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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Iain R. Caldwell; Tim R. McClanahan; Remy M. Oddenyo; Nicholas A.J. Graham; +22 Authors

    The amount of ocean protected from fishing and other human impacts has often been used as a metric of conservation progress. However, protection efforts have highly variable outcomes that depend on local conditions, which makes it difficult to quantify what coral reef protection efforts to date have actually achieved at a global scale. Here, we develop a predictive model of how local conditions influence conservation outcomes on ~2,600 coral reef sites across 44 ecoregions, which we used to quantify how much more fish biomass there is on coral reefs compared to a modeled scenario with no protection. Under the assumptions of our model, our study reveals that without existing protection efforts there would be ~10% less fish biomass on coral reefs. Thus, we estimate that coral reef protection efforts have led to approximately 1 in every 10 kg of existing fish biomass.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Proceedings of the N...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Proceedings of the N...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ana K. Spalding; Kirsten Grorud‐Colvert; Edward H. Allison; Diva J. Amon; +21 Authors

    ¿Cómo se puede hacer que la gobernanza y la ciencia oceánicas sean más equitativas y efectivas? La mayoría de las personas que dependen de los océanos del mundo viven en países de ingresos bajos a medios en los trópicos (es decir, la "mayoría tropical"). Sin embargo, la agenda de gobernanza de los océanos se establece en gran medida sobre la base del conocimiento científico, la financiación y las instituciones de las naciones de altos ingresos en las zonas templadas. Estos enfoques impulsados externamente socavan la equidad y la eficacia de las soluciones actuales y obstaculizan el liderazgo de la mayoría tropical, que está bien posicionada para activar soluciones basadas en la evidencia y específicas del contexto para los desafíos de sostenibilidad oceánica. Aquí, reunimos diversas perspectivas de los trópicos para proponer cuatro acciones para el cambio transformacional que se basan en perspectivas, experiencias y conocimientos de los trópicos: 1. Equidad del centro en la gobernanza de los océanos, 2. Reconectar a las personas y el océano, 3. Redefinir la alfabetización oceánica, y 4. Descolonizar la investigación oceánica. Estas acciones son fundamentales para garantizar un papel de liderazgo para la mayoría tropical en el mantenimiento de sociedades y ecosistemas oceánicos prósperos. Comment rendre la gouvernance et la science des océans plus équitables et efficaces ? La majorité des personnes dépendantes des océans dans le monde vivent dans des pays tropicaux à revenu faible ou intermédiaire (c'est-à-dire la « majorité tropicale »). Pourtant, le programme de gouvernance des océans est établi en grande partie sur la base des connaissances scientifiques, du financement et des institutions des pays à revenu élevé dans les zones tempérées. Ces approches externes sapent l'équité et l'efficacité des solutions actuelles et entravent le leadership de la majorité tropicale, qui est bien placée pour activer des solutions fondées sur des données probantes et spécifiques au contexte pour relever les défis de la durabilité des océans. Ici, nous rassemblons diverses perspectives des tropiques pour proposer quatre actions de changement transformationnel fondées sur les perspectives, les expériences et les connaissances des tropiques : 1. Centrer l'équité dans la gouvernance des océans, 2. Reconnecter les gens et l'océan, 3. Redéfinir la littératie océanique, et 4. Décoloniser la recherche océanique. Ces actions sont essentielles pour assurer un rôle de premier plan à la majorité tropicale dans le maintien de sociétés océaniques et d'écosystèmes florissants. How can ocean governance and science be made more equitable and effective? The majority of the world's ocean-dependent people live in low to middle-income countries in the tropics (i.e., the 'tropical majority'). Yet the ocean governance agenda is set largely on the basis of scientific knowledge, funding, and institutions from high-income nations in temperate zones. These externally driven approaches undermine the equity and effectiveness of current solutions and hinder leadership by the tropical majority, who are well positioned to activate evidence-based and context-specific solutions to ocean-sustainability challenges. Here, we draw together diverse perspectives from the tropics to propose four actions for transformational change that are grounded in perspectives, experiences, and knowledge from the tropics: 1. Center equity in ocean governance, 2. Reconnect people and the ocean, 3. Redefine ocean literacy, and 4. Decolonize ocean research. These actions are critical to ensuring a leading role for the tropical majority in maintaining thriving ocean societies and ecosystems. كيف يمكن جعل إدارة المحيطات وعلومها أكثر إنصافاً وفعالية ؟ يعيش غالبية الأشخاص الذين يعتمدون على المحيطات في العالم في بلدان منخفضة إلى متوسطة الدخل في المناطق الاستوائية (أي "الأغلبية الاستوائية "). ومع ذلك، يتم تحديد أجندة إدارة المحيطات إلى حد كبير على أساس المعرفة العلمية والتمويل والمؤسسات من الدول ذات الدخل المرتفع في المناطق المعتدلة. تقوض هذه النهج المدفوعة خارجيًا إنصاف وفعالية الحلول الحالية وتعيق القيادة من قبل الأغلبية الاستوائية، الذين هم في وضع جيد لتفعيل الحلول القائمة على الأدلة والمحددة السياق لتحديات استدامة المحيطات. هنا، نجمع وجهات نظر متنوعة من المناطق الاستوائية لاقتراح أربعة إجراءات للتغيير التحويلي ترتكز على وجهات النظر والخبرات والمعرفة من المناطق الاستوائية: 1. إنصاف المركز في إدارة المحيطات، 2. أعد ربط الناس بالمحيط، 3. إعادة تعريف محو الأمية في المحيطات، و 4. إنهاء استعمار بحوث المحيطات. هذه الإجراءات حاسمة لضمان دور رائد للأغلبية الاستوائية في الحفاظ على مجتمعات المحيطات والنظم الإيكولوجية المزدهرة.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ npj Ocean Sustainabi...arrow_drop_down
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    npj Ocean Sustainability
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/r0...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/hn...
    Other literature type . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ npj Ocean Sustainabi...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      npj Ocean Sustainability
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/r0...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/hn...
      Other literature type . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alan M. Friedlander; David Obura; Riaz Aumeeruddy; Enric Ballesteros; +3 Authors

    Nous rapportons un écosystème récifal où les coraux ont peut-être perdu leur rôle en tant qu'espèces majeures d'ingénierie récifale, mais la biomasse et la structure d'assemblage des poissons sont comparables à celles des récifs non pêchés ailleurs dans le monde. Ce scénario est basé sur une évaluation approfondie des récifs coralliens de l'atoll de Farquhar, le plus méridional des îles Seychelles. La couverture corallienne et l'état général de la communauté benthique à Farquhar étaient médiocres, probablement en raison d'une combinaison d'habitat limité, de remontées d'eau localisées, de blanchissement passé des coraux et de cyclones. L'atoll de Farquhar abrite un assemblage de poissons de récif relativement intact avec une très grande biomasse (3,2 t ha(-1)) reflétant des processus écologiques naturels qui ne sont pas influencés par la pêche ou d'autres facteurs anthropiques locaux. La caractéristique la plus frappante de l'assemblage de poissons de récif est la dominance des grands mérous, vivaneaux et crics avec de grandes morues de pomme de terre (Epinephelus tukula) (>1 m) et des mérous marbrés (E. polyphekadion), couramment observés à de nombreux endroits. La graisse de Napoléon (Cheilinus undulatus) et le poisson-perroquet à tête grise (Bolbometopon muricatum) sont répertoriés comme en voie de disparition et vulnérables, respectivement, mais ont été fréquemment rencontrés à Farquhar. L'abondance élevée et la grande taille des poissons-perroquets à Farquhar semblent également réguler l'abondance des macroalgues et renforcer la dominance des corallines crustacées, qui sont une condition nécessaire au maintien de communautés récifales saines. La biomasse globale des poissons et la biomasse des grands prédateurs à Farquhar sont nettement plus élevées que dans d'autres zones des Seychelles, et sont parmi les plus élevées enregistrées dans l'océan Indien. Les îles éloignées comme l'atoll de Farquhar avec de faibles populations humaines et une pression de pêche limitée offrent des opportunités idéales pour comprendre si les récifs peuvent résister aux menaces mondiales si les menaces locales sont minimisées. Reportamos un ecosistema de arrecifes donde los corales pueden haber perdido su papel como principales especies de ingeniería de arrecifes, pero la biomasa de peces y la estructura de ensamblaje son comparables a los arrecifes no explotados en otras partes del mundo. Este escenario se basa en una amplia evaluación de los arrecifes de coral del atolón de Farquhar, el más meridional de las islas Seychelles. La cubierta de coral y la condición general de la comunidad bentónica en Farquhar eran