• Energy Research

Continuous automation of conventional industrial operations with smart technology have drawn significant attention. Firstly, the study investigates on optimizing the proportion of industrial biscuit processing waste powder, (B) substituted into BG-11 as a source of cultivation medium for the growth of C. vulgaris. Various percentages of industrial biscuit processing waste powder, (B) were substituted in the inorganic medium to analyse the algal growth and biochemical composition. The use of 40B combination was found to yield highest biomass concentration (4.11 g/L), lipid (260.44 mg/g), protein (263.93 mg/g), and carbohydrate (418.99 mg/g) content compared with all the other culture ratio combination. Secondly, the exploitation of colour acquisition was performed onto C. vulgaris growth phases, and a novel photo-to-biomass concentration estimation was conducted via image processing for three different colour model pixels. Based on linear regression analysis the red, green, blue (RGB) colour model can interpret its colour variance precisely.

Industrial effluents such as pharmaceutical residues, pesticides, dyes, and metal processes holds abundant value-added products (VAPs), where its recovery has become essential. The purpose of such recovery is for sustainable treatment, which is an approach that considers the economic, social, and environmental aspects. Microalgae with its potential in the recovery process from effluents, can reduce energy usage of waste management strategies and regenerate nutrients such as carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Microalgae cultures offer the use of inorganic materials by microalgae for their growth and the help of bacteria to produce biomass, thus, resulting in the absence of secondary emissions due to its ability to eliminate volatile organic compounds. Moreover, recovered bioactive compounds are transformed into bioethanol, bio-fertilizers, biopolymer, health supplements and animal feed. Therefore, it is significant to focus on an economical and efficient utilization of microalgae in recovering nutrients that can be further used in various commercial applications.

