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  • Energy Research
  • 15. Life on land

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Brigitte Portner; Albrecht Ehrensperger; Zufan Nezir; Thomas Breu; +1 Authors

    Many observers view Jatropha as a miracle plant that grows in harsh environments, halts land degradation and provides seeds for fuel production. This makes it particularly attractive for use in Ethiopia, where poverty levels are high and the degradation of agricultural land is widespread. In this article, we investigate the potentials and limitations of a government-initiated Jatropha project for smallholders in northeastern Ethiopia from a green economy perspective. Data are based on a 2009 household survey and interviews with key informants, as well as on a 2012 follow-up round of interviews with key informants. We conclude that the project has not contributed to a greener economy so far, but has the potential to do so in the future. To maximize Jatropha’s potential, interventions must focus mainly on smallholders and pay more attention to the entire biofuel value chain.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2014
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2014
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Abigael Okoko; Juergen Reinhard; Susanne Wymann von Dach; Rainer Zah; +3 Authors

    En raison de sa disponibilité et de son abordabilité pour les populations les plus pauvres, l'énergie de la biomasse à base de bois reste vitale pour répondre aux demandes énergétiques locales – en particulier pour le combustible de cuisson – dans de nombreuses régions du monde en développement. Cependant, la pénurie croissante de matières premières (par exemple en raison de la déforestation) associée aux résultats socio-économiques et environnementaux négatifs des technologies de production et de consommation inefficaces, il est impératif d'identifier des solutions énergétiques alternatives qui profitent aux personnes sans nuire à l'environnement. En effet, la lutte contre la pauvreté énergétique est cruciale pour les efforts visant à atteindre les objectifs de développement durable au niveau des ménages. Cependant, les interventions visant à réduire la pauvreté énergétique doivent simultanément rechercher des solutions susceptibles de réduire l'empreinte carbone des personnes. Les empreintes carbone, ou les quantités d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à des activités particulières, sont associées au changement climatique et à ses impacts. À l'échelle mondiale, les appels se sont intensifiés pour réduire l'empreinte carbone de la consommation d'énergie, y compris l'utilisation de combustibles issus de la biomasse. Au niveau local, les problèmes liés au changement climatique sont de plus en plus considérés comme des menaces particulières pour les communautés déjà vulnérables. Le présent article évalue l'empreinte carbone des solutions alternatives d'énergie de la biomasse pour la cuisson, en tant qu'aspect clé de leur performance environnementale. Il compare l'empreinte carbone du bois de chauffage, du charbon de bois, du biogaz, de l'huile de jatropha et des briquettes de résidus de culture. La recherche se concentre sur des technologies sélectionnées pour la production et la consommation d'énergie de la biomasse dans deux sites d'étude de cas dans des contextes ruraux et urbains du Kenya et de la Tanzanie. L'empreinte carbone est appliquée comme une approche méthodologique pour évaluer les options technologiques pour le développement durable dans les économies en développement connaissant une croissance démographique rapide, l'urbanisation et le développement industriel. Les résultats indiquent que la chaîne de valeur du charbon de bois non améliorée a une grande empreinte carbone. La chaîne de valeur de l'huile de jatropha semble détenir le plus grand potentiel de réduction de l'empreinte carbone, à condition que la matière première soit cultivée sous forme de couvertures autour des parcelles. Cependant, le potentiel de rendement limité des couvertures remet en question la viabilité économique de cette solution. Les résultats montrent en outre que l'empreinte carbone peut aider à sensibiliser et à informer les parties prenantes et les décideurs sur les chaînes de valeur de l'énergie de la biomasse alternatives et plus adaptées à l'environnement. Cependant, toute évaluation de la durabilité globale de ces chaînes de valeur devrait également intégrer les aspects socio-économiques et les facteurs influençant l'adoption. Debido a su disponibilidad y asequibilidad para las poblaciones más pobres, la energía de la biomasa a base de madera sigue siendo vital para satisfacer las demandas locales de energía, especialmente para el combustible para cocinar, en muchas regiones del mundo en desarrollo. Sin embargo, el aumento de la escasez de materias primas (por ejemplo, debido a la deforestación), junto con los resultados socioeconómicos y ambientales negativos de las tecnologías ineficientes de producción y consumo, hacen que sea imperativo identificar soluciones energéticas alternativas que beneficien a las personas sin dañar el medio ambiente. De hecho, abordar la pobreza energética es crucial para los esfuerzos destinados a cumplir los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible a nivel de los hogares. Sin embargo, las intervenciones destinadas a reducir la pobreza energética deben buscar simultáneamente soluciones que puedan reducir la huella de carbono de las personas. Las huellas de carbono, o las cantidades de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero vinculadas a actividades particulares, están asociadas con el cambio climático y sus impactos. A nivel mundial, se han intensificado los llamamientos para reducir la huella de carbono del uso de energía, incluido el uso de combustibles de biomasa. A nivel local, los problemas del cambio climático se consideran cada vez más como amenazas particulares para las comunidades ya vulnerables. El presente documento evalúa las huellas de carbono de las soluciones alternativas de energía de biomasa para cocinar, como un aspecto clave de su desempeño ambiental. Compara las huellas de carbono de la leña, el carbón vegetal, el biogás, el aceite de jatrofa y las briquetas de residuos de cultivos. La investigación se centra en tecnologías seleccionadas para la producción y el consumo de energía de biomasa en dos sitios de estudio de casos en contextos rurales y urbanos de Kenia y Tanzania. La huella de carbono se aplica como un enfoque metodológico para evaluar las opciones tecnológicas para el desarrollo sostenible en las economías en desarrollo que experimentan un rápido crecimiento demográfico, urbanización y desarrollo industrial. Los resultados indican que la cadena de valor del carbón vegetal no mejorada tiene una gran huella de carbono. La cadena de valor del aceite de jatrofa parece tener el mayor potencial de reducción de la huella de carbono, siempre y cuando la materia prima se cultive en forma de setos alrededor de las parcelas. Sin embargo, el limitado potencial de rendimiento de las coberturas pone en duda la viabilidad económica de esta solución. Los resultados muestran además que la huella de carbono puede ayudar a crear conciencia e informar a las partes interesadas y a los responsables de la toma de decisiones sobre cadenas de valor de energía de biomasa alternativas y ambientalmente más adecuadas. Sin embargo, cualquier evaluación de la sostenibilidad general de estas cadenas de valor también debe integrar los aspectos socioeconómicos y los factores que influyen en la adopción. Due to its availability and affordability for poorer populations, wood-based biomass energy remains vital in meeting local energy demands – especially for cooking fuel – in many regions of the developing world. However, increasing feedstock scarcity (e.g. due to deforestation) coupled with the negative socio-economic and environmental outcomes of inefficient production and consumption technologies make it imperative to identify alternative energy solutions that benefit people without harming the environment. Indeed, tackling energy poverty is crucial to efforts aimed at meeting sustainable development goals at the household level. However, interventions aimed at reducing energy poverty must simultaneously seek solutions that might reduce people's carbon footprint. Carbon footprints, or the amounts of greenhouse gas emissions linked to particular activities, are associated with climate change and its impacts. Globally, calls have intensified to reduce the carbon footprint of energy use, including use of biomass fuels. Locally, climate change issues are increasingly seen as posing particular threats to already vulnerable communities. The present paper evaluates the carbon footprints of alternative biomass energy solutions for cooking, as one key aspect of their environmental performance. It compares the carbon footprints of firewood, charcoal, biogas, jatropha oil, and crop residue briquettes. The research focuses on selected technologies for biomass energy production and consumption in two case study sites in rural and urban contexts of Kenya and Tanzania. Carbon footprinting is applied as a methodological approach to evaluating technological options for sustainable development in developing economies undergoing rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrial development. Results indicate that the unimproved charcoal value chain has a big carbon footprint. The value chain for jatropha oil appears to hold the greatest potential for carbon footprint reductions, as long as the feedstock is grown in the form of hedges around plots. However, the limited yield potential of hedges calls into question the economic viability of this solution. Results further show that carbon footprinting can help to raise awareness and inform stakeholders and decision-makers about alternative, environmentally more suitable biomass energy value chains. However, any assessment of the overall sustainability of these value chains should also integrate socio-economic aspects and factors influencing adoption. نظرًا لتوافرها والقدرة على تحمل تكاليفها للسكان الأكثر فقرًا، تظل طاقة الكتلة الحيوية القائمة على الأخشاب حيوية في تلبية متطلبات الطاقة المحلية – خاصة لوقود الطهي – في العديد من مناطق العالم النامي. ومع ذلك، فإن زيادة ندرة المواد الوسيطة (على سبيل المثال بسبب إزالة الغابات) إلى جانب النتائج الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والبيئية السلبية لتقنيات الإنتاج والاستهلاك غير الفعالة تجعل من الضروري تحديد حلول الطاقة البديلة التي تفيد الناس دون الإضرار بالبيئة. والواقع أن معالجة فقر الطاقة أمر بالغ الأهمية للجهود الرامية إلى تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة على مستوى الأسر المعيشية. ومع ذلك، يجب أن تسعى التدخلات الرامية إلى الحد من فقر الطاقة في وقت واحد إلى إيجاد حلول قد تقلل من البصمة الكربونية للناس. ترتبط آثار الكربون، أو كميات انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة المرتبطة بأنشطة معينة، بتغير المناخ وآثاره. على الصعيد العالمي، تكثفت الدعوات للحد من البصمة الكربونية لاستخدام الطاقة، بما في ذلك استخدام وقود الكتلة الحيوية. وعلى الصعيد المحلي، يُنظر إلى قضايا تغير المناخ بشكل متزايد على أنها تشكل تهديدات خاصة للمجتمعات الضعيفة بالفعل. تقيّم هذه الورقة البصمات الكربونية لحلول طاقة الكتلة الحيوية البديلة للطهي، باعتبارها أحد الجوانب الرئيسية لأدائها البيئي. ويقارن البصمات الكربونية للحطب والفحم والغاز الحيوي وزيت الجاتروفا وقوالب بقايا المحاصيل. يركز البحث على تقنيات مختارة لإنتاج طاقة الكتلة الحيوية واستهلاكها في موقعين لدراسة الحالة في السياقات الريفية والحضرية في كينيا وتنزانيا. يتم تطبيق البصمة الكربونية كنهج منهجي لتقييم الخيارات التكنولوجية للتنمية المستدامة في الاقتصادات النامية التي تشهد نموًا سكانيًا سريعًا والتحضر والتنمية الصناعية. تشير النتائج إلى أن سلسلة قيمة الفحم غير المحسنة لها بصمة كربونية كبيرة. يبدو أن سلسلة القيمة لزيت الجاتروفا تحمل أكبر إمكانات لتخفيض البصمة الكربونية، طالما أن المادة الوسيطة تنمو في شكل تحوطات حول قطع الأراضي. ومع ذلك، فإن إمكانات العائد المحدودة للتحوطات تشكك في الجدوى الاقتصادية لهذا الحل. تظهر النتائج كذلك أن البصمة الكربونية يمكن أن تساعد في زيادة الوعي وإبلاغ أصحاب المصلحة وصناع القرار بسلاسل قيمة طاقة الكتلة الحيوية البديلة والأكثر ملاءمة للبيئة. ومع ذلك، فإن أي تقييم للاستدامة الشاملة لسلاسل القيمة هذه يجب أن يدمج أيضًا الجوانب الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والعوامل التي تؤثر على التبني.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainable Energy T...arrow_drop_down
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    Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainable Energy T...arrow_drop_down
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      Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments
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    Authors: Josoa R. Randriamalala; Albrecht Ehrensperger; Léa I.B. Raoliarivelo; Janet M. Husi;

    In many parts of the eastern African region wood-based fuels will remain dominant sources of energy in coming decades. Pressure on forests, especially in semi-arid areas will therefore continue increasing. In this context, the role of liquid biofuels as substitutes for firewood and charcoal, to help reducing pressure on woody biomass and contributing to a better energy security of rural communities, has remained controversial among researchers and practitioners. At household level, the economic and technical feasibility of straight vegetable oil (SVO) was assessed mainly on Jatropha curcas, with unpersuasive results. So far nothing is known about the suitability as an energy carrier of Jatropha mahafalensis Jum. & H. Perrier, the only endemic representative of the Jatropha genus in Madagascar. This paper explores the potential of this plant as a biofuel feedstock in the agro-pastoral area of Soalara, in the semi-arid south-western part of Madagascar. Only hedge-based production was considered to rule out competition over land with food crops. Yield data, the length of currently existing hedges and energy consumption patterns of households were used to assess the quantitative potential and economic viability of J. mahafalensis SVO for lighting and cooking. Tests were conducted with cooking and lighting devices to assess their technical suitability at household level. The paper concludes that J. mahafalensis hedges have some potential to replace paraffin for lighting (though without much economic benefit for the concerned households), but not to replace charcoal or firewood for cooking. The paper recommends that rural energy strategies in similar contexts do not focus only on substituting current fuels with SVO, but should also take into consideration other alternatives. In the case of cooking, there seems to be substantially more potential in increasing the efficiency of current fuel production and consumption technologies (kilns and stoves); and in the case of lighting, solutions based on SVO need to be compared against other options such as portable solar devices.

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    Energy for Sustainable Development
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energy for Sustainable Development
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.7892/bor...
    Other literature type . 2015
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      Energy for Sustainable Development
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.7892/bor...
      Other literature type . 2015
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Albrecht Ehrensperger; Roger Bär; Andreas Heinimann;

    Abstract In East Africa, charcoal and firewood will remain the main sources of energy for cooking for the next two to three decades. Corresponding energy policies are needed that set proper priorities and improve the sustainability of the biomass energy sector. In this paper, we assess the supply potentials of wood-based and non-woody biomass fuels in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania, and formulate recommendations to support sustainable biomass energy strategies in East Africa. We differentiate between tree types of potentials: the supply potential, the access potential, and the production potential. In order to calculate these potentials, we use a spatial Bayesian network that specifically enables accounting for uncertainties in the data and model. The main results show: (1) that agroforestry and small-scale mixed farming are the land use types with the highest potentials, (2) that firewood, charcoal, and biogas have substantial potential, whereas crop residue briquettes and Jatropha oil have only minor potentials, and (3) that such estimates can be subject to substantial uncertainties. Based on these results, we recommend that biomass energy strategies in East Africa consider the specific assets and limiting factors of the various fuel types and land use types in order to improve the supply of sustainable biomass cooking fuels.

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    Energy for Sustainable Development
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Other literature type . 2017
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      Energy for Sustainable Development
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mogaka, Violet; Ehrensperger, Albrecht; Iiyama, Miyuki; Birtel, Martin; +2 Authors

    Between 2004 and 2007, NGOs, community based organisations and private investors promoted jatropha in Kenya with the aim of generating additional income and producing biofuel for rural development. By 2008 it became gradually evident that jatropha plantations (both mono- and intercropping) are uneconomical and risky due to competition for land and labour with food crops. Cultivation of jatropha hedges was found to have better chances of economic success and to present only little risks for the adopting farmers. Still, after 2008 a number of farmers went on adopting jatropha in plots rather than as hedges. It is hypothesised that lack of awareness about the low economic prospects of jatropha plantations was the main reason for continued adoption, and that smallholder farmers with higher resource endowments mainly ventured into its cultivation. In this study we provide an empirical basis for understanding the role of households' capital assets in taking up new livelihood strategies by smallholder farmers in three rural districts in Kenya. For that purpose, we assess the motivation and enabling factors that led to the adoption of jatropha as a new livelihood strategy, as well as the context in which promotion and adoption took place. A household survey was conducted in 2010, using a structured questionnaire, to collect information on household characteristics and capital asset endowment. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric statistical tests. We established that access to additional income and own energy supply were the main motivation for adoption of jatropha, and that financial capital assets do not necessarily have a positive influence on adoption as hypothesised. Further, we found that the main challenges that adopting farmers faced were lack of access to information on good management practices and lack of a reliable market. We conclude that continued adoption of on-farm jatropha after 2008 is a result of lacking awareness about the low economic value of this production type. We recommend abandoning on-farm production of jatropha until improved seed material and locally adapted agronomic knowledge about jatropha cultivation becomes available and its production becomes economically competitive.

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    Energy for Sustainable Development
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Sonnleitner, Andrea; Rathbauer, Josef; Ramarolanonana Randriamalalac, Josoa; Benjamin Raoliarivelo, Léa Irène; +3 Authors

    Access to affordable and renewable sources of energy is crucial to reducing poverty and enhancing rural development in countries of the global South. Straight vegetable oil was recently identified as a possible alternative to conventional biomass for rural energy supply. In this context, the Jatropha curcas Linn. species has been extensively investigated with regard to its potential as a biofuel feedstock. In contrast, only little is known about Jatropha mahafalensis Jum. & H. Perrier, which is an indigenous and endemic representative of the Jatropha genus in Madagascar. This paper explores the potential and suitability of J. mahafalensis as a biofuel feedstock. Seed samples were collected in the area of Soalara in south-western Madagascar in February and September 2011. Two agro-ecological zones (coastal area and calcareous plateau) and two plant age groups (below and above 10 years) were considered. These four sample groups were analyzed with regard to oil properties, element contents, and fatty acid profiles. Measured values differed greatly between the two harvests, probably owing to different climatic or storage conditions. No direct relation between age of trees or location and oil quality could be established. The analyses indicate that J. mahafalensis oil can be used in oil lamps, cooking stoves and stationary combustion engines for electrification or for biodiesel production. However, modifications in storage and extraction methods, as well as further processing steps are necessary to enable its utilization as a straight vegetable oil and feedstock for biodiesel production. If these technical requirements can be met, and if it turns out that J. mahafalensis oil is economically competitive in comparison with firewood, charcoal, paraffin and petroleum, it can be considered as a promising feedstock for rural energy supply.

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    Authors: Rory Padfield; Rory Padfield; Rory Padfield; Sune Hansen; +75 Authors

    L'augmentation de l'huile de palme en tant qu'huile végétale la plus consommée au monde a coïncidé avec une croissance exponentielle de l'activité de recherche sur l'huile de palme. L'analyse bibliométrique des résultats de la recherche révèle un déséquilibre distinct dans le type de recherche entreprise, notamment une concentration disproportionnée sur les biocarburants et les sujets d'ingénierie. Reconnaissant l'expansion de l'agriculture du palmier à huile sous les tropiques et la prise de conscience croissante des impacts environnementaux, sociaux et économiques, nous cherchons à réorienter le programme de recherche existant vers un programme qui aborde les questions les plus fondamentales et les plus urgentes définies par la communauté des parties prenantes de l'huile de palme. Après consultation de 659 parties prenantes de 38 pays, y compris des producteurs d'huile de palme, des agences gouvernementales, des organisations non gouvernementales et des chercheurs, les questions de recherche les plus prioritaires ont été identifiées dans 13 thèmes. Les 279 questions qui en résultent, dont 26 classées comme prioritaires, révèlent une diversité de défis de recherche environnementale et sociale auxquels l'industrie est confrontée, allant des impacts écologiques et écosystémiques de la production aux moyens de subsistance des travailleurs des plantations et des communautés de petits exploitants. L'analyse du type de connaissances produites à partir de ces questions souligne un besoin évident de programmes scientifiques fondamentaux et d'études impliquant la consultation d'acteurs non universitaires pour développer des solutions « transformatrices » au secteur du palmier à huile. Les parties prenantes étaient les plus alignées dans leur choix de questions prioritaires sur les thèmes liés aux politiques et à la certification, et différaient le plus en termes de rétroaction environnementale, de technologie et de thèmes liés aux petits exploitants. Nos recommandations comprennent l'amélioration du leadership et de la coordination académiques régionaux, un plus grand engagement avec les parties prenantes privées et publiques d'Afrique, d'Amérique centrale et d'Amérique du Sud, et des efforts de collaboration renforcés avec les chercheurs des principaux pays consommateurs, l'Inde et la Chine. El auge del aceite de palma como el aceite vegetal más consumido del mundo ha coincidido con un crecimiento exponencial en la actividad de investigación del aceite de palma. El análisis bibliométrico de los resultados de la investigación revela un claro desequilibrio en el tipo de investigación que se está llevando a cabo, en particular un enfoque desproporcionado en los temas de biocombustibles e ingeniería. Reconociendo la expansión de la agricultura de palma aceitera en los trópicos y la creciente conciencia de los impactos ambientales, sociales y económicos, buscamos reorientar la agenda de investigación existente hacia una que aborde las preguntas más fundamentales y urgentes definidas por la comunidad de partes interesadas del aceite de palma. Tras consultar con 659 partes interesadas de 38 países, incluidos productores de aceite de palma, agencias gubernamentales, organizaciones no gubernamentales e investigadores, se identificaron las preguntas de investigación de mayor prioridad en 13 temas. Las 279 preguntas resultantes, incluidas 26 clasificadas como de máxima prioridad, revelan una diversidad de desafíos de investigación ambiental y social que enfrenta la industria, que van desde los impactos ecológicos y ecosistémicos de la producción hasta los medios de vida de los trabajadores de las plantaciones y las comunidades de pequeños agricultores. El análisis del tipo de conocimiento producido a partir de estas preguntas subraya una clara necesidad de programas científicos fundamentales y estudios que impliquen la consulta de partes interesadas no académicas para desarrollar soluciones "transformadoras" para el sector de la palma aceitera. Las partes interesadas estaban más alineadas en su elección de preguntas prioritarias en los temas relacionados con las políticas y la certificación, y diferían más en la retroalimentación ambiental, la tecnología y los temas relacionados con los pequeños agricultores. Nuestras recomendaciones incluyen un mejor liderazgo y coordinación académica regional, un mayor compromiso con las partes interesadas privadas y públicas de África, y América Central y del Sur, y mayores esfuerzos de colaboración con investigadores en los principales países consumidores de India y China. The rise of palm oil as the world's most consumed vegetable oil has coincided with exponential growth in palm oil research activity. Bibliometric analysis of research outputs reveals a distinct imbalance in the type of research being undertaken, notably a disproportionate focus on biofuel and engineering topics. Recognising the expansion of oil palm agriculture across the tropics and the increasing awareness of environmental, social and economic impacts, we seek to re-orient the existing research agenda towards one that addresses the most fundamental and urgent questions defined by the palm oil stakeholder community. Following consultation with 659 stakeholders from 38 countries, including palm oil growers, government agencies, non-governmental organisations and researchers, the highest priority research questions were identified within 13 themes. The resulting 279 questions, including 26 ranked as top priority, reveal a diversity of environmental and social research challenges facing the industry, ranging from the ecological and ecosystem impacts of production, to the livelihoods of plantation workers and smallholder communities. Analysis of the knowledge type produced from these questions underscores a clear need for fundamental science programmes, and studies that involve the consultation of non-academic stakeholders to develop 'transformative' solutions to the oil palm sector. Stakeholders were most aligned in their choice of priority questions across the themes of policy and certification related themes, and differed the most in environmental feedback, technology and smallholder related themes. Our recommendations include improved regional academic leadership and coordination, greater engagement with private and public stakeholders of Africa, and Central and South America, and enhanced collaborative efforts with researchers in the major consuming countries of India and China. تزامن ظهور زيت النخيل باعتباره أكثر الزيوت النباتية استهلاكًا في العالم مع النمو الهائل في نشاط أبحاث زيت النخيل. يكشف التحليل الببليومتري لمخرجات البحث عن عدم توازن واضح في نوع البحث الذي يتم إجراؤه، ولا سيما التركيز غير المتناسب على موضوعات الوقود الحيوي والهندسة. إدراكًا للتوسع في زراعة نخيل الزيت عبر المناطق الاستوائية والوعي المتزايد بالآثار البيئية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية، نسعى إلى إعادة توجيه أجندة البحث الحالية نحو أجندة تعالج الأسئلة الأكثر أهمية وإلحاحًا التي يحددها مجتمع أصحاب المصلحة في زيت النخيل. بعد التشاور مع 659 من أصحاب المصلحة من 38 دولة، بما في ذلك مزارعي زيت النخيل والوكالات الحكومية والمنظمات غير الحكومية والباحثين، تم تحديد أسئلة البحث ذات الأولوية القصوى ضمن 13 موضوعًا. تكشف الأسئلة الـ 279 الناتجة، بما في ذلك 26 سؤالًا تم تصنيفها كأولوية قصوى، عن مجموعة متنوعة من تحديات البحوث البيئية والاجتماعية التي تواجه الصناعة، بدءًا من الآثار البيئية والنظم الإيكولوجية للإنتاج، إلى سبل عيش عمال المزارع ومجتمعات أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة. يؤكد تحليل نوع المعرفة الناتج عن هذه الأسئلة على الحاجة الواضحة لبرامج العلوم الأساسية، والدراسات التي تنطوي على استشارة أصحاب المصلحة غير الأكاديميين لتطوير حلول "تحويلية" لقطاع نخيل الزيت. كان أصحاب المصلحة أكثر توافقًا في اختيارهم للأسئلة ذات الأولوية عبر موضوعات الموضوعات المتعلقة بالسياسات وإصدار الشهادات، وكانوا أكثر اختلافًا في التعليقات البيئية والتكنولوجيا والمواضيع المتعلقة بصغار المزارعين. وتشمل توصياتنا تحسين القيادة والتنسيق الأكاديميين الإقليميين، وزيادة المشاركة مع أصحاب المصلحة من القطاعين العام والخاص في أفريقيا وأمريكا الوسطى والجنوبية، وتعزيز الجهود التعاونية مع الباحثين في البلدان المستهلكة الرئيسية في الهند والصين.

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    Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Apollo
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Agritrop
    Article . 2019
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/7g...
    Other literature type . 2019
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/eg...
    Other literature type . 2019
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.7892/bor...
    Other literature type . 2019
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    Apollo
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Apollo
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DANS (Data Archiving...arrow_drop_down
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      CORE
      Article . 2019
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      CORE
      Article . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      CORE
      Article . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      CORE
      Article . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Apollo
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Agritrop
      Article . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/7g...
      Other literature type . 2019
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/eg...
      Other literature type . 2019
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.7892/bor...
      Other literature type . 2019
      Data sources: Datacite
      Apollo
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Apollo
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lena Breitenmoser; T. Gross; T. Gross; Sanjay Kumar; +4 Authors

    Anaerobic digestion (AD) of biowaste seems promising to provide renewable energy (biogas) and organic fertilizers (digestate) and mitigate environmental pollution in India. Intersectoral analyses of biowaste management in municipalities are needed to reveal benefits and trade-offs of AD at the implementation-level. Therefore, we applied material flow analyses (MFAs) to quantify effects of potential AD treatment of biowaste on energy and fertilizer supply, water consumption and environmental pollution in two villages, two towns and two cities in Maharashtra. Results show that in villages AD of available manure and crop residues can cover over half of the energy consumption for cooking (EC) and reduce firewood dependency. In towns and cities, AD of municipal biowaste is more relevant for organic fertilizer supply and pollution control because digestate can provide up to several times the nutrient requirements for crop production, but can harm ecosystems when discharged to the environment. Hence, in addition to energy from municipal biowaste - which can supply 4-6% of EC - digestate valorisation seems vital but requires appropriate post-treatment, quality control and trust building with farmers. To minimize trade-offs, water-saving options should be considered because 2-20% of current groundwater abstraction in municipalities is required to treat all available biowaste with ’wet’ AD systems compared to <3% with ’dry’ AD systems. We conclude that biowaste management with AD requires contextualized solutions in the setting of energy, fertilizers and water at the implementation-level to conceive valorization strategies for all AD products, reduce environmental pollution and minimize trade-offs with water resources.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Resources Conservati...arrow_drop_down
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    Resources Conservation and Recycling
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Resources Conservation and Recycling
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.48350/16...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Resources Conservati...arrow_drop_down
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      Resources Conservation and Recycling
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8 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Brigitte Portner; Albrecht Ehrensperger; Zufan Nezir; Thomas Breu; +1 Authors

    Many observers view Jatropha as a miracle plant that grows in harsh environments, halts land degradation and provides seeds for fuel production. This makes it particularly attractive for use in Ethiopia, where poverty levels are high and the degradation of agricultural land is widespread. In this article, we investigate the potentials and limitations of a government-initiated Jatropha project for smallholders in northeastern Ethiopia from a green economy perspective. Data are based on a 2009 household survey and interviews with key informants, as well as on a 2012 follow-up round of interviews with key informants. We conclude that the project has not contributed to a greener economy so far, but has the potential to do so in the future. To maximize Jatropha’s potential, interventions must focus mainly on smallholders and pay more attention to the entire biofuel value chain.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2014
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2014
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Abigael Okoko; Juergen Reinhard; Susanne Wymann von Dach; Rainer Zah; +3 Authors

    En raison de sa disponibilité et de son abordabilité pour les populations les plus pauvres, l'énergie de la biomasse à base de bois reste vitale pour répondre aux demandes énergétiques locales – en particulier pour le combustible de cuisson – dans de nombreuses régions du monde en développement. Cependant, la pénurie croissante de matières premières (par exemple en raison de la déforestation) associée aux résultats socio-économiques et environnementaux négatifs des technologies de production et de consommation inefficaces, il est impératif d'identifier des solutions énergétiques alternatives qui profitent aux personnes sans nuire à l'environnement. En effet, la lutte contre la pauvreté énergétique est cruciale pour les efforts visant à atteindre les objectifs de développement durable au niveau des ménages. Cependant, les interventions visant à réduire la pauvreté énergétique doivent simultanément rechercher des solutions susceptibles de réduire l'empreinte carbone des personnes. Les empreintes carbone, ou les quantités d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à des activités particulières, sont associées au changement climatique et à ses impacts. À l'échelle mondiale, les appels se sont intensifiés pour réduire l'empreinte carbone de la consommation d'énergie, y compris l'utilisation de combustibles issus de la biomasse. Au niveau local, les problèmes liés au changement climatique sont de plus en plus considérés comme des menaces particulières pour les communautés déjà vulnérables. Le présent article évalue l'empreinte carbone des solutions alternatives d'énergie de la biomasse pour la cuisson, en tant qu'aspect clé de leur performance environnementale. Il compare l'empreinte carbone du bois de chauffage, du charbon de bois, du biogaz, de l'huile de jatropha et des briquettes de résidus de culture. La recherche se concentre sur des technologies sélectionnées pour la production et la consommation d'énergie de la biomasse dans deux sites d'étude de cas dans des contextes ruraux et urbains du Kenya et de la Tanzanie. L'empreinte carbone est appliquée comme une approche méthodologique pour évaluer les options technologiques pour le développement durable dans les économies en développement connaissant une croissance démographique rapide, l'urbanisation et le développement industriel. Les résultats indiquent que la chaîne de valeur du charbon de bois non améliorée a une grande empreinte carbone. La chaîne de valeur de l'huile de jatropha semble détenir le plus grand potentiel de réduction de l'empreinte carbone, à condition que la matière première soit cultivée sous forme de couvertures autour des parcelles. Cependant, le potentiel de rendement limité des couvertures remet en question la viabilité économique de cette solution. Les résultats montrent en outre que l'empreinte carbone peut aider à sensibiliser et à informer les parties prenantes et les décideurs sur les chaînes de valeur de l'énergie de la biomasse alternatives et plus adaptées à l'environnement. Cependant, toute évaluation de la durabilité globale de ces chaînes de valeur devrait également intégrer les aspects socio-économiques et les facteurs influençant l'adoption. Debido a su disponibilidad y asequibilidad para las poblaciones más pobres, la energía de la biomasa a base de madera sigue siendo vital para satisfacer las demandas locales de energía, especialmente para el combustible para cocinar, en muchas regiones del mundo en desarrollo. Sin embargo, el aumento de la escasez de materias primas (por ejemplo, debido a la deforestación), junto con los resultados socioeconómicos y ambientales negativos de las tecnologías ineficientes de producción y consumo, hacen que sea imperativo identificar soluciones energéticas alternativas que beneficien a las personas sin dañar el medio ambiente. De hecho, abordar la pobreza energética es crucial para los esfuerzos destinados a cumplir los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible a nivel de los hogares. Sin embargo, las intervenciones destinadas a reducir la pobreza energética deben buscar simultáneamente soluciones que puedan reducir la huella de carbono de las personas. Las huellas de carbono, o las cantidades de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero vinculadas a actividades particulares, están asociadas con el cambio climático y sus impactos. A nivel mundial, se han intensificado los llamamientos para reducir la huella de carbono del uso de energía, incluido el uso de combustibles de biomasa. A nivel local, los problemas del cambio climático se consideran cada vez más como amenazas particulares para las comunidades ya vulnerables. El presente documento evalúa las huellas de carbono de las soluciones alternativas de energía de biomasa para cocinar, como un aspecto clave de su desempeño ambiental. Compara las huellas de carbono de la leña, el carbón vegetal, el biogás, el aceite de jatrofa y las briquetas de residuos de cultivos. La investigación se centra en tecnologías seleccionadas para la producción y el consumo de energía de biomasa en dos sitios de estudio de casos en contextos rurales y urbanos de Kenia y Tanzania. La huella de carbono se aplica como un enfoque metodológico para evaluar las opciones tecnológicas para el desarrollo sostenible en las economías en desarrollo que experimentan un rápido crecimiento demográfico, urbanización y desarrollo industrial. Los resultados indican que la cadena de valor del carbón vegetal no mejorada tiene una gran huella de carbono. La cadena de valor del aceite de jatrofa parece tener el mayor potencial de reducción de la huella de carbono, siempre y cuando la materia prima se cultive en forma de setos alrededor de las parcelas. Sin embargo, el limitado potencial de rendimiento de las coberturas pone en duda la viabilidad económica de esta solución. Los resultados muestran además que la huella de carbono puede ayudar a crear conciencia e informar a las partes interesadas y a los responsables de la toma de decisiones sobre cadenas de valor de energía de biomasa alternativas y ambientalmente más adecuadas. Sin embargo, cualquier evaluación de la sostenibilidad general de estas cadenas de valor también debe integrar los aspectos socioeconómicos y los factores que influyen en la adopción. Due to its availability and affordability for poorer populations, wood-based biomass energy remains vital in meeting local energy demands – especially for cooking fuel – in many regions of the developing world. However, increasing feedstock scarcity (e.g. due to deforestation) coupled with the negative socio-economic and environmental outcomes of inefficient production and consumption technologies make it imperative to identify alternative energy solutions that benefit people without harming the environment. Indeed, tackling energy poverty is crucial to efforts aimed at meeting sustainable development goals at the household level. However, interventions aimed at reducing energy poverty must simultaneously seek solutions that might reduce people's carbon footprint. Carbon footprints, or the amounts of greenhouse gas emissions linked to particular activities, are associated with climate change and its impacts. Globally, calls have intensified to reduce the carbon footprint of energy use, including use of biomass fuels. Locally, climate change issues are increasingly seen as posing particular threats to already vulnerable communities. The present paper evaluates the carbon footprints of alternative biomass energy solutions for cooking, as one key aspect of their environmental performance. It compares the carbon footprints of firewood, charcoal, biogas, jatropha oil, and crop residue briquettes. The research focuses on selected technologies for biomass energy production and consumption in two case study sites in rural and urban contexts of Kenya and Tanzania. Carbon footprinting is applied as a methodological approach to evaluating technological options for sustainable development in developing economies undergoing rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrial development. Results indicate that the unimproved charcoal value chain has a big carbon footprint. The value chain for jatropha oil appears to hold the greatest potential for carbon footprint reductions, as long as the feedstock is grown in the form of hedges around plots. However, the limited yield potential of hedges calls into question the economic viability of this solution. Results further show that carbon footprinting can help to raise awareness and inform stakeholders and decision-makers about alternative, environmentally more suitable biomass energy value chains. However, any assessment of the overall sustainability of these value chains should also integrate socio-economic aspects and factors influencing adoption. نظرًا لتوافرها والقدرة على تحمل تكاليفها للسكان الأكثر فقرًا، تظل طاقة الكتلة الحيوية القائمة على الأخشاب حيوية في تلبية متطلبات الطاقة المحلية – خاصة لوقود الطهي – في العديد من مناطق العالم النامي. ومع ذلك، فإن زيادة ندرة المواد الوسيطة (على سبيل المثال بسبب إزالة الغابات) إلى جانب النتائج الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والبيئية السلبية لتقنيات الإنتاج والاستهلاك غير الفعالة تجعل من الضروري تحديد حلول الطاقة البديلة التي تفيد الناس دون الإضرار بالبيئة. والواقع أن معالجة فقر الطاقة أمر بالغ الأهمية للجهود الرامية إلى تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة على مستوى الأسر المعيشية. ومع ذلك، يجب أن تسعى التدخلات الرامية إلى الحد من فقر الطاقة في وقت واحد إلى إيجاد حلول قد تقلل من البصمة الكربونية للناس. ترتبط آثار الكربون، أو كميات انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة المرتبطة بأنشطة معينة، بتغير المناخ وآثاره. على الصعيد العالمي، تكثفت الدعوات للحد من البصمة الكربونية لاستخدام الطاقة، بما في ذلك استخدام وقود الكتلة الحيوية. وعلى الصعيد المحلي، يُنظر إلى قضايا تغير المناخ بشكل متزايد على أنها تشكل تهديدات خاصة للمجتمعات الضعيفة بالفعل. تقيّم هذه الورقة البصمات الكربونية لحلول طاقة الكتلة الحيوية البديلة للطهي، باعتبارها أحد الجوانب الرئيسية لأدائها البيئي. ويقارن البصمات الكربونية للحطب والفحم والغاز الحيوي وزيت الجاتروفا وقوالب بقايا المحاصيل. يركز البحث على تقنيات مختارة لإنتاج طاقة الكتلة الحيوية واستهلاكها في موقعين لدراسة الحالة في السياقات الريفية والحضرية في كينيا وتنزانيا. يتم تطبيق البصمة الكربونية كنهج منهجي لتقييم الخيارات التكنولوجية للتنمية المستدامة في الاقتصادات النامية التي تشهد نموًا سكانيًا سريعًا والتحضر والتنمية الصناعية. تشير النتائج إلى أن سلسلة قيمة الفحم غير المحسنة لها بصمة كربونية كبيرة. يبدو أن سلسلة القيمة لزيت الجاتروفا تحمل أكبر إمكانات لتخفيض البصمة الكربونية، طالما أن المادة الوسيطة تنمو في شكل تحوطات حول قطع الأراضي. ومع ذلك، فإن إمكانات العائد المحدودة للتحوطات تشكك في الجدوى الاقتصادية لهذا الحل. تظهر النتائج كذلك أن البصمة الكربونية يمكن أن تساعد في زيادة الوعي وإبلاغ أصحاب المصلحة وصناع القرار بسلاسل قيمة طاقة الكتلة الحيوية البديلة والأكثر ملاءمة للبيئة. ومع ذلك، فإن أي تقييم للاستدامة الشاملة لسلاسل القيمة هذه يجب أن يدمج أيضًا الجوانب الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والعوامل التي تؤثر على التبني.

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    Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/cm...
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    Authors: Josoa R. Randriamalala; Albrecht Ehrensperger; Léa I.B. Raoliarivelo; Janet M. Husi;

    In many parts of the eastern African region wood-based fuels will remain dominant sources of energy in coming decades. Pressure on forests, especially in semi-arid areas will therefore continue increasing. In this context, the role of liquid biofuels as substitutes for firewood and charcoal, to help reducing pressure on woody biomass and contributing to a better energy security of rural communities, has remained controversial among researchers and practitioners. At household level, the economic and technical feasibility of straight vegetable oil (SVO) was assessed mainly on Jatropha curcas, with unpersuasive results. So far nothing is known about the suitability as an energy carrier of Jatropha mahafalensis Jum. & H. Perrier, the only endemic representative of the Jatropha genus in Madagascar. This paper explores the potential of this plant as a biofuel feedstock in the agro-pastoral area of Soalara, in the semi-arid south-western part of Madagascar. Only hedge-based production was considered to rule out competition over land with food crops. Yield data, the length of currently existing hedges and energy consumption patterns of households were used to assess the quantitative potential and economic viability of J. mahafalensis SVO for lighting and cooking. Tests were conducted with cooking and lighting devices to assess their technical suitability at household level. The paper concludes that J. mahafalensis hedges have some potential to replace paraffin for lighting (though without much economic benefit for the concerned households), but not to replace charcoal or firewood for cooking. The paper recommends that rural energy strategies in similar contexts do not focus only on substituting current fuels with SVO, but should also take into consideration other alternatives. In the case of cooking, there seems to be substantially more potential in increasing the efficiency of current fuel production and consumption technologies (kilns and stoves); and in the case of lighting, solutions based on SVO need to be compared against other options such as portable solar devices.

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    Energy for Sustainable Development
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energy for Sustainable Development
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.7892/bor...
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      Energy for Sustainable Development
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      Energy for Sustainable Development
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.7892/bor...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Albrecht Ehrensperger; Roger Bär; Andreas Heinimann;

    Abstract In East Africa, charcoal and firewood will remain the main sources of energy for cooking for the next two to three decades. Corresponding energy policies are needed that set proper priorities and improve the sustainability of the biomass energy sector. In this paper, we assess the supply potentials of wood-based and non-woody biomass fuels in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania, and formulate recommendations to support sustainable biomass energy strategies in East Africa. We differentiate between tree types of potentials: the supply potential, the access potential, and the production potential. In order to calculate these potentials, we use a spatial Bayesian network that specifically enables accounting for uncertainties in the data and model. The main results show: (1) that agroforestry and small-scale mixed farming are the land use types with the highest potentials, (2) that firewood, charcoal, and biogas have substantial potential, whereas crop residue briquettes and Jatropha oil have only minor potentials, and (3) that such estimates can be subject to substantial uncertainties. Based on these results, we recommend that biomass energy strategies in East Africa consider the specific assets and limiting factors of the various fuel types and land use types in order to improve the supply of sustainable biomass cooking fuels.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy for Sustainable Development
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy for Sustainab...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy for Sustainable Development
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mogaka, Violet; Ehrensperger, Albrecht; Iiyama, Miyuki; Birtel, Martin; +2 Authors

    Between 2004 and 2007, NGOs, community based organisations and private investors promoted jatropha in Kenya with the aim of generating additional income and producing biofuel for rural development. By 2008 it became gradually evident that jatropha plantations (both mono- and intercropping) are uneconomical and risky due to competition for land and labour with food crops. Cultivation of jatropha hedges was found to have better chances of economic success and to present only little risks for the adopting farmers. Still, after 2008 a number of farmers went on adopting jatropha in plots rather than as hedges. It is hypothesised that lack of awareness about the low economic prospects of jatropha plantations was the main reason for continued adoption, and that smallholder farmers with higher resource endowments mainly ventured into its cultivation. In this study we provide an empirical basis for understanding the role of households' capital assets in taking up new livelihood strategies by smallholder farmers in three rural districts in Kenya. For that purpose, we assess the motivation and enabling factors that led to the adoption of jatropha as a new livelihood strategy, as well as the context in which promotion and adoption took place. A household survey was conducted in 2010, using a structured questionnaire, to collect information on household characteristics and capital asset endowment. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric statistical tests. We established that access to additional income and own energy supply were the main motivation for adoption of jatropha, and that financial capital assets do not necessarily have a positive influence on adoption as hypothesised. Further, we found that the main challenges that adopting farmers faced were lack of access to information on good management practices and lack of a reliable market. We conclude that continued adoption of on-farm jatropha after 2008 is a result of lacking awareness about the low economic value of this production type. We recommend abandoning on-farm production of jatropha until improved seed material and locally adapted agronomic knowledge about jatropha cultivation becomes available and its production becomes economically competitive.

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    Energy for Sustainable Development
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  • Authors: Sonnleitner, Andrea; Rathbauer, Josef; Ramarolanonana Randriamalalac, Josoa; Benjamin Raoliarivelo, Léa Irène; +3 Authors

    Access to affordable and renewable sources of energy is crucial to reducing poverty and enhancing rural development in countries of the global South. Straight vegetable oil was recently identified as a possible alternative to conventional biomass for rural energy supply. In this context, the Jatropha curcas Linn. species has been extensively investigated with regard to its potential as a biofuel feedstock. In contrast, only little is known about Jatropha mahafalensis Jum. & H. Perrier, which is an indigenous and endemic representative of the Jatropha genus in Madagascar. This paper explores the potential and suitability of J. mahafalensis as a biofuel feedstock. Seed samples were collected in the area of Soalara in south-western Madagascar in February and September 2011. Two agro-ecological zones (coastal area and calcareous plateau) and two plant age groups (below and above 10 years) were considered. These four sample groups were analyzed with regard to oil properties, element contents, and fatty acid profiles. Measured values differed greatly between the two harvests, probably owing to different climatic or storage conditions. No direct relation between age of trees or location and oil quality could be established. The analyses indicate that J. mahafalensis oil can be used in oil lamps, cooking stoves and stationary combustion engines for electrification or for biodiesel production. However, modifications in storage and extraction methods, as well as further processing steps are necessary to enable its utilization as a straight vegetable oil and feedstock for biodiesel production. If these technical requirements can be met, and if it turns out that J. mahafalensis oil is economically competitive in comparison with firewood, charcoal, paraffin and petroleum, it can be considered as a promising feedstock for rural energy supply.

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    Authors: Rory Padfield; Rory Padfield; Rory Padfield; Sune Hansen; +75 Authors