deficientes, probablemente debido a una combinación de hábitat limitado, surgencia localizada, blanqueamiento de coral pasado y ciclones. El atolón de Farquhar alberga un conjunto de peces de arrecife relativamente intacto con una biomasa muy grande (3,2 t ha(-1)) que refleja procesos ecológicos naturales que no están influenciados por la pesca u otros factores antropogénicos locales. La característica más llamativa del conjunto de peces de arrecife es el predominio de meros grandes, pargos y gatos con bacalao de papa grande (>1 m) (Epinephelus tukula) y mero jaspeado (E. polyphekadion), comúnmente observados en muchos lugares. El pez Napoleón (Cheilinus undulatus) y el pez loro (Bolbometopon muricatum) están catalogados como en peligro y vulnerables, respectivamente, pero se encontraron con frecuencia en Farquhar. La alta abundancia y los grandes tamaños de los peces loro en Farquhar también parecen regular la abundancia de macroalgas y mejorar el dominio de los coralinos crustosos, que son una condición necesaria para el mantenimiento de comunidades de arrecifes saludables. En general, la biomasa de peces y la biomasa de grandes depredadores en Farquhar son sustancialmente más altas que en otras áreas dentro de las Seychelles, y son algunas de las más altas registradas en el Océano Índico. Las islas remotas como el atolón de Farquhar, con bajas poblaciones humanas y una presión pesquera limitada, ofrecen oportunidades ideales para comprender si los arrecifes pueden ser resistentes a las amenazas globales si se minimizan las amenazas locales. We report a reef ecosystem where corals may have lost their role as major reef engineering species but fish biomass and assemblage structure is comparable to unfished reefs elsewhere around the world. This scenario is based on an extensive assessment of the coral reefs of Farquhar Atoll, the most southern of the Seychelles Islands. Coral cover and overall benthic community condition at Farquhar was poor, likely due to a combination of limited habitat, localized upwelling, past coral bleaching, and cyclones. Farquhar Atoll harbors a relatively intact reef fish assemblage with very large biomass (3.2 t ha(-1)) reflecting natural ecological processes that are not influenced by fishing or other local anthropogenic factors. The most striking feature of the reef fish assemblage is the dominance by large groupers, snappers, and jacks with large (>1 m) potato cod (Epinephelus tukula) and marbled grouper (E. polyphekadion), commonly observed at many locations. Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) and bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) are listed as endangered and vulnerable, respectively, but were frequently encountered at Farquhar. The high abundance and large sizes of parrotfishes at Farquhar also appears to regulate macroalgal abundance and enhance the dominance of crustose corallines, which are a necessary condition for maintenance of healthy reef communities. Overall fish biomass and biomass of large predators at Farquhar are substantially higher than other areas within the Seychelles, and are some of the highest recorded in the Indian Ocean. Remote islands like Farquhar Atoll with low human populations and limited fishing pressure offer ideal opportunities for understanding whether reefs can be resilient from global threats if local threats are minimized. نبلغ عن نظام بيئي للشعاب المرجانية حيث ربما فقدت الشعاب المرجانية دورها كنوع هندسي رئيسي للشعاب المرجانية ولكن الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك وهيكل التجميع مشابه للشعاب المرجانية غير المكتملة في أماكن أخرى حول العالم. يستند هذا السيناريو إلى تقييم شامل للشعاب المرجانية في جزيرة فاركوهار المرجانية، أقصى جنوب جزر سيشيل. كان الغطاء المرجاني وحالة المجتمع القاعي بشكل عام في فاركوهار سيئة، ويرجع ذلك على الأرجح إلى مزيج من الموائل المحدودة، والفيضانات المحلية، وابيضاض المرجان في الماضي، والأعاصير. تؤوي جزيرة فاركوهار المرجانية مجموعة أسماك شعاب مرجانية سليمة نسبيًا مع كتلة حيوية كبيرة جدًا (3.2 طن هكتار (-1)) تعكس العمليات البيئية الطبيعية التي لا تتأثر بصيد الأسماك أو العوامل البشرية المحلية الأخرى. السمة الأكثر لفتًا للنظر في مجموعة أسماك الشعاب المرجانية هي هيمنة أسماك القشر الكبيرة والسمك النهاش والرافعات مع سمك القد البطاطي الكبير (>1 متر) (Epinephelus tukula) والهامور الرخامي (E. polyphekadion)، الذي يشيع ملاحظته في العديد من المواقع. تم إدراج نابليون راس (Cheilinus undulatus) وسمك الببغاء (Bolbometopon muricatum) على أنهما مهددان بالانقراض وضعيفان، على التوالي، ولكن تمت مواجهتهما بشكل متكرر في فاركوهار. كما يبدو أن الوفرة العالية والأحجام الكبيرة من أسماك الببغاء في فاركوهار تنظم وفرة الطحالب الكلية وتعزز هيمنة القشور المرجانية، والتي تعد شرطًا ضروريًا للحفاظ على مجتمعات الشعاب المرجانية الصحية. تعتبر الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك والكتلة الحيوية للحيوانات المفترسة الكبيرة في فاركوهار أعلى بكثير من المناطق الأخرى داخل سيشيل، وهي من أعلى المعدلات المسجلة في المحيط الهندي. توفر الجزر النائية مثل جزيرة فاركوهار المرجانية ذات الكثافة السكانية المنخفضة وضغط الصيد المحدود فرصًا مثالية لفهم ما إذا كانت الشعاب المرجانية قادرة على الصمود أمام التهديدات العالمية إذا تم تقليل التهديدات المحلية.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PLoS ONEarrow_drop_down