Il existe une forte demande pour une source d'énergie propre, abordable et durable en raison de la limitation de l'approvisionnement en combustibles fossiles. Les révolutions industrielles des algues se sont avérées être une étape importante pour réaliser le besoin croissant d'énergie et atteindre les objectifs de développement durable (ODD). Dans cette revue, la production et le traitement des algues d'un point de vue industriel et le traitement des algues dans l'industrie 4.0 ainsi qu'un changement de paradigme de l'industrie 4.0 à l'industrie 5.0 ont été bien délimités. De plus, de nombreux aspects de l'industrie des algues ont été discutés, notamment l'analyse économique et environnementale de la production de bioénergie des algues, la personnalisation de la bioénergie dérivée des algues, la culture des algues et les modifications de l'approche culturale. Les outils de génie génétique mis en œuvre dans la culture d'algues pour la production de bioénergie et de sous-produits ont également été étudiés, ainsi que des domaines de concentration tels que la souche d'algues souhaitée et sa détection par manipulation génétique automatisée et modification génétique. En outre, les impacts de l'Industrie 5.0 sur les nouvelles opportunités de marché et l'aspect environnemental ainsi que la possibilité d'atteindre les ODD ont été étudiés de manière significative. Existe una gran demanda de fuentes de energía limpias, asequibles y sostenibles debido a la limitación en el suministro de combustibles fósiles. Las revoluciones industriales de las algas han demostrado ser un paso significativo para darse cuenta de la creciente necesidad de energía y lograr los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS). En esta revisión, la producción y el procesamiento de algas desde el punto de vista de la industria y el procesamiento de algas en la Industria 4.0, así como un cambio paradigmático de la Industria 4.0 a la Industria 5.0, estuvieron bien delineados. Además, se han discutido numerosos aspectos en la industria de las algas, incluido el análisis económico y ambiental de la producción de bioenergía de las algas, la personalización de la bioenergía derivada de las algas, el cultivo de algas y las modificaciones en el enfoque de cultivo. También se estudiaron las herramientas de ingeniería genética implementadas en el cultivo de algas para la generación de bioenergía y subproductos, y el área de enfoque como la cepa de algas deseada y su detección a través de la manipulación genética automatizada y la modificación genética. Además, se estudiaron significativamente los impactos de la Industria 5.0 en el aspecto de nuevas oportunidades de mercado y medio ambiente, así como la posibilidad de alcanzar los ODS. There is a high demand for clean, affordable and sustainable source of energy due to the limitation in fossil fuel supplies. The algae industrial revolutions have proved to be a significant step to realize the growing need for energy and achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs). In this review, the production and processing of algae from an industry point of view and the algae processing in Industry 4.0 as well as a paradigmatic shift from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 were well-delineated. Moreover, numerous aspects in the algae industry have been discussed, including economic and environmental analysis of algae bioenergy production, customization of the algae-derived bioenergy, algae cultivation and modifications in the cultivating approach. Genetic engineering tools implemented in the algae culture for bioenergy and by-products generation was also studied, and area of focusing such as the desired algae strain and its detection through automated genetic manipulation and genetic modification. Furthermore, the impacts of the Industry 5.0 on the new market opportunities and environment aspect as well as the possibility of achieving SDGs were significantly studied. هناك طلب كبير على مصادر الطاقة النظيفة والميسورة التكلفة والمستدامة بسبب محدودية إمدادات الوقود الأحفوري. أثبتت الثورات الصناعية للطحالب أنها خطوة مهمة لتحقيق الحاجة المتزايدة للطاقة وتحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة (SDGs). في هذه المراجعة، تم تحديد إنتاج ومعالجة الطحالب من وجهة نظر الصناعة ومعالجة الطحالب في الصناعة 4.0 بالإضافة إلى التحول النموذجي من الصناعة 4.0 إلى الصناعة 5.0 بشكل جيد. علاوة على ذلك، تمت مناقشة العديد من الجوانب في صناعة الطحالب، بما في ذلك التحليل الاقتصادي والبيئي لإنتاج الطاقة الحيوية للطحالب، وتخصيص الطاقة الحيوية المستمدة من الطحالب، وزراعة الطحالب والتعديلات في نهج الزراعة. كما تمت دراسة أدوات الهندسة الوراثية المنفذة في استزراع الطحالب للطاقة الحيوية وتوليد المنتجات الثانوية، ومجال التركيز مثل سلالة الطحالب المرغوبة واكتشافها من خلال التلاعب الوراثي الآلي والتعديل الوراثي. علاوة على ذلك، تمت دراسة تأثيرات الصناعة 5.0 على فرص السوق الجديدة والجانب البيئي بالإضافة إلى إمكانية تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة بشكل كبير.

Abstract Microalgae are promising sustainable energy sources for biodiesel production due to their rapid photosynthesis growth rate and capacity to be cultivated in wastewater, seawater, or freshwater. Moreover, microalgae could complete the entire growth cycle via photosynthesis reactions that convert light energy into renewable energy. The closed photobioreactor, PBR is resistant to infection from uninhabited algae species and allows frequent monitoring of various factors such as temperature, light intensity, and pH during the cultivation phase. Thus, this study focuses on continuous cultivation technology which produces higher biomass productivity with sustainable energy-saving operation as compared to batch culture. High productivity of microalgae biomass tends to accumulate higher concentrations of lipid and carbohydrates composition which is essential for the production of biofuels. The energy balance of numerous microalgae-based biofuels was discussed, and it was discovered that the net-energy ratio was greater than 1, indicating that the process is both commercially feasible and environmentally friendly. This study also summarizes the most recent discoveries on continuous cultivation constraints through photobioreactors, PBRs as well as potential challenges to tackle in scaling up the continuous sustainable culture mechanism. The research gaps, market opportunities, and future development directions of continuous photobioreactor systems are discussed to explore future development opportunities. A continuous photobioreactor, architecture is recommended for a pilot-scale trial, as a cost-benefit comparison would be beneficial in commercializing the framework.