    L'augmentation de l'huile de palme en tant qu'huile végétale la plus consommée au monde a coïncidé avec une croissance exponentielle de l'activité de recherche sur l'huile de palme. L'analyse bibliométrique des résultats de la recherche révèle un déséquilibre distinct dans le type de recherche entreprise, notamment une concentration disproportionnée sur les biocarburants et les sujets d'ingénierie. Reconnaissant l'expansion de l'agriculture du palmier à huile sous les tropiques et la prise de conscience croissante des impacts environnementaux, sociaux et économiques, nous cherchons à réorienter le programme de recherche existant vers un programme qui aborde les questions les plus fondamentales et les plus urgentes définies par la communauté des parties prenantes de l'huile de palme. Après consultation de 659 parties prenantes de 38 pays, y compris des producteurs d'huile de palme, des agences gouvernementales, des organisations non gouvernementales et des chercheurs, les questions de recherche les plus prioritaires ont été identifiées dans 13 thèmes. Les 279 questions qui en résultent, dont 26 classées comme prioritaires, révèlent une diversité de défis de recherche environnementale et sociale auxquels l'industrie est confrontée, allant des impacts écologiques et écosystémiques de la production aux moyens de subsistance des travailleurs des plantations et des communautés de petits exploitants. L'analyse du type de connaissances produites à partir de ces questions souligne un besoin évident de programmes scientifiques fondamentaux et d'études impliquant la consultation d'acteurs non universitaires pour développer des solutions « transformatrices » au secteur du palmier à huile. Les parties prenantes étaient les plus alignées dans leur choix de questions prioritaires sur les thèmes liés aux politiques et à la certification, et différaient le plus en termes de rétroaction environnementale, de technologie et de thèmes liés aux petits exploitants. Nos recommandations comprennent l'amélioration du leadership et de la coordination académiques régionaux, un plus grand engagement avec les parties prenantes privées et publiques d'Afrique, d'Amérique centrale et d'Amérique du Sud, et des efforts de collaboration renforcés avec les chercheurs des principaux pays consommateurs, l'Inde et la Chine. El auge del aceite de palma como el aceite vegetal más consumido del mundo ha coincidido con un crecimiento exponencial en la actividad de investigación del aceite de palma. El análisis bibliométrico de los resultados de la investigación revela un claro desequilibrio en el tipo de investigación que se está llevando a cabo, en particular un enfoque desproporcionado en los temas de biocombustibles e ingeniería. Reconociendo la expansión de la agricultura de palma aceitera en los trópicos y la creciente conciencia de los impactos ambientales, sociales y económicos, buscamos reorientar la agenda de investigación existente hacia una que aborde las preguntas más fundamentales y urgentes definidas por la comunidad de partes interesadas del aceite de palma. Tras consultar con 659 partes interesadas de 38 países, incluidos productores de aceite de palma, agencias gubernamentales, organizaciones no gubernamentales e investigadores, se identificaron las preguntas de investigación de mayor prioridad en 13 temas. Las 279 preguntas resultantes, incluidas 26 clasificadas como de máxima prioridad, revelan una diversidad de desafíos de investigación ambiental y social que enfrenta la industria, que van desde los impactos ecológicos y ecosistémicos de la producción hasta los medios de vida de los trabajadores de las plantaciones y las comunidades de pequeños agricultores. El análisis del tipo de conocimiento producido a partir de estas preguntas subraya una clara necesidad de programas científicos fundamentales y estudios que impliquen la consulta de partes interesadas no académicas para desarrollar soluciones "transformadoras" para el sector de la palma aceitera. Las partes interesadas estaban más alineadas en su elección de preguntas prioritarias en los temas relacionados con las políticas y la certificación, y diferían más en la retroalimentación ambiental, la tecnología y los temas relacionados con los pequeños agricultores. Nuestras recomendaciones incluyen un mejor liderazgo y coordinación académica regional, un mayor compromiso con las partes interesadas privadas y públicas de África, y América Central y del Sur, y mayores esfuerzos de colaboración con investigadores en los principales países consumidores de India y China. The rise of palm oil as the world's most consumed vegetable oil has coincided with exponential growth in palm oil research activity. Bibliometric analysis of research outputs reveals a distinct imbalance in the type of research being undertaken, notably a disproportionate focus on biofuel and engineering topics. Recognising the expansion of oil palm agriculture across the tropics and the increasing awareness of environmental, social and economic impacts, we seek to re-orient the existing research agenda towards one that addresses the most fundamental and urgent questions defined by the palm oil stakeholder community. Following consultation with 659 stakeholders from 38 countries, including palm oil growers, government agencies, non-governmental organisations and researchers, the highest priority research questions were identified within 13 themes. The resulting 279 questions, including 26 ranked as top priority, reveal a diversity of environmental and social research challenges facing the industry, ranging from the ecological and ecosystem impacts of production, to the livelihoods of plantation workers and smallholder communities. Analysis of the knowledge type produced from these questions underscores a clear need for fundamental science programmes, and studies that involve the consultation of non-academic stakeholders to develop 'transformative' solutions to the oil palm sector. Stakeholders were most aligned in their choice of priority questions across the themes of policy and certification related themes, and differed the most in environmental feedback, technology and smallholder related themes. Our recommendations include improved regional academic leadership and coordination, greater engagement with private and public stakeholders of Africa, and Central and South America, and enhanced collaborative efforts with researchers in the major consuming countries of India and China. تزامن ظهور زيت النخيل باعتباره أكثر الزيوت النباتية استهلاكًا في العالم مع النمو الهائل في نشاط أبحاث زيت النخيل. يكشف التحليل الببليومتري لمخرجات البحث عن عدم توازن واضح في نوع البحث الذي يتم إجراؤه، ولا سيما التركيز غير المتناسب على موضوعات الوقود الحيوي والهندسة. إدراكًا للتوسع في زراعة نخيل الزيت عبر المناطق الاستوائية والوعي المتزايد بالآثار البيئية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية، نسعى إلى إعادة توجيه أجندة البحث الحالية نحو أجندة تعالج الأسئلة الأكثر أهمية وإلحاحًا التي يحددها مجتمع أصحاب المصلحة في زيت النخيل. بعد التشاور مع 659 من أصحاب المصلحة من 38 دولة، بما في ذلك مزارعي زيت النخيل والوكالات الحكومية والمنظمات غير الحكومية والباحثين، تم تحديد أسئلة البحث ذات الأولوية القصوى ضمن 13 موضوعًا. تكشف الأسئلة الـ 279 الناتجة، بما في ذلك 26 سؤالًا تم تصنيفها كأولوية قصوى، عن مجموعة متنوعة من تحديات البحوث البيئية والاجتماعية التي تواجه الصناعة، بدءًا من الآثار البيئية والنظم الإيكولوجية للإنتاج، إلى سبل عيش عمال المزارع ومجتمعات أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة. يؤكد تحليل نوع المعرفة الناتج عن هذه الأسئلة على الحاجة الواضحة لبرامج العلوم الأساسية، والدراسات التي تنطوي على استشارة أصحاب المصلحة غير الأكاديميين لتطوير حلول "تحويلية" لقطاع نخيل الزيت. كان أصحاب المصلحة أكثر توافقًا في اختيارهم للأسئلة ذات الأولوية عبر موضوعات الموضوعات المتعلقة بالسياسات وإصدار الشهادات، وكانوا أكثر اختلافًا في التعليقات البيئية والتكنولوجيا والمواضيع المتعلقة بصغار المزارعين. وتشمل توصياتنا تحسين القيادة والتنسيق الأكاديميين الإقليميين، وزيادة المشاركة مع أصحاب المصلحة من القطاعين العام والخاص في أفريقيا وأمريكا الوسطى والجنوبية، وتعزيز الجهود التعاونية مع الباحثين في البلدان المستهلكة الرئيسية في الهند والصين.

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      Data sources: CORE
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      Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
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      Apollo
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      Agritrop
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/7g...
      Other literature type . 2019
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/eg...
      Other literature type . 2019
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.7892/bor...
      Other literature type . 2019
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      Apollo
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Lena Breitenmoser; T. Gross; T. Gross; Sanjay Kumar; +4 Authors

    Anaerobic digestion (AD) of biowaste seems promising to provide renewable energy (biogas) and organic fertilizers (digestate) and mitigate environmental pollution in India. Intersectoral analyses of biowaste management in municipalities are needed to reveal benefits and trade-offs of AD at the implementation-level. Therefore, we applied material flow analyses (MFAs) to quantify effects of potential AD treatment of biowaste on energy and fertilizer supply, water consumption and environmental pollution in two villages, two towns and two cities in Maharashtra. Results show that in villages AD of available manure and crop residues can cover over half of the energy consumption for cooking (EC) and reduce firewood dependency. In towns and cities, AD of municipal biowaste is more relevant for organic fertilizer supply and pollution control because digestate can provide up to several times the nutrient requirements for crop production, but can harm ecosystems when discharged to the environment. Hence, in addition to energy from municipal biowaste - which can supply 4-6% of EC - digestate valorisation seems vital but requires appropriate post-treatment, quality control and trust building with farmers. To minimize trade-offs, water-saving options should be considered because 2-20% of current groundwater abstraction in municipalities is required to treat all available biowaste with ’wet’ AD systems compared to <3% with ’dry’ AD systems. We conclude that biowaste management with AD requires contextualized solutions in the setting of energy, fertilizers and water at the implementation-level to conceive valorization strategies for all AD products, reduce environmental pollution and minimize trade-offs with water resources.

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    Resources Conservation and Recycling
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Resources Conservation and Recycling
    Article
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    Data sources: UnpayWall
    https://dx.doi.org/10.48350/16...
    Other literature type . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Resources Conservati...arrow_drop_down
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      Resources Conservation and Recycling
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Resources Conservation and Recycling
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      https://dx.doi.org/10.48350/16...
      Other literature type . 2021
      Data sources: Datacite
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