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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid A. Pizzi;
    A. Pizzi
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    A. Pizzi in OpenAIRE
    orcid E. Foppa Pedretti;
    E. Foppa Pedretti
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    E. Foppa Pedretti in OpenAIRE
    G. Ciceri; G. Martignon; +3 Authors

    Abstract The standardization is an important aspect for fuel products. Some residual biomass are highly heterogeneous making their energy use rather difficult. Torrefaction can represent an interesting process to improve the standardization and quality of the lignocellulosic biomass. In the present research torrefaction has been applied on tomato peels, an important Italian industry residue. Different residence times and torrefaction temperatures have been employed in a bench top torrefaction reactor. Proximate, ultimate, thermogravimetric and infrared analyses of raw and torrefied material have been performed to evaluate the influence of the process. From the mildest condition studied to the most severe one, mass yield, energy yield and energy densification vary in the ranges of 94.7–69.9%, 98.0–86.0% and 1.04–1.23 respectively. According to mass and energy yields, ultimate analysis and thermogravimetric profiles, temperature parameter results more significant than residence time. Torrefaction makes the material increasingly hydrophobic as torrefaction temperature increases. This results in a more biologically stable and standardized material suitable to be employed as fuel for energy application. The results of this paper provide useful indications and suggest a mild torrefaction.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Fuelarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Fuel
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    addClaim
    76
    citations76
    popularityTop 10%
    influenceTop 10%
    impulseTop 10%
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Fuelarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Fuel
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid A. Pizzi;
    A. Pizzi
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    A. Pizzi in OpenAIRE
    orcid E. Foppa Pedretti;
    E. Foppa Pedretti
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    E. Foppa Pedretti in OpenAIRE
    G. Ciceri; G. Martignon; +3 Authors

    Abstract The standardization is an important aspect for fuel products. Some residual biomass are highly heterogeneous making their energy use rather difficult. Torrefaction can represent an interesting process to improve the standardization and quality of the lignocellulosic biomass. In the present research torrefaction has been applied on tomato peels, an important Italian industry residue. Different residence times and torrefaction temperatures have been employed in a bench top torrefaction reactor. Proximate, ultimate, thermogravimetric and infrared analyses of raw and torrefied material have been performed to evaluate the influence of the process. From the mildest condition studied to the most severe one, mass yield, energy yield and energy densification vary in the ranges of 94.7–69.9%, 98.0–86.0% and 1.04–1.23 respectively. According to mass and energy yields, ultimate analysis and thermogravimetric profiles, temperature parameter results more significant than residence time. Torrefaction makes the material increasingly hydrophobic as torrefaction temperature increases. This results in a more biologically stable and standardized material suitable to be employed as fuel for energy application. The results of this paper provide useful indications and suggest a mild torrefaction.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Fuelarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Fuel
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    addClaim
    76
    citations76
    popularityTop 10%
    influenceTop 10%
    impulseTop 10%
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Fuelarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Fuel
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid G. Toscano;
    G. Toscano
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    G. Toscano in OpenAIRE
    orcid D. Duca;
    D. Duca
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    D. Duca in OpenAIRE
    orcid E. Foppa Pedretti;
    E. Foppa Pedretti
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    E. Foppa Pedretti in OpenAIRE
    orcid A. Pizzi;
    A. Pizzi
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    A. Pizzi in OpenAIRE
    +3 Authors

    Abstract Considering the global warming and the climate change of the past few decades, European public policies have been established in order to increase the share of renewable energy sources. In the European context, one of the most interesting alternatives is woodchip. The present investigation provides an evaluation of woodchip quality underlining the relationships between the most important chemical and physical parameters, in particular between ash and some elements. Results highlight that the quality of woodchip is good even if some samples have very high ash content. Statistical analysis demonstrated that ash and moisture contents are highly linked to the net calorific value and a specific regression equation (R 2 = 0.983) has been identified. Considering the chemical characteristics, statistical analyses pointed out the correlation between elements and ash content demonstrating that the quality classes of woodchip can be reasonably divided based on ash content.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    addClaim
    30
    citations30
    popularityTop 10%
    influenceTop 10%
    impulseTop 10%
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid G. Toscano;
    G. Toscano
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    G. Toscano in OpenAIRE
    orcid D. Duca;
    D. Duca
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    D. Duca in OpenAIRE
    orcid E. Foppa Pedretti;
    E. Foppa Pedretti
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    E. Foppa Pedretti in OpenAIRE
    orcid A. Pizzi;
    A. Pizzi
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    A. Pizzi in OpenAIRE
    +3 Authors