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    PLoS ONE
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    Authors: Stuart A. Sandin; Penny A. Becker; Ceiba Becker; Kate Brown; +19 Authors

    Islands support unique plants, animals, and human societies found nowhere else on the Earth. Local and global stressors threaten the persistence of island ecosystems, with invasive species being among the most damaging, yet solvable, stressors. While the threat of invasive terrestrial mammals on island flora and fauna is well recognized, recent studies have begun to illustrate their extended and destructive impacts on adjacent marine environments. Eradication of invasive mammals and restoration of native biota are promising tools to address both island and ocean management goals. The magnitude of the marine benefits of island restoration, however, is unlikely to be consistent across the globe. We propose a list of six environmental characteristics most likely to affect the strength of land–sea linkages: precipitation, elevation, vegetation cover, soil hydrology, oceanographic productivity, and wave energy. Global databases allow for the calculation of comparable metrics describing each environmental character across islands. Such metrics can be used today to evaluate relative potential for coupled land–sea conservation efforts and, with sustained investment in monitoring on land and sea, can be used in the future to refine science-based planning tools for integrated land–sea management. As conservation practitioners work to address the effects of climate change, ocean stressors, and biodiversity crises, it is essential that we maximize returns from our management investments. Linking efforts on land, including eradication of island invasive mammals, with marine restoration and protection should offer multiplied benefits to achieve concurrent global conservation goals.

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    Authors: Alan M. Friedlander; Enric Ballesteros; Tom W. Bell; Jennifer E. Caselle; +7 Authors

    Los bosques de algas marinas del sur de Sudamérica son algunos de los menos perturbados del planeta. La lejanía de esta región, hasta hace poco, la ha salvado de muchos de los factores estresantes antropogénicos directos que han afectado negativamente a estos ecosistemas en otros lugares. Las nuevas encuestas de 11 ubicaciones en la extensión más oriental de Tierra del Fuego realizadas originalmente en 1973 no mostraron diferencias significativas en las densidades de algas marinas Macrocystis pyrifera adultas y juveniles o diámetro de retención de algas marinas entre los dos períodos de encuesta. Además, la estructura del conjunto de erizos de mar en los mismos sitios no fue significativamente diferente entre los dos períodos de tiempo, con la especie dominante Loxechinus albus representando el 66.3% de la abundancia total de erizos de mar en 2018 y el 61.1% en 1973. Las series temporales de imágenes Landsat de la región de 1998 a 2018 no mostraron tendencias a largo plazo en el dosel de algas marinas en los últimos 20 años. Sin embargo, se observaron oscilaciones de ~ 4 años en la fracción del dosel y se correlacionaron fuerte y negativamente con el índice Enos multivariante de la NOAA y la temperatura de la superficie del mar. Una encuesta más extensa en 2018 mostró diferencias significativas en la estructura de la comunidad bentónica entre las ubicaciones expuestas y las protegidas. Las especies de peces endémicas de la Provincia de Magallanes representaron el 73% de todas las especies cercanas a la costa observadas y del 98–100% de la abundancia numérica enumerada en los sitios. La estructura del conjunto de peces varió significativamente entre las ubicaciones y las exposiciones a las olas. La reciente creación del Parque Marino de Yaganes es un paso importante en la protección de esta región única y biológicamente rica; sin embargo, las aguas cercanas a la costa de la región actualmente no están incluidas en esta protección. Existe una falta general de información sobre los cambios en los bosques de algas marinas durante largos períodos de tiempo, lo que dificulta una evaluación global. Una imagen completa de cómo estos ecosistemas están respondiendo a las presiones humanas también debe incluir ubicaciones remotas y ubicaciones con poco o ningún impacto. Les forêts de varech du sud de l'Amérique du Sud sont parmi les moins perturbées de la planète. L'éloignement de cette région l'a, jusqu'à récemment, épargnée de nombreux facteurs de stress anthropiques directs qui ont affecté négativement ces écosystèmes ailleurs. Les nouveaux relevés de 11 emplacements à l'extrémité est de la Terre de Feu, effectués initialement en 1973, n'ont montré aucune différence significative dans les densités de varech Macrocystis pyrifera adulte et juvénile ou dans le diamètre du support de varech entre les deux périodes de relevé. De plus, la structure d'assemblage des oursins sur les mêmes sites n'était pas significativement différente entre les deux périodes, l'espèce dominante Loxechinus albus représentant 66,3 % de l'abondance totale des oursins en 2018 et 61,1 % en 1973. Les séries chronologiques des images Landsat de la région de 1998 à 2018 n'ont montré aucune tendance à long terme du couvert de varech au cours des 20 dernières années. Cependant, des oscillations de ~ 4 ans dans la fraction de la canopée ont été observées et étaient fortement et négativement corrélées avec l'indice ENSO multivarié de la NOAA et la température de surface de la mer. Des études plus approfondies en 2018 ont montré des différences significatives dans la structure de la communauté benthique entre les zones exposées et les zones abritées. Les espèces de poissons endémiques de la province de Magellan représentaient 73 % de toutes les espèces côtières observées et de 98 à 100 % de l'abondance numérique dénombrée dans les sites. La structure de l'assemblage des poissons variait considérablement selon les emplacements et l'exposition aux vagues. La création récente du parc marin de Yaganes est une étape importante dans la protection de cette région unique et biologiquement riche ; cependant, les eaux côtières de la région ne sont actuellement pas incluses dans cette protection. Il existe un manque général d'informations sur les changements dans les forêts de varech sur de longues périodes, ce qui rend difficile une évaluation globale. Une image complète de la façon dont ces écosystèmes réagissent aux pressions humaines doit également inclure des endroits éloignés et des endroits avec peu ou pas d'impact. The kelp forests of southern South America are some of the least disturbed on the planet. The remoteness of this region has, until recently, spared it from many of the direct anthropogenic stressors that have negatively affected these ecosystems elsewhere. Re-surveys of 11 locations at the easternmost extent of Tierra del Fuego originally conducted in 1973 showed no significant differences in the densities of adult and juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera kelp or kelp holdfast diameter between the two survey periods. Additionally, sea urchin assemblage structure at the same sites were not significantly different between the two time periods, with the dominant species Loxechinus albus accounting for 66.3% of total sea urchin abundance in 2018 and 61.1% in 1973. Time series of Landsat imagery of the region from 1998 to 2018 showed no long-term trends in kelp canopy over the past 20 years. However, ~ 4-year oscillations in canopy fraction were observed and were strongly and negatively correlated with the NOAA Multivariate ENSO index and sea surface temperature. More extensive surveying in 2018 showed significant differences in benthic community structure between exposed and sheltered locations. Fish species endemic to the Magellanic Province accounted for 73% of all nearshore species observed and from 98–100% of the numerical abundance enumerated at sites. Fish assemblage structure varied significantly among locations and wave exposures. The recent creation of the Yaganes Marine Park is an important step in protecting this unique and biologically rich region; however, the nearshore waters of the region are currently not included in this protection. There is a general lack of information on changes in kelp forests over long time periods, making a global assessment difficult. A complete picture of how these ecosystems are responding to human pressures must also include remote locations and locations with little to no impact. تعد غابات عشب البحر في جنوب أمريكا الجنوبية من أقل الغابات إزعاجًا على هذا الكوكب. وقد أدى بعد هذه المنطقة، حتى وقت قريب، إلى تجنيبها العديد من الضغوطات البشرية المباشرة التي أثرت سلبًا على هذه النظم الإيكولوجية في أماكن أخرى. أظهرت عمليات إعادة مسح 11 موقعًا في أقصى شرق تييرا ديل فويغو التي أجