosystem but extreme floods were relatively infrequent. The timings of droughts and floods coincided with strong episodes in the activities of the ENSO phenomenon. Above‐average rainfall often accompanied cold ENSO episodes and below‐average rainfall warm ENSO events, contrary to past generalizations suggesting that warm ENSO events are only associated with above‐average rainfall whereas cold ENSO events with below‐average rainfall in equatorial East Africa. Both minimum and maximum temperatures were below‐normal during cold ENSO episodes and above‐normal during warm ENSO events. Rising temperatures and declining rainfall throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, with unprecedently prolonged and strong ENSO episodes, engendered progressive habitat desiccation and reduction in vegetation production in the ecosystem. This exacerbated the debilitating effects of adverse weather on local plant and animal communities, resulting in high mortalities of ungulates.

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    IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science
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    African Journal of Ecology
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      IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science
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      African Journal of Ecology
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    Authors: Ogutu, Joseph O.; Piepho, Hans-Peter; Said, Mohammed Yahya; Kifugo, S.C.;

    Wildlife populations are declining severely in many protected areas and unprotected pastoral areas of Africa. Rapid large-scale land use changes, poaching, climate change, rising population pressures, governance, policy, economic and socio-cultural transformations and competition with livestock all contribute to the declines in abundance. Here we analyze the population dynamics of 15 wildlife and four livestock species monitored using aerial surveys from 1977 to 2011 within Kajiado County of Kenya, with a rapidly expanding human population, settlements, cultivation and other developments. The abundance of the 14 most common wildlife species declined by 67% on average (2% / yr) between 1977 and 2011 in both Eastern (Amboseli Ecosystem) and Western Kajiado. The species that declined the most were buffalo, impala, wildebeest, waterbuck, oryx, hartebeest, Thomson's gazelle and gerenuk in Eastern Kajiado (70% to 88%) and oryx, hartebeest, impala, buffalo, waterbuck, giraffe, eland and gerenuk in Western Kajiado (77% to 99%). Only elephant (115%) and ostrich (216%) numbers increased contemporaneously in Eastern and Western Kajiado, respectively. Cattle and donkey numbers also decreased on average by 78% in Eastern Kajiado and by 37% in Western Kajiado. Sheep and goats decreased the least in Eastern (28%) but increased in Western (96%) Kajiadio. Livestock dominated (70-80%) the total large herbivore biomass throughout the 1977-2011 monitoring period. The distribution of wildlife contracted dramatically during 1977-2011, most especially for wildebeest, giraffe and impala. Only zebra and ostrich distributions expanded in the county. However, livestock distribution expanded to densely cover most of the county. Our findings point to recurrent droughts, intensifying human population pressures, land use changes and other anthropogenic impacts, decades of ineffective or failed government policies, legislations, law enforcement, management institutions and strategies as the salient causes of the declines and range compressions. We recommend several urgent measures to rehabilitate the depleted wildlife populations and habitat richness, restore their ecological resilience to droughts and secure pastoral livelihoods.

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    The Open Ecology Journal
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Open Ecology Journal
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Dans les latitudes tempérées élevées, les ongulés donnent généralement naissance dans une fenêtre temporelle étroite lorsque les conditions sont optimales pour la survie de la progéniture au printemps ou au début de l'été, et utilisent une photopériode changeante pour les conceptions temporelles afin d'anticiper ces conditions. Cependant, dans les basses latitudes tropicales, la variation de la durée du jour est minime et la variation des précipitations rend le cycle saisonnier moins prévisible. Néanmoins, plusieurs espèces d'ongulés conservent des pics de naissance étroits dans de telles conditions, tandis que d'autres montrent que les naissances se propagent assez largement tout au long de l'année. Nous avons étudié comment la variation des précipitations d'une année à l'autre et d'une année à l'autre a influencé le moment de la reproduction de quatre espèces d'ongulés montrant ces modèles contrastés dans la région de Masai Mara au Kenya. Les quatre espèces présentaient des pics de naissance au cours de la période optimale putative au début de la saison humide. Pour le hartebeest et l'impala, le pic de naissance est diffus et la progéniture naît tout au long de l'année. En revanche, le topi et le phacochère ont montré une concentration saisonnière étroite de naissances, avec des conceptions supprimées une fois que les précipitations mensuelles sont tombées en dessous d'un seuil. Les fortes précipitations de la saison précédente et les fortes pluies précoces de l'année en cours ont amélioré la survie au stade juvénile de toutes les espèces, à l'exception de l'impala. Nos résultats révèlent comment la variation des précipitations affectant la croissance des graminées et donc la nutrition des herbivores peut régir la phénologie reproductive des ongulés dans les latitudes tropicales où la variation de la longueur du jour est minime. Le mécanisme sous-jacent semble être la suppression des conceptions une fois que les gains nutritionnels deviennent insuffisants. En réagissant de manière proximale à la variation des précipitations au cours de l'année, les ongulés de la savane tropicale sont moins susceptibles d'être affectés négativement par les conséquences du réchauffement climatique sur la phénologie de la végétation que les ongulés du Nord montrant un contrôle photopériodique plus rigide sur le moment de la reproduction. En latitudes templadas altas, los ungulados generalmente dan a luz dentro de una ventana de tiempo estrecha cuando las condiciones son óptimas para la supervivencia de la descendencia en primavera o principios del verano, y utilizan conceptos cambiantes de fotoperíodo a tiempo para anticipar estas condiciones. Sin embargo, en latitudes tropicales bajas, la variación de la duración del día es mínima, y la variación de las precipitaciones hace que el ciclo estacional sea menos predecible. Sin embargo, varias especies de ungulados conservan picos de nacimiento estrechos en tales condiciones, mientras que otras muestran nacimientos muy extendidos a lo largo del año. Investigamos cómo la variación interanual de las precipitaciones influyó en el tiempo reproductivo de cuatro especies de ungulados que muestran estos patrones contrastantes en la región de Masai Mara en Kenia. Las cuatro especies exhibieron picos de nacimiento durante el periodo óptimo putativo en la estación húmeda temprana. Para hartebeest e impala, el pico de nacimiento era difuso y las crías nacían durante todo el año. Por el contrario, topi y jabalí mostraron una estrecha concentración estacional de nacimientos, con concepciones suprimidas una vez que las precipitaciones mensuales cayeron por debajo de un nivel umbral. Las altas precipitaciones en la temporada anterior y las altas lluvias tempranas en el año en curso mejoraron la supervivencia en la etapa juvenil para todas las especies, excepto los impalas. Nuestros hallazgos revelan cómo la variación de la precipitación que afecta el crecimiento de la hierba y, por lo tanto, la nutrición de los herbívoros, puede gobernar la fenología reproductiva de los ungulados en latitudes tropicales donde la variación de la duración del día es mínima. El mecanismo subyacente parece ser la supresión de las concepciones una vez que las ganancias nutricionales se vuelven insuficientes. Al responder proximalmente a la variación de las precipitaciones dentro del año, es menos probable que los ungulados de la sabana tropical se vean afectados negativamente por las consecuencias del calentamiento global para la fenología de la vegetación que los ungulados del norte que muestran un control fotoperiódico más rígido sobre el tiempo reproductivo. In high temperate latitudes, ungulates generally give birth within a narrow time window when conditions are optimal for offspring survival in spring or early summer, and use changing photoperiod to time conceptions so as to anticipate these conditions. However, in low tropical latitudes day length variation is minimal, and rainfall variation makes the seasonal cycle less predictable. Nevertheless, several ungulate species retain narrow birth peaks under such conditions, while others show births spread quite widely through the year. We investigated how within-year and between-year variation in rainfall influenced the reproductive timing of four ungulate species showing these contrasting patterns in the Masai Mara region of Kenya. All four species exhibited birth peaks during the putative optimal period in the early wet season. For hartebeest and impala, the birth peak was diffuse and offspring were born throughout the year. In contrast, topi and warthog showed a narrow seasonal concentration of births, with conceptions suppressed once monthly rainfall fell below a threshold level. High rainfall in the previous season and high early rains in the current year enhanced survival into the juvenile stage for all the species except impala. Our findings reveal how rainfall variation affecting grass growth and hence herbivore nutrition can govern the reproductive phenology of ungulates in tropical latitudes where day length variation is minimal. The underlying mechanism seems to be the suppression of conceptions once nutritional gains become insufficient. Through responding proximally to within-year variation in rainfall, tropical savanna ungulates are less likely to be affected adversely by the consequences of global warming for vegetation phenology than northern ungulates showing more rigid photoperiodic control over reproductive timing. في خطوط العرض المعتدلة العالية، تلد ذوات الحوافر عمومًا في غضون فترة زمنية ضيقة عندما تكون الظروف مثالية لبقاء النسل في الربيع أو أوائل الصيف، وتستخدم تغيير الفترة الضوئية إلى مفاهيم زمنية لتوقع هذه الظروف. ومع ذلك، في خطوط العرض الاستوائية المنخفضة، يكون تباين طول اليوم ضئيلًا، ويجعل تباين هطول الأمطار الدورة الموسمية أقل قابلية للتنبؤ. ومع ذلك، فإن العديد من الأنواع ذوات الحوافر تحتفظ بقمم ولادة ضيقة في ظل هذه الظروف، في حين أن البعض الآخر يظهر أن الولادات تنتشر على نطاق واسع خلال العام. لقد حققنا في كيفية تأثير التباين في هطول الأمطار خلال العام وبين الأعوام على التوقيت التكاثري لأربعة أنواع من ذوات الحوافر تظهر هذه الأنماط المتناقضة في منطقة ماساي مارا في كينيا. أظهرت جميع الأنواع الأربعة قمم ولادة خلال الفترة المثلى المفترضة في موسم الأمطار المبكر. بالنسبة لحيوان النحل والامبالا، كانت ذروة الولادة منتشرة وولدت ذرية على مدار العام. على النقيض من ذلك، أظهر التوبي والخنزير الحربي تركيزًا موسميًا ضيقًا للولادات، مع قمع المفاهيم بمجرد انخفاض هطول الأمطار الشهري إلى ما دون مستوى العتبة. عزز ارتفاع هطول الأمطار في الموسم السابق وارتفاع الأمطار المبكرة في العام الحالي البقاء على قيد الحياة في مرحلة الشباب لجميع الأنواع باستثناء الإمبالا. تكشف النتائج التي توصلنا إليها كيف أن تباين هطول الأمطار الذي يؤثر على نمو العشب وبالتالي تغذية الحيوانات العاشبة يمكن أن يحكم الفينولوجيا الإنجابية لذوات الحوافر في خطوط العرض الاستوائية حيث يكون تباين طول اليوم ضئيلًا. يبدو أن الآلية الأساسية هي قمع المفاهيم بمجرد أن تصبح المكاسب الغذائية غير كافية. من خلال الاستجابة القريبة من التباين في هطول الأمطار خلال العام، فإن ذوات الحوافر في السافانا الاستوائية أقل عرضة للتأثر سلبًا بعواقب الاحترار العالمي على فينولوجيا الغطاء النباتي من ذوات الحوافر الشمالية التي تظهر تحكمًا دوريًا ضوئيًا أكثر صرامة في توقيت التكاثر.

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    Authors: Rodrigo José Galán; Angela-Maria Bernal-Vasquez; Christian Jebsen; Hans-Peter Piepho; +4 Authors

    AbstractKey messageHyperspectral data is a promising complement to genomic data to predict biomass under scenarios of low genetic relatedness. Sufficient environmental connectivity between data used for model training and validation is required.AbstractThe demand for sustainable sources of biomass is increasing worldwide. The early prediction of biomass via indirect selection of dry matter yield (DMY) based on hyperspectral and/or genomic prediction is crucial to affordably untap the potential of winter rye (Secale cerealeL.) as a dual-purpose crop. However, this estimation involves multiple genetic backgrounds and genetic relatedness is a crucial factor in genomic selection (GS). To assess the prospect of prediction using reflectance data as a suitable complement to GS for biomass breeding, the influence of trait heritability ($$H^{2}$$H2) and genetic relatedness were compared. Models were based on genomic (GBLUP) and hyperspectral reflectance-derived (HBLUP) relationship matrices to predict DMY and other biomass-related traits such as dry matter content (DMC) and fresh matter yield (FMY). For this, 270 elite rye lines from nine interconnected bi-parental families were genotyped using a 10 k-SNP array and phenotyped as testcrosses at four locations in two years (eight environments). From 400 discrete narrow bands (410 nm–993 nm) collected by an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) on two dates in each environment, 32 hyperspectral bands previously selected by Lasso were incorporated into a prediction model. HBLUP showed higher prediction abilities (0.41 – 0.61) than GBLUP (0.14 – 0.28) under a decreased genetic relationship, especially for mid-heritable traits (FMY and DMY), suggesting that HBLUP is much less affected by relatedness and$$H^{2}$$H2. However, the predictive power of both models was largely affected by environmental variances. Prediction abilities for DMY were further enhanced (up to 20%) by integrating both matrices and plant height into a bivariate model. Thus, data derived from high-throughput phenotyping emerges as a suitable strategy to efficiently leverage selection gains in biomass rye breeding; however, sufficient environmental connectivity is needed.

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    Theoretical and Applied Genetics
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    Authors: Jagdish Kumar Ladha; Adusumilli Narayana Rao; Anitha K. Raman; Agnes Tirol Padre; +15 Authors

    AbstractSouth Asian countries will have to double their food production by 2050 while using resources more efficiently and minimizing environmental problems. Transformative management approaches and technology solutions will be required in the major grain‐producing areas that provide the basis for future food and nutrition security. This study was conducted in four locations representing major food production systems of densely populated regions of South Asia. Novel production‐scale research platforms were established to assess and optimize three futuristic cropping systems and management scenarios (S2, S3, S4) in comparison with current management (S1). With best agronomic management practices (BMPs), including conservation agriculture (CA) and cropping system diversification, the productivity of rice‐ and wheat‐based cropping systems of South Asia increased substantially, whereas the global warming potential intensity (GWPi) decreased. Positive economic returns and less use of water, labor, nitrogen, and fossil fuel energy per unit food produced were achieved. In comparison with S1, S4, in which BMPs, CA and crop diversification were implemented in the most integrated manner, achieved 54% higher grain energy yield with a 104% increase in economic returns, 35% lower total water input, and a 43% lower GWPi. Conservation agriculture practices were most suitable for intensifying as well as diversifying wheat–rice rotations, but less so for rice–rice systems. This finding also highlights the need for characterizing areas suitable for CA and subsequent technology targeting. A comprehensive baseline dataset generated in this study will allow the prediction of extending benefits to a larger scale.

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    Global Change Biology
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    Authors: Gundula Bartzke; Joseph O. Ogutu; Sabyasachi Mukhopadhyay; Devolent Mtui; +2 Authors

    Les précipitations exercent une influence déterminante sur la disponibilité et la qualité de la végétation et des eaux de surface pour les herbivores dans les écosystèmes terrestres africains. Nous analysons les tendances temporelles et les variations des précipitations dans l'écosystème Masai Mara d'Afrique de l'Est et en déduisons leurs implications pour la dynamique des populations animales et de la biodiversité. Les données proviennent de 15 pluviomètres dans la région de Mara (1965–2015) et d'une station à Narok Town (1913–2015), dans le comté de Narok au Kenya. Il s'agit de la première analyse complète et la plus détaillée des changements des précipitations dans la région de son genre. Nos résultats ne corroborent pas les prévisions actuelles du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC) concernant une augmentation très probable des précipitations dans certaines parties de l'Afrique de l'Est. La composante pluviométrie de la saison sèche a augmenté entre 1935 et 2015, mais les précipitations annuelles ont diminué entre 1962 et 2015 dans la ville de Narok. Les précipitations mensuelles étaient plus stables et plus élevées dans la Mara qu'à Narok Town, probablement parce que la Mara se trouve plus près des zones de fortes précipitations le long des rives du lac Victoria. Des cycles interannuels principalement déterministes et persistants et des oscillations saisonnières des précipitations extrêmement stables caractérisent les précipitations dans les régions de Mara et de Narok. La fréquence des sécheresses sévères a augmenté et les inondations se sont intensifiées dans la Mara, mais les sécheresses sont devenues moins fréquentes et moins graves dans la ville de Narok. Les périodes de sécheresses et d'inondations extrêmes ont coïncidé avec une périodicité significative des oscillations des précipitations, impliquant de fortes influences des modèles de circulation atmosphérique et océanique mondiaux sur la variabilité des précipitations régionales. Ces changements dans les régimes pluviométriques ont des implications sur la dynamique des populations animales. L'augmentation des précipitations de la saison sèche entre 1935 et 2015 a peut-être contrebalancé les impacts de la pénurie de ressources générée par la baisse des précipitations annuelles entre 1965 et 2015 dans la ville de Narok. Cependant, on peut s'attendre à ce que l'augmentation des précipitations extrêmes dans le Mara crée des conditions propices aux épidémies de maladies animales infectieuses et à la réduction de la qualité de la végétation pour les herbivores, en particulier lorsque les sécheresses et les inondations persistent sur plusieurs années. Les précipitations plus extrêmes de la saison humide peuvent également modifier l'utilisation de l'espace par les herbivores, y compris les schémas de migration. Las precipitaciones ejercen una influencia controladora sobre la disponibilidad y la calidad de la vegetación y las aguas superficiales para los herbívoros en los ecosistemas terrestres africanos. Analizamos las tendencias temporales y la variación de las precipitaciones en el ecosistema Maasai Mara de África Oriental e inferimos sus implicaciones para la dinámica de la población animal y la biodiversidad. Los datos se originaron a partir de 15 pluviómetros en la región de Mara (1965–2015) y una estación en Narok Town (1913–2015), en el condado de Narok en Kenia. Este es el primer análisis exhaustivo y más detallado de los cambios en las precipitaciones en la región de este tipo. Nuestros resultados no respaldan las predicciones actuales del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) de aumentos muy probables de las precipitaciones en partes de África oriental. El componente de precipitación de la estación seca aumentó durante 1935–2015, pero la precipitación anual disminuyó durante 1962–2015 en Narok Town. La precipitación mensual fue más estable y más alta en el Mara que en Narok Town, probablemente porque el Mara se encuentra más cerca de las áreas de alta precipitación a lo largo de las orillas del lago Victoria. Los ciclos interanuales predominantemente deterministas y persistentes y las oscilaciones de las precipitaciones estacionales extremadamente estables caracterizan las precipitaciones en las regiones de Mara y Narok. La frecuencia de las sequías severas aumentó y las inundaciones se intensificaron en la Mara, pero las sequías se hicieron menos frecuentes y menos severas en la ciudad de Narok. Los tiempos de las sequías e inundaciones extremas coincidieron con una periodicidad significativa en las oscilaciones de las precipitaciones, lo que implica una fuerte influencia de los patrones de circulación atmosférica y oceánica global en la variabilidad regional de las precipitaciones. Estos cambios en los patrones de lluvia tienen implicaciones para la dinámica de la población animal. El aumento de las precipitaciones en la estación seca durante 1935–2015 posiblemente contrarrestó los impactos de la escasez de recursos generados por la disminución de las precipitaciones anuales durante 1965–2015 en Narok Town. Sin embargo, se puede esperar que el aumento de las precipitaciones extremas en la Mara cree condiciones propicias para los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas de los animales y la reducción de la calidad de la vegetación para los herbívoros, especialmente cuando las sequías y las inundaciones persisten durante varios años. Las precipitaciones más extremas de la estación húmeda también pueden alterar el uso del espacio de los herbívoros, incluidos los patrones de migración. Rainfall exerts a controlling influence on the availability and quality of vegetation and surface water for herbivores in African terrestrial ecosystems. We analyse temporal trends and variation in rainfall in the Maasai Mara ecosystem of East Africa and infer their implications for animal population and biodiversity dynamics. The data originated from 15 rain gauges in the Mara region (1965–2015) and one station in Narok Town (1913–2015), in Kenya's Narok County. This is the first comprehensive and most detailed analysis of changes in rainfall in the region of its kind. Our results do not support the current predictions of the International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) of very likely increases of rainfall over parts of Eastern Africa. The dry season rainfall component increased during 1935–2015 but annual rainfall decreased during 1962–2015 in Narok Town. Monthly rainfall was more stable and higher in the Mara than in Narok Town, likely because the Mara lies closer to the high-precipitation areas along the shores of Lake Victoria. Predominantly deterministic and persistent inter-annual cycles and extremely stable seasonal rainfall oscillations characterize rainfall in the Mara and Narok regions. The frequency of severe droughts increased and floods intensified in the Mara but droughts became less frequent and less severe in Narok Town. The timings of extreme droughts and floods coincided with significant periodicity in rainfall oscillations, implicating strong influences of global atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on regional rainfall variability. These changing rainfall patterns have implications for animal population dynamics. The increase in dry season rainfall during 1935–2015 possibly counterbalanced the impacts of resource scarcity generated by the declining annual rainfall during 1965–2015 in Narok Town. However, the increasing rainfall extremes in the Mara can be expected to create conditions conducive to outbreaks of infectious animal diseases and reduced vegetation quality for herbivores, particularly when droughts and floods persist over multiple years. The more extreme wet season rainfall may also alter herbivore space use, including migration patterns. يمارس هطول الأمطار تأثيرًا مسيطرًا على توافر ونوعية الغطاء النباتي والمياه السطحية للحيوانات العاشبة في النظم الإيكولوجية الأرضية الأفريقية. نحلل الاتجاهات الزمنية والتباين في هطول الأمطار في النظام البيئي لماساي مارا في شرق إفريقيا ونستنتج آثارها على عدد الحيوانات وديناميكيات التنوع البيولوجي. نشأت البيانات من 15 مقياسًا للأمطار في منطقة مارا (1965-2015) ومحطة واحدة في بلدة ناروك (1913-2015)، في مقاطعة ناروك في كينيا. هذا هو أول تحليل شامل وأكثر تفصيلاً للتغيرات في هطول الأمطار في المنطقة من نوعه. لا تدعم نتائجنا التوقعات الحالية للفريق الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ (IPCC) بشأن الزيادات المحتملة جدًا في هطول الأمطار على أجزاء من شرق إفريقيا. زاد عنصر هطول الأمطار في موسم الجفاف خلال الفترة 1935–2015 ولكن انخفض هطول الأمطار السنوي خلال الفترة 1962-2015 في بلدة ناروك. كان هطول الأمطار الشهري أكثر استقرارًا وأعلى في مارا منه في بلدة ناروك، ويرجع ذلك على الأرجح إلى أن مارا تقع بالقرب من المناطق ذات الأمطار العالية على طول شواطئ بحيرة فيكتوريا. تتميز الدورات الحتمية والمستمرة بين السنوات في الغالب وتذبذبات هطول الأمطار الموسمية المستقرة للغاية بهطول الأمطار في منطقتي مارا وناروك. ازداد تواتر الجفاف الشديد واشتدت الفيضانات في منطقة مارا، لكن الجفاف أصبح أقل تواترًا وأقل حدة في مدينة ناروك. تزامنت أوقات الجفاف والفيضانات الشديدة مع تواتر كبير في تذبذبات هطول الأمطار، مما أدى إلى تأثيرات قوية لأنماط دوران الغلاف الجوي والمحيطات العالمية على تقلبات هطول الأمطار الإقليمية. هذه الأنماط المتغيرة لهطول الأمطار لها آثار على ديناميكيات تعداد الحيوانات. من المحتمل أن تؤدي الزيادة في هطول الأمطار في موسم الجفاف خلال الفترة 1935-2015 إلى موازنة آثار ندرة الموارد الناتجة عن انخفاض هطول الأمطار السنوي خلال الفترة 1965-2015 في بلدة ناروك. ومع ذلك، يمكن توقع أن تؤدي الأمطار الغزيرة المتزايدة في منطقة مارا إلى خلق ظروف مواتية لتفشي الأمراض الحيوانية المعدية وانخفاض جودة الغطاء النباتي للحيوانات العاشبة، لا سيما عندما يستمر الجفاف والفيضانات على مدى عدة سنوات. قد يؤدي هطول الأمطار في موسم الأمطار الأكثر شدة أيضًا إلى تغيير استخدام مساحة الحيوانات العاشبة، بما في ذلك أنماط الهجرة.

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    La conservation de la faune est confrontée à de nombreux défis croissants sur les terres privées et communautaires en Afrique, y compris au Kenya. Nous analysons la dynamique des populations de 44 espèces sauvages communes par rapport à la variation des précipitations dans la Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy (NWC), située dans la région de Nakuru-Naivasha au Kenya, sur la base des dénombrements totaux au sol effectués deux fois par an de mars 1996 à mai 2015. Les précipitations dans la région étaient quasi-périodiques avec des périodes de cycle dépendant de la composante pluviométrique et variant de 2,8 ans pour la saison sèche à 10,9 ans pour la saison humide. Ces oscillations sont associées à des sécheresses sévères fréquentes et à une pénurie alimentaire pour les herbivores. Les tendances pour les 44 espèces sauvages ont montré cinq tendances générales au cours de la période 1996-2015. 1) Le nombre de Steinbuck, de Bushbuck, de Hartebeest et de Kudu a diminué de manière persistante et significative tout au long de la période 1996-2015 et mérite donc la plus grande attention en matière de conservation. 2) Le nombre de singes Klipspringer, mangouste, oribi, porc-épic, guépard, léopard, autruche et Sykes a également diminué de manière notable mais pas de manière significative entre 1996 et 2015. 3) Le nombre de diks, d'élands, de lièvres d'Afrique, de chacals, de duikers, d'hippopotames et de gazelles de Thomson a d'abord augmenté, puis diminué entre 1996 et 2015, mais seulement de manière significative pour les duikers et les hippopotames. 4) Le nombre d'Aardvark, de chat serval, de singe colobe, de renard aux oreilles de chauve-souris, de roseau, de hyène et de babouin a d'abord diminué, puis a augmenté, mais seules les augmentations du nombre de roseau et de babouin étaient significatives. 5) La gazelle de Grant, le zèbre de Grevy, le lion, le lièvre de printemps, le zèbre de Burchell, le porc de brousse, le rhinocéros blanc, l'hyrax rocheux, le topi, l'oryx, le singe vervet, la pintade, la girafe et les gnous ont augmenté régulièrement entre 1996 et 2015. L'augmentation n'était significative que pour l'hyrax rocheux, le topi, le singe vervet, la pintade, la girafe et le gnou. 6) Impala, buffle, phacochère et waterbuck, les nombres ont augmenté de manière significative et ont ensuite semblé se stabiliser entre 1996 et 2015. La biomasse agrégée des primates et des carnivores a globalement augmenté alors que celle des herbivores a d'abord augmenté de 1996 à 2006, puis s'est stabilisée par la suite. La biomasse agrégée des herbivores a augmenté linéairement avec l'augmentation des précipitations cumulées de la saison humide. Les densités des 30 espèces les plus abondantes étaient fortement corrélées positivement ou négativement avec les précipitations cumulées passées, le plus souvent avec la composante du début de la saison humide. Les initiatives collaboratives de conservation et de gestion de la faune entreprises sur la mosaïque de terres privées, communales et publiques ont donc été associées à une augmentation ou à une absence de diminution du nombre de 32 et à une diminution du nombre de 12 des 44 espèces. Malgré le déclin de certaines espèces, une conservation communautaire efficace est essentielle pour l'avenir de la faune dans la CNO et d'autres pâturages du Kenya et au-delà et dépend de manière cruciale de la bonne volonté, de l'engagement efficace et de l'action collective des communautés locales, travaillant en partenariat avec diverses organisations, qui, dans la CNO, opéraient sous l'égide du Nakuru Wildlife Forum. La protección de la vida silvestre se enfrenta a numerosos y crecientes desafíos en tierras privadas y comunales en África, incluso en Kenia. Analizamos la dinámica poblacional de 44 especies comunes de vida silvestre en relación con la variación de las precipitaciones en Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy (NWC), ubicada en la región de Nakuru-Naivasha en Kenia, en base a los recuentos totales del suelo realizados dos veces al año desde marzo de 1996 hasta mayo de 2015. Las precipitaciones en la región fueron cuasi periódicas, con períodos de ciclo dependientes del componente de precipitación y que variaban de 2,8 años para la estación seca a 10,9 años para la estación húmeda. Estas oscilaciones se asocian con frecuentes sequías severas y escasez de alimentos para los herbívoros. Las tendencias para las 44 especies de vida silvestre mostraron cinco patrones generales durante 1996-2015. 1) Los números de Steinbuck, bushbuck, hartebeest y kudu disminuyeron de manera persistente y significativa a lo largo de 1996-2015 y, por lo tanto, merecen la mayor atención. 2) El número de monos Klipspringer, mangosta, oribi, puercoespín, guepardo, leopardo, avestruz y Sykes también disminuyó notablemente, pero no significativamente, entre 1996 y 2015. 3) Los números de dik dik, eland, liebre africana, chacal, duiker, hipopótamo y gacela de Thomson primero aumentaron y luego disminuyeron entre 1996 y 2015, pero solo significativamente para duiker e hipopótamo. 4) Los números de cerdo hormiguero, gato serval, mono colobo, zorro de orejas de murciélago, junco, hiena y babuino primero disminuyeron y luego aumentaron, pero solo los aumentos en los números de junco y babuino fueron significativos. 5) El número de gacelas de Grant, cebras de Grevy, leones, liebres de primavera, cebras de Burchell, cerdos monteses, rinocerontes blancos, hyrax de roca, topi, oryx, monos vervet, gallinas de Guinea, jirafas y ñus aumentó constantemente entre 1996 y 2015. El aumento fue significativo solo para el hirax de roca, topi, mono vervet, pintadas, jirafas y ñus. 6) Impala, búfalo, jabalí y waterbuck, los números aumentaron significativamente y luego parecieron estabilizarse entre 1996 y 2015. La biomasa agregada de primates y carnívoros aumentó en general, mientras que la de los herbívoros aumentó por primera vez de 1996 a 2006 y luego se estabilizó a partir de entonces. La biomasa herbívora agregada aumentó linealmente con el aumento de las precipitaciones acumuladas en la estación húmeda. Las densidades de las 30 especies más abundantes se correlacionaron positiva o negativamente con las precipitaciones acumuladas en el pasado, más comúnmente con el componente de la estación húmeda temprana. Por lo tanto, las iniciativas colaborativas de protección y gestión de la vida