    Abstract Considering the global warming and the climate change of the past few decades, European public policies have been established in order to increase the share of renewable energy sources. In the European context, one of the most interesting alternatives is woodchip. The present investigation provides an evaluation of woodchip quality underlining the relationships between the most important chemical and physical parameters, in particular between ash and some elements. Results highlight that the quality of woodchip is good even if some samples have very high ash content. Statistical analysis demonstrated that ash and moisture contents are highly linked to the net calorific value and a specific regression equation (R 2 = 0.983) has been identified. Considering the chemical characteristics, statistical analyses pointed out the correlation between elements and ash content demonstrating that the quality classes of woodchip can be reasonably divided based on ash content.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    addClaim
    30
    citations30
    popularityTop 10%
    influenceTop 10%
    impulseTop 10%
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Mancini, M.; orcid Rinnan, Åsmund;
    Rinnan, Åsmund
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Rinnan, Åsmund in OpenAIRE
    orcid Pizzi, A.;
    Pizzi, A.
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pizzi, A. in OpenAIRE
    Mengarelli, C.; +3 Authors

    Abstract The increasing concern regarding energy supply and the consequent rapid growth of the pellet market lead to the need to classify the product quality. To this aim, chemical-physical parameters and qualitative attributes are defined by the technical standards EN ISO 17,225 to classify the quality of biofuels, but, while the former can be determined by traditional chemical analysis, no methodologies have been set for the latter one. Hence, near-infrared spectroscopy was tested to obtain information about the origin and the source of the pellet, at the moment only declared by the producers and difficult to be achieved by conventional analysis. In fact, the great strength of the technique is based on the fact that biomass features could be read simultaneously with a rapid and cheap NIR measurement. Checking the presence of treated wood (e.g. residues from wood processing industry) especially in densified products, such as pellets and briquettes, is particular important since in several European countries, e.g. Italy, these materials are considered as waste. In this study more than a hundred samples of virgin and treated wood (residues from wood processing industries) were analysed by means of FT-NIR. Partial Least Square regression – Discriminant Analysis was used in order to classify samples between the two classes and different variables selection methods were tested in order to improve the classification performance of the models. The results obtained demonstrated that near infrared analysis coupled with multivariate analysis can be used in screening applications to classify virgin wood from glue-laminated wood and treated wood. In particular, the model for the discrimination of treated wood (except glue-laminated samples) from virgin wood performs 100% correct classification and the model for the discrimination between virgin wood and glue-laminated wood only has a 3.6% misclassification rate. The methodology can be considered as the first one able to provide information about the origin of the biomass in a rapid and cheap way.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Fuelarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Fuel
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    addClaim
    29
    citations29
    popularityTop 10%
    influenceTop 10%
    impulseTop 10%
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Fuelarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Fuel
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      addClaim
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Mancini, M.; orcid Rinnan, Åsmund;
    Rinnan, Åsmund
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Rinnan, Åsmund in OpenAIRE
    orcid Pizzi, A.;
    Pizzi, A.
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pizzi, A. in OpenAIRE
    Mengarelli, C.; +3 Authors

    Abstract The increasing concern regarding energy supply and the consequent rapid growth of the pellet market lead to the need to classify the product quality. To this aim, chemical-physical parameters and qualitative attributes are defined by the technical standards EN ISO 17,225 to classify the quality of biofuels, but, while the former can be determined by traditional chemical analysis, no methodologies have been set for the latter one. Hence, near-infrared spectroscopy was tested to obtain information about the origin and the source of the pellet, at the moment only declared by the producers and difficult to be achieved by conventional analysis. In fact, the great strength of the technique is based on the fact that biomass features could be read simultaneously with a rapid and cheap NIR measurement. Checking the presence of treated wood (e.g. residues from wood processing industry) especially in densified products, such as pellets and briquettes, is particular important since in several European countries, e.g. Italy, these materials are considered as waste. In this study more than a hundred samples of virgin and treated wood (residues from wood processing industries) were analysed by means of FT-NIR. Partial Least Square regression – Discriminant Analysis was used in order to classify samples between the two classes and different variables selection methods were tested in order to improve the classification performance of the models. The results obtained demonstrated that near infrared analysis coupled with multivariate analysis can be used in screening applications to classify virgin wood from glue-laminated wood and treated wood. In particular, the model for the discrimination of treated wood (except glue-laminated samples) from virgin wood performs 100% correct classification and the model for the discrimination between virgin wood and glue-laminated wood only has a 3.6% misclassification rate. The methodology can be considered as the first one able to provide information about the origin of the biomass in a rapid and cheap way.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Fuelarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Fuel
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    addClaim
    29
    citations29
    popularityTop 10%
    influenceTop 10%
    impulseTop 10%
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Fuelarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Fuel
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      addClaim
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Giorgio Rossini;
    Giorgio Rossini
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Giorgio Rossini in OpenAIRE
    orcid Daniele Duca;
    Daniele Duca
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Daniele Duca in OpenAIRE
    orcid C. Mengarelli;
    C. Mengarelli
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    C. Mengarelli in OpenAIRE
    orcid A. Pizzi;
    A. Pizzi
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    A. Pizzi in OpenAIRE
    +1 Authors

    Abstract In the renewable energy production solid biomass has became one of the most important source for power and heat generation, in particular woody materials in the form of wood chips, pellet and briquette. Technical standards on solid biofuels require information about origin and source of the biomass, differentiating for example between coniferous and broadleaf. In this work different wood samples were classified employing a method based on thermogravimetric analysis followed by Principal Component Analysis and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy as supervised pattern recognition method. The best results were obtained considering the temperature range between 200 and 300 °C, corresponding to hemicellulose degradation. The method results very efficient (100% recognition) at identifying between hardwood and softwood. Nevertheless it shows a good potential to classify single species. This method can be used to assess the quality of solid biofuels with respect to the requirements defined by the specific technical standards.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    addClaim
    25
    citations25
    popularityTop 10%
    influenceTop 10%
    impulseTop 10%
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Giorgio Rossini;
    Giorgio Rossini
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Giorgio Rossini in OpenAIRE
    orcid Daniele Duca;
    Daniele Duca
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Daniele Duca in OpenAIRE
    orcid C. Mengarelli;
    C. Mengarelli
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    C. Mengarelli in OpenAIRE
    orcid A. Pizzi;
    A. Pizzi
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    A. Pizzi in OpenAIRE
    +1 Authors

    Abstract In the renewable energy production solid biomass has became one of the most important source for power and heat generation, in particular woody materials in the form of wood chips, pellet and briquette. Technical standards on solid biofuels require information about origin and source of the biomass, differentiating for example between coniferous and broadleaf. In this work different wood samples were classified employing a method based on thermogravimetric analysis followed by Principal Component Analysis and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy as supervised pattern recognition method. The best results were obtained considering the temperature range between 200 and 300 °C, corresponding to hemicellulose degradation. The method results very efficient (100% recognition) at identifying between hardwood and softwood. Nevertheless it shows a good potential to classify single species. This method can be used to assess the quality of solid biofuels with respect to the requirements defined by the specific technical standards.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Thomas Gasperini;
    Thomas Gasperini
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    Thomas Gasperini in OpenAIRE
    orcid Andrea Pizzi;
    Andrea Pizzi
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    Andrea Pizzi in OpenAIRE
    Lucia Olivi; orcid Giuseppe Toscano;
    Giuseppe Toscano
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Giuseppe Toscano in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    The combustion efficiency of wood pellets is partly affected by their average length. The ISO 17829 standard defines the methodology for assessing the average length of sample pellets, but the method does not always lead to representative data. Furthermore, a standard analysis is time-consuming as it requires manual measurement of the pellets using a caliper. This paper, whilst evaluating the effect of pellet length on combustion efficiency, proposes a pending-patented dimensional image processing method (DIP) for assessing pellet length. DIP allows the dimensional data of grouped and stacked pellets to be obtained by exploiting the shadows produced by pellets when exposed to a light source, assuming that different-sized pellets produce different shadows. Thus, the proposed method allows for the extraction of dimensional information from non-distinct objects, overcoming the reliance of classical image processing methods on object distance for effective segmentation. Combustion tests, carried out using pellets varying only in length, confirmed the influence of length on combustion efficiency. Shorter pellets, compared to longer ones, significantly reduced CO emissions by up to 94% (mg/MJ). However, they exhibited a higher fuel mass consumption rate (kg/h), with an increase of up to 22.8% compared to the longest sample. In addition, longer pellets produced fewer but larger shadows than shorter ones. Further studies are needed to correlate the number and size of shadows with samples’ average length so that DIP could be implemented in stoves and programmed to communicate with the control unit and automatically optimize the setting in order to improve combustion efficiency.

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    Energies
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      Energies
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Thomas Gasperini;
    Thomas Gasperini
    ORCID
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    Thomas Gasperini in OpenAIRE
    orcid Andrea Pizzi;
    Andrea Pizzi
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    Andrea Pizzi in OpenAIRE
    Lucia Olivi; orcid Giuseppe Toscano;
    Giuseppe Toscano
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Giuseppe Toscano in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    The combustion efficiency of wood pellets is partly affected by their average length. The ISO 17829 standard defines the methodology for assessing the average length of sample pellets, but the method does not always lead to representative data. Furthermore, a standard analysis is time-consuming as it requires manual measurement of the pellets using a caliper. This paper, whilst evaluating the effect of pellet length on combustion efficiency, proposes a pending-patented dimensional image processing method (DIP) for assessing pellet length. DIP allows the dimensional data of grouped and stacked pellets to be obtained by exploiting the shadows produced by pellets when exposed to a light source, assuming that different-sized pellets produce different shadows. Thus, the proposed method allows for the extraction of dimensional information from non-distinct objects, overcoming the reliance of classical image processing methods on object distance for effective segmentation. Combustion tests, carried out using pellets varying only in length, confirmed the influence of length on combustion efficiency. Shorter pellets, compared to longer ones, significantly reduced CO emissions by up to 94% (mg/MJ). However, they exhibited a higher fuel mass consumption rate (kg/h), with an increase of up to 22.8% compared to the longest sample. In addition, longer pellets produced fewer but larger shadows than shorter ones. Further studies are needed to correlate the number and size of shadows with samples’ average length so that DIP could be implemented in stoves and programmed to communicate with the control unit and automatically optimize the setting in order to improve combustion efficiency.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Giorgio Rossini;
    Giorgio Rossini
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    Giorgio Rossini in OpenAIRE
    A. del Gatto; orcid Daniele Duca;
    Daniele Duca
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    Daniele Duca in OpenAIRE
    orcid E. Foppa Pedretti;
    E. Foppa Pedretti
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    E. Foppa Pedretti in OpenAIRE
    +4 Authors

    Abstract The first generation biofuels still have the role of leader in global production of biofuels. In Europe biodiesel is produced mostly from rapeseed ( Brassica napus L. oleifera Metzg) and sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.). The EU policy is giving attention to the valorization of residues deriving also from those chains. The present work had the objective of evaluating the quality of residues deriving from biodiesel chains based on rapeseed and sunflower crops as well as on other interesting crops in the Mediterranean area, such as Ethiopian mustard ( Brassica carinata A. Braun) and cardoon ( Cynara cardunculus L.). For this purpose an energetic characterization of straws, hulls and press cakes were performed following the official technical normative, as well as the evaluation of their energetic potential. The energy content of residues resulted to be interesting and their quality compatible in general with an energetic use. Crop residues seem to have the most energy potential in quantitative terms, and their exploitation can improve the energy balance of first generation biodiesel production chain improving their sustainability. Concerning quality, crop residues should be employed in medium-large sized plants to limit problems related to plant management and emissions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Industrial Crops and...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Industrial Crops and Products
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Industrial Crops and Products
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Giorgio Rossini;
    Giorgio Rossini
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    Giorgio Rossini in OpenAIRE
    A. del Gatto; orcid Daniele Duca;
    Daniele Duca
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    Daniele Duca in OpenAIRE
    orcid E. Foppa Pedretti;
    E. Foppa Pedretti
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    E. Foppa Pedretti in OpenAIRE
    +4 Authors

    Abstract The first generation biofuels still have the role of leader in global production of biofuels. In Europe biodiesel is produced mostly from rapeseed ( Brassica napus L. oleifera Metzg) and sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.). The EU policy is giving attention to the valorization of residues deriving also from those chains. The present work had the objective of evaluating the quality of residues deriving from biodiesel chains based on rapeseed and sunflower crops as well as on other interesting crops in the Mediterranean area, such as Ethiopian mustard ( Brassica carinata A. Braun) and cardoon ( Cynara cardunculus L.). For this purpose an energetic characterization of straws, hulls and press cakes were performed following the official technical normative, as well as the evaluation of their energetic potential. The energy content of residues resulted to be interesting and their quality compatible in general with an energetic use. Crop residues seem to have the most energy potential in quantitative terms, and their exploitation can improve the energy balance of first generation biodiesel production chain improving their sustainability. Concerning quality, crop residues should be employed in medium-large sized plants to limit problems related to plant management and emissions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Industrial Crops and...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Industrial Crops and Products
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Industrial Crops and Products
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    Authors: Daniele Duca; orcid Andrea Pizzi;
    Andrea Pizzi
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    Manuela Mancini; orcid Giorgio Rossini;
    Giorgio Rossini
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    Giorgio Rossini in OpenAIRE
    +5 Authors

    The increase in the demand for energy supply during the past few decades has brought and will bring to a growth in the utilisation of renewable resources, in particular of solid biomasses. Considering the variability in the properties of biomass and the globalisation of the timber market, a chemical and physical characterisation is essential to determine the biomass quality. The specific international standards on solid biofuels (ISO 17225 series) describe proper specification and classification of wood chip and pellet, to ensure appropriate quality. Moreover, standard requires information about origin and source of the biomass, normally only to be declared by the producers. In order to fulfill the requirements for the biomass quality, the origin and the source should be assessed, even if currently is hard to determine, in particular on milled or densified biomass. Infrared spectroscopy can provide information on the biomass at the chemical level, directly linked also to its origin and source. This technique is fast and not destructive thus suitable also for online monitoring along the biofuel production chain. In this study, 60 samples belonging to 8 different species were collected and related spectra were acquired using a Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectrometer equipped with a module for solid analysis and analysed by principal component analysis. The results obtained show that the method is very efficient in the identification between coniferous and deciduous wood (99% confidence level) and good results were obtained in the recognition of coniferous/deciduous mixtures, too. Nevertheless, some clear differences have been also noted among intra-class grouping, but additional tests should be carried out. This technique can provide useful information to solid biofuel stakeholders about wood quality and origin, important especially for sustainability issues. Further work will be oriented to the development of IR methodologies for the fast measurement of other important biomass parameters (<em>e.g.</em>, ash content, high calorific value, nitrogen content, <em>etc</em>.).

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    Journal of Agricultural Engineering
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Agricultural Engineering
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    Authors: Daniele Duca; orcid Andrea Pizzi;
    Andrea Pizzi
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    Andrea Pizzi in OpenAIRE
    Manuela Mancini; orcid Giorgio Rossini;
    Giorgio Rossini
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    Giorgio Rossini in OpenAIRE
    +5 Authors

    The increase in the demand for energy supply during the past few decades has brought and will bring to a growth in the utilisation of renewable resources, in particular of solid biomasses. Considering the variability in the properties of biomass and the globalisation of the timber market, a chemical and physical characterisation is essential to determine the biomass quality. The specific international standards on solid biofuels (ISO 17225 series) describe proper specification and classification of wood chip and pellet, to ensure appropriate quality. Moreover, standard requires information about origin and source of the biomass, normally only to be declared by the producers. In order to fulfill the requirements for the biomass quality, the origin and the source should be assessed, even if currently is hard to determine, in particular on milled or densified biomass. Infrared spectroscopy can provide information on the biomass at the chemical level, directly linked also to its origin and source. This technique is fast and not destructive thus suitable also for online monitoring along the biofuel production chain. In this study, 60 samples belonging to 8 different species were collected and related spectra were acquired using a Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectrometer equipped with a module for solid analysis and analysed by principal component analysis. The results obtained show that the method is very efficient in the identification between coniferous and deciduous wood (99% confidence level) and good results were obtained in the recognition of coniferous/deciduous mixtures, too. Nevertheless, some clear differences have been also noted among intra-class grouping, but additional tests should be carried out. This technique can provide useful information to solid biofuel stakeholders about wood quality and origin, important especially for sustainability issues. Further work will be oriented to the development of IR methodologies for the fast measurement of other important biomass parameters (<em>e.g.</em>, ash content, high calorific value, nitrogen content, <em>etc</em>.).

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    Journal of Agricultural Engineering
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      Journal of Agricultural Engineering
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    Authors: orcid Venturini, Elisa;
    Venturini, Elisa
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Venturini, Elisa in OpenAIRE
    orcid Vassura, Ivano;
    Vassura, Ivano
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    Agostini, Francesca; orcid Pizzi, Andrea;
    Pizzi, Andrea
    ORCID
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    Pizzi, Andrea in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    Abstract In order to evaluate the influence of pellet quality classes, as defined by the ISO 17225-2, particulate matter and gaseous pollutants were characterized for different class fueled pellets in the emissions of a stove at partial and nominal load. Total suspended particulate (TSP) was sampled with a dilution system, then characterized for total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the main soluble ions. Gas monitoring shows that CO and NO emission factors are higher for lower quality pellet. Low quality pellet emission factors are also higher for TSP and soluble ions, thus the pollutants linked to pellet ash content. On the other hand, carbonaceous component emission factors are higher for higher quality pellet; nevertheless, at nominal load, lower quality pellet emits more toxic PAHs. The higher stove power restricts instead the emissions of incomplete combustion products: CO, TSP and carbonaceous components. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allows to have a complete overview of the obtained results: the effect of operating phase on emission factors is less strong then pellet quality, even if the pollutants produced by low heat power are more hazardous than the ones connected with pellet quality. In conclusion, the study provides not only quantitative information on the influence of pellet quality classes on stove emissions, but also their chemical fingerprint. Moreover, it indicates that the amount of hazardous emissions is also linked to stove power.

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    Fuel
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Fuel
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Venturini, Elisa;
    Venturini, Elisa
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Venturini, Elisa in OpenAIRE
    orcid Vassura, Ivano;
    Vassura, Ivano
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Vassura, Ivano in OpenAIRE
    Agostini, Francesca; orcid Pizzi, Andrea;
    Pizzi, Andrea
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pizzi, Andrea in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    Abstract In order to evaluate the influence of pellet quality classes, as defined by the ISO 17225-2, particulate matter and gaseous pollutants were characterized for different class fueled pellets in the emissions of a stove at partial and nominal load. Total suspended particulate (TSP) was sampled with a dilution system, then characterized for total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the main soluble ions. Gas monitoring shows that CO and NO emission factors are higher for lower quality pellet. Low quality pellet emission factors are also higher for TSP and soluble ions, thus the pollutants linked to pellet ash content. On the other hand, carbonaceous component emission factors are higher for higher quality pellet; nevertheless, at nominal load, lower quality pellet emits more toxic PAHs. The higher stove power restricts instead the emissions of incomplete combustion products: CO, TSP and carbonaceous components. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allows to have a complete overview of the obtained results: the effect of operating phase on emission factors is less strong then pellet quality, even if the pollutants produced by low heat power are more hazardous than the ones connected with pellet quality. In conclusion, the study provides not only quantitative information on the influence of pellet quality classes on stove emissions, but also their chemical fingerprint. Moreover, it indicates that the amount of hazardous emissions is also linked to stove power.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Fuelarrow_drop_down
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    Fuel
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Alessia Amato;
    Alessia Amato
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Alessia Amato in OpenAIRE
    orcid Giuseppe Toscano;
    Giuseppe Toscano
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Giuseppe Toscano in OpenAIRE
    orcid Daniele Duca;
    Daniele Duca
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Daniele Duca in OpenAIRE
    orcid A. Pizzi;
    A. Pizzi
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    A. Pizzi in OpenAIRE

    Abstract The Italian market of wood pellet and stoves is increasing quickly as, at the same time, the concerns about the particulate matter (PM) and gas emission products. Therefore, the assessment of their environmental impact is becoming an important issue. However, the emission factor from pellet stove measured according to technical standards does not provide representative data with respect to a real domestic utilization. This difference is a consequence of different operation and combustion conditions as well as the exclusion of unsteady state phases (e.g. ignition phase) from the standard measurement. In this study combustion tests were carried out simulating domestic utilization conditions of a pellet stove and a sampling methodology more representative of the real environmental impact of these devices. Higher concentration of PM, up to 72% more than those measured in steady state condition, was shown. A higher emission factor has been observed also for carbon monoxide (CO), total carbon (TC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) especially during unsteady combustion phases (e.g. ignition phase) which significantly affect the emission factor in particular when the pellet stove works for short time (less than 2 h).

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Alessia Amato;
    Alessia Amato
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Alessia Amato in OpenAIRE
    orcid Giuseppe Toscano;
    Giuseppe Toscano
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    Giuseppe Toscano in OpenAIRE
    orcid Daniele Duca;
    Daniele Duca
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Daniele Duca in OpenAIRE
    orcid A. Pizzi;
    A. Pizzi
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    A. Pizzi in OpenAIRE

    Abstract The Italian market of wood pellet and stoves is increasing quickly as, at the same time, the concerns about the particulate matter (PM) and gas emission products. Therefore, the assessment of their environmental impact is becoming an important issue. However, the emission factor from pellet stove measured according to technical standards does not provide representative data with respect to a real domestic utilization. This difference is a consequence of different operation and combustion conditions as well as the exclusion of unsteady state phases (e.g. ignition phase) from the standard measurement. In this study combustion tests were carried out simulating domestic utilization conditions of a pellet stove and a sampling methodology more representative of the real environmental impact of these devices. Higher concentration of PM, up to 72% more than those measured in steady state condition, was shown. A higher emission factor has been observed also for carbon monoxide (CO), total carbon (TC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) especially during unsteady combustion phases (e.g. ignition phase) which significantly affect the emission factor in particular when the pellet stove works for short time (less than 2 h).

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    Energy
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy
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    Authors: orcid VENTURINI, ELISA;
    VENTURINI, ELISA
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    VENTURINI, ELISA in OpenAIRE
    orcid VASSURA, IVANO;
    VASSURA, IVANO
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    VASSURA, IVANO in OpenAIRE
    Zanetti, C.; orcid Pizzi, A.;
    Pizzi, A.
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pizzi, A. in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    Abstract In order to evaluate non-steady phase contribution to the total emissions of a pellet stove in real domestic operations, particulate matter and gaseous emissions were determined separately for different operating conditions, i.e. ignition, partial load, increase in power and nominal load. TSP (Total suspended particulate) was sampled with a dilution system and characterized for TC (total carbon), PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), the main soluble ions, Ni, As, Cd and Pb. Gas monitoring shows that CO and NO emission factors in ignition phase markedly differ from other operating conditions: NO emission factor is lower, while CO one is much higher, since it is a product of incomplete combustion. Start-up phase emission factors are also higher for TSP, Cd and other products of incomplete combustion, i.e. TC and PAHs. Despite being a non-steady phase, the increase in power phase emission factors appreciably differ from steady state ones only for PAHs. Moreover, the PAHs emitted in non-steady state phases have a higher toxicological burden. In conclusion, in order to evaluate the real impact of pellet stove on the environment, transient conditions should be taken into account. The ignition phase, even though it lasts only 20 min, can significantly contribute to pollutant emission.

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    Energy
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid VENTURINI, ELISA;
    VENTURINI, ELISA
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    VENTURINI, ELISA in OpenAIRE
    orcid VASSURA, IVANO;
    VASSURA, IVANO
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    VASSURA, IVANO in OpenAIRE
    Zanetti, C.; orcid Pizzi, A.;
    Pizzi, A.
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pizzi, A. in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    Abstract In order to evaluate non-steady phase contribution to the total emissions of a pellet stove in real domestic operations, particulate matter and gaseous emissions were determined separately for different operating conditions, i.e. ignition, partial load, increase in power and nominal load. TSP (Total suspended particulate) was sampled with a dilution system and characterized for TC (total carbon), PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), the main soluble ions, Ni, As, Cd and Pb. Gas monitoring shows that CO and NO emission factors in ignition phase markedly differ from other operating conditions: NO emission factor is lower, while CO one is much higher, since it is a product of incomplete combustion. Start-up phase emission factors are also higher for TSP, Cd and other products of incomplete combustion, i.e. TC and PAHs. Despite being a non-steady phase, the increase in power phase emission factors appreciably differ from steady state ones only for PAHs. Moreover, the PAHs emitted in non-steady state phases have a higher toxicological burden. In conclusion, in order to evaluate the real impact of pellet stove on the environment, transient conditions should be taken into account. The ignition phase, even though it lasts only 20 min, can significantly contribute to pollutant emission.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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