silvestre emprendidas en el mosaico de tierras privadas, comunales y públicas se asociaron con un aumento o ninguna disminución en el número de 32 y una disminución en el número de 12 de las 44 especies. A pesar de la disminución de algunas especies, la protección efectiva basada en la comunidad es fundamental para el futuro de la vida silvestre en la NWC y otros pastizales de Kenia y más allá, y depende de manera crucial de la buena voluntad, el compromiso efectivo y la acción colectiva de las comunidades locales, trabajando en asociación con varias organizaciones que, en la NWC, operaban bajo el paraguas del Foro de Vida Silvestre de Nakuru. Wildlife conservation is facing numerous and mounting challenges on private and communal lands in Africa, including in Kenya. We analyze the population dynamics of 44 common wildlife species in relation to rainfall variation in the Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy (NWC), located in the Nakuru-Naivasha region of Kenya, based on ground total counts carried out twice each year from March 1996 to May 2015. Rainfall in the region was quasi-periodic with cycle periods dependent on the rainfall component and varying from 2.8 years for the dry season to 10.9 years for the wet season. These oscillations are associated with frequent severe droughts and food scarcity for herbivores. The trends for the 44 wildlife species showed five general patterns during 1996-2015. 1) Steinbuck, bushbuck, hartebeest and greater kudu numbers declined persistently and significantly throughout 1996-2015 and thus merit the greatest conservation attention. 2) Klipspringer, mongoose, oribi, porcupine, cheetah, leopard, ostrich and Sykes monkey numbers also decreased noticeably but not significantly between 1996 and 2015. 3) Dik dik, eland, African hare, Jackal, duiker, hippo and Thomson's gazelle numbers first increased and then declined between 1996 and 2015 but only significantly for duiker and hippo. 4) Aardvark, serval cat, colobus monkey, bat-eared fox, reedbuck, hyena and baboon numbers first declined and then increased but only the increases in reedbuck and baboon numbers were significant. 5) Grant's gazelle, Grevy's zebra, lion, spring hare, Burchell's zebra, bushpig, white rhino, rock hyrax, topi, oryx, vervet monkey, guinea fowl, giraffe, and wildebeest numbers increased consistently between 1996 and 2015. The increase was significant only for rock hyrax, topi, vervet monkey, guinea fowl, giraffe and wildebeest. 6) Impala, buffalo, warthog, and waterbuck, numbers increased significantly and then seemed to level off between 1996 and 2015. The aggregate biomass of primates and carnivores increased overall whereas that of herbivores first increased from 1996 to 2006 and then levelled off thereafter. Aggregate herbivore biomass increased linearly with increasing cumulative wet season rainfall. The densities of the 30 most abundant species were either strongly positively or negatively correlated with cumulative past rainfall, most commonly with the early wet season component. The collaborative wildlife conservation and management initiatives undertaken on the mosaic of private, communal and public lands were thus associated with increase or no decrease in numbers of 32 and decrease in numbers of 12 of the 44 species. Despite the decline by some species, effective community-based conservation is central to the future of wildlife in the NWC and other rangelands of Kenya and beyond and is crucially dependent on the good will, effective engagement and collective action of local communities, working in partnerships with various organizations, which, in NWC, operated under the umbrella of the Nakuru Wildlife Forum. يواجه الحفاظ على الحياة البرية تحديات عديدة ومتزايدة على الأراضي الخاصة والمجتمعية في أفريقيا، بما في ذلك في كينيا. نقوم بتحليل الديناميكيات السكانية لـ 44 نوعًا من أنواع الحياة البرية الشائعة فيما يتعلق بتباين هطول الأمطار في محمية ناكورو للحياة البرية (NWC)، الواقعة في منطقة ناكورو- نايفاشا في كينيا، بناءً على إجمالي التعداد الأرضي الذي يتم إجراؤه مرتين كل عام من مارس 1996 إلى مايو 2015. كان هطول الأمطار في المنطقة شبه دوري مع فترات دورة تعتمد على مكون هطول الأمطار وتتراوح من 2.8 سنة لموسم الجفاف إلى 10.9 سنة لموسم الأمطار. وترتبط هذه التذبذبات بحالات الجفاف الشديد المتكررة وندرة الغذاء للحيوانات العاشبة. أظهرت الاتجاهات الخاصة بأنواع الحياة البرية البالغ عددها 44 نوعًا خمسة أنماط عامة خلال الفترة 1996-2015. 1) انخفضت أعداد شتاينباك وبوشباك وهارتبيست وأكبر كودو باستمرار وبشكل كبير خلال الفترة 1996-2015 وبالتالي تستحق أكبر اهتمام بالحفظ. 2) كما انخفضت أعداد قرود كليبسبرينغر، والنمس، وأوريبي، والشياهم، والفهد، والنمر، والنعام، وسايكس بشكل ملحوظ ولكن ليس بشكل ملحوظ بين عامي 1996 و 2015. 3) ازدادت أعداد ديك ديك، وإيلاند، والأرنب الأفريقي، وابن آوى، ودويكر، وفرس النهر، وغزال طومسون أولاً ثم انخفضت بين عامي 1996 و 2015 ولكن بشكل كبير فقط بالنسبة للدويكر وفرس النهر. 4) انخفضت أعداد آردفارك، وقط سيرفال، وقرد كولوبوس، وثعلب ذو أذنين خفافيش، وريدباك، والضباع، والبابون أولاً ثم زادت ولكن الزيادات في أعداد ريدباك والبابون كانت كبيرة فقط. 5) غزال غرانت، وحمار وحشي غريفي، والأسد، والأرنب الربيعي، وحمار وحشي بورشيل، والبوشبيغ، ووحيد القرن الأبيض، وهيراكس الصخرية، وتوبي، والمها، وقرد الفرفت، والطيور الغينية، والزرافة، وأعداد الحيوانات البرية زادت باستمرار بين عامي 1996 و 2015. كانت الزيادة كبيرة فقط بالنسبة لصخور الهيروكس والتوبي وقرود الفرفت والطيور الغينية والزرافة والثيران البرية. 6) ازدادت أعداد إمبالا والجاموس والخنازير والماء بشكل كبير ثم بدا أنها استقرت بين عامي 1996 و 2015. زادت الكتلة الحيوية الإجمالية للقرود والحيوانات آكلة اللحوم بشكل عام في حين زادت الكتلة الحيوية للحيوانات آكلة الأعشاب لأول مرة من عام 1996 إلى عام 2006 ثم استقرت بعد ذلك. زادت الكتلة الحيوية الكلية للحيوانات العاشبة خطيًا مع زيادة هطول الأمطار في موسم الأمطار التراكمي. كانت كثافات الأنواع الثلاثين الأكثر وفرة إما بشكل إيجابي أو سلبي مع هطول الأمطار التراكمي في الماضي، والأكثر شيوعًا مع مكون موسم الأمطار المبكر. وبالتالي، ارتبطت المبادرات التعاونية للحفاظ على الحياة البرية وإدارتها التي تم الاضطلاع بها على فسيفساء الأراضي الخاصة والمجتمعية والعامة بزيادة أو عدم انخفاض أعداد 32 نوعًا وانخفاض أعداد 12 نوعًا من أصل 44 نوعًا. على الرغم من تراجع بعض الأنواع، فإن الحفظ الفعال القائم على المجتمع أمر أساسي لمستقبل الحياة البرية في شركة المياه الوطنية وغيرها من المراعي في كينيا وخارجها ويعتمد بشكل حاسم على حسن النية والمشاركة الفعالة والعمل الجماعي للمجتمعات المحلية، والعمل في شراكات مع مختلف المنظمات، التي تعمل في شركة المياه الوطنية تحت مظلة منتدى ناكورو للحياة البرية.

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      Article . 2017
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      PLoS ONE
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/x8...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/zz...
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    Authors: Ogutu, Joseph O.; Moehlman, Patricia D; Piepho, Hans-Peter; Runyoro, Victor A; +2 Authors

    The Ngorongoro Crater is an intact caldera with an area of approximately 310 km2. Long term records on herbivore populations, vegetation and rainfall made it possible to analyze historic and project future herbivore population dynamics. In 1974 there was a perturbation in that resident Maasai and their livestock were removed from the Crater. Vegetation structure changed in 1967 from predominately short grassland to mid and tall grasses dominating in 1995. Even with a change in grassland structure, total herbivore biomass remained relatively stable from 1963 to 2012, implying that the crater has a stable multi-herbivore community. However, in 1974, Maasai pastoralists were removed from the Ngorongoro Crater and there were significant changes in population trends for some herbivore species. Buffalo, elephant and ostrich numbers increased significantly during 1974-2012. The zebra population was stable from 1963 to 2012 whereas numbers of other eight species declined substantially between 1974 and 2012 relative to their peak numbers during 1974-1976. Numbers of Grant’s and Thomson’s gazelles, eland, kongoni, waterbuck (wet season only) declined significantly in the Crater in both seasons after 1974. Wildebeest numbers decreased in the Crater between 1974 and 2012 but this decrease was not statistically significant. In addition, some herbivore species were consistently more abundant inside the Crater during the wet than the dry season. This pattern was most evident for the large herbivore species requiring bulk forage, comprising buffalo, eland, and elephant. Analyses of rainfall indicated that there was a persistent annual cycle of 4.83 years. Herbivore population size was correlated with rainfall in both the wet and dry seasons. The relationships established between the time series of historic animal counts in the wet and dry seasons and lagged wet and dry season rainfall series were used to forecast the likely future trajectories of the wet and dry season population size for each species under three alternative climate change scenarios.

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    https://doi.org/10.1101/542910...
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      https://doi.org/10.1101/542910...
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    Authors: Lisec, Jan; Römisch-Margl, Lilla; Nikoloski, Zoran (Prof. Dr.); Piepho, Hans-Peter; +4 Authors

    SummaryWe conducted a comparative analysis of the root metabolome of six parental maize inbred lines and their 14 corresponding hybrids showing fresh weight heterosis. We demonstrated that the metabolic profiles not only exhibit distinct features for each hybrid line compared with its parental lines, but also separate reciprocal hybrids. Reconstructed metabolic networks, based on robust correlations between metabolic profiles, display a higher network density in most hybrids as compared with the corresponding inbred lines. With respect to metabolite level inheritance, additive, dominant and overdominant patterns are observed with no specific overrepresentation. Despite the observed complexity of the inheritance pattern, for the majority of metabolites the variance observed in all 14 hybrids is lower compared with inbred lines. Deviations of metabolite levels from the average levels of the hybrids correlate negatively with biomass, which could be applied for developing predictors of hybrid performance based on characteristics of metabolite patterns.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao The Plant Journalarrow_drop_down
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    The Plant Journal
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Plant Journal
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Rodrigo José Galán; Angela-Maria Bernal-Vasquez; Christian Jebsen; Hans-Peter Piepho; +4 Authors

    AbstractKey messageHyperspectral and genomic data are effective predictors of biomass yield in winter rye. Variable selection procedures can improve the informativeness of reflectance data.AbstractIntegrating cutting-edge technologies is imperative to sustainably breed crops for a growing global population. To predict dry matter yield (DMY) in winter rye (Secale cerealeL.), we tested single-kernel models based on genomic (GBLUP) and hyperspectral reflectance-derived (HBLUP) relationship matrices, a multi-kernel model combining both matrices and a bivariate model fitted with plant height as a secondary trait. In total, 274 elite rye lines were genotyped using a 10 k-SNP array and phenotyped as testcrosses for DMY and plant height at four locations in Germany in two years (eight environments). Spectral data consisted of 400 discrete narrow bands ranging between 410 and 993 nm collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on two dates on each environment. To reduce data dimensionality, variable selection of bands was performed, resulting in the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) as the best method in terms of predictive abilities. The mean heritability of reflectance data was moderate ($$h^{2}$$h2 = 0.72) and highly variable across the spectrum. Correlations between DMY and single bands were generally significant (p < 0.05) but low (≤ 0.29). Across environments and training set (TRN) sizes, the bivariate model showed the highest prediction abilities (0.56–0.75), followed by the multi-kernel (0.45–0.71) and single-kernel (0.33–0.61) models. With reduced TRN, HBLUP performed better than GBLUP. The HBLUP model fitted with a set of selected bands was preferred. Within and across environments, prediction abilities increased with larger TRN. Our results suggest that in the era of digital breeding, the integration of high-throughput phenotyping and genomic selection is a promising strategy to achieve superior selection gains in hybrid rye.

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    Theoretical and Applied Genetics
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    PubMed Central
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      Theoretical and Applied Genetics
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    Authors: Ogutu, Joseph O.; Piepho, Hans-Peter; Dublin, H.T.; Bhola, N.; +1 Authors

    AbstractUnderstanding long‐term climatic variability is basic to wise management and conservation of biodiversity. We analysed temporal variations in the local rainfall, temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and the hemispheric El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), using the Southern Oscillation Index and how they co varied in the Mara‐Serengeti ecosystem of Kenya and Tanzania. Local rainfall showed a striking temporal variability and an evident 5‐year quasi‐periodicity in the ecosystem. Severe droughts were a recurrent/persistent feature of the ecosystem but extreme floods were relatively infrequent. The timings of droughts and floods coincided with strong episodes in the activities of the ENSO phenomenon. Above‐average rainfall often accompanied cold ENSO episodes and below‐average rainfall warm ENSO events, contrary to past generalizations suggesting that warm ENSO events are only associated with above‐average rainfall whereas cold ENSO events with below‐average rainfall in equatorial East Africa. Both minimum and maximum temperatures were below‐normal during cold ENSO episodes and above‐normal during warm ENSO events. Rising temperatures and declining rainfall throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, with unprecedently prolonged and strong ENSO episodes, engendered progressive habitat desiccation and reduction in vegetation production in the ecosystem. This exacerbated the debilitating effects of adverse weather on local plant and animal communities, resulting in high mortalities of ungulates.

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    IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science
    Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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    African Journal of Ecology
    Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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      IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science
      Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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      African Journal of Ecology
      Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ogutu, Joseph O.; Piepho, Hans-Peter; Said, Mohammed Yahya; Kifugo, S.C.;

    Wildlife populations are declining severely in many protected areas and unprotected pastoral areas of Africa. Rapid large-scale land use changes, poaching, climate change, rising population pressures, governance, policy, economic and socio-cultural transformations and competition with livestock all contribute to the declines in abundance. Here we analyze the population dynamics of 15 wildlife and four livestock species monitored using aerial surveys from 1977 to 2011 within Kajiado County of Kenya, with a rapidly expanding human population, settlements, cultivation and other developments. The abundance of the 14 most common wildlife species declined by 67% on average (2% / yr) between 1977 and 2011 in both Eastern (Amboseli Ecosystem) and Western Kajiado. The species that declined the most were buffalo, impala, wildebeest, waterbuck, oryx, hartebeest, Thomson's gazelle and gerenuk in Eastern Kajiado (70% to 88%) and oryx, hartebeest, impala, buffalo, waterbuck, giraffe, eland and gerenuk in Western Kajiado (77% to 99%). Only elephant (115%) and ostrich (216%) numbers increased contemporaneously in Eastern and Western Kajiado, respectively. Cattle and donkey numbers also decreased on average by 78% in Eastern Kajiado and by 37% in Western Kajiado. Sheep and goats decreased the least in Eastern (28%) but increased in Western (96%) Kajiadio. Livestock dominated (70-80%) the total large herbivore biomass throughout the 1977-2011 monitoring period. The distribution of wildlife contracted dramatically during 1977-2011, most especially for wildebeest, giraffe and impala. Only zebra and ostrich distributions expanded in the county. However, livestock distribution expanded to densely cover most of the county. Our findings point to recurrent droughts, intensifying human population pressures, land use changes and other anthropogenic impacts, decades of ineffective or failed government policies, legislations, law enforcement, management institutions and strategies as the salient causes of the declines and range compressions. We recommend several urgent measures to rehabilitate the depleted wildlife populations and habitat richness, restore their ecological resilience to droughts and secure pastoral livelihoods.

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    The Open Ecology Journal
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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      The Open Ecology Journal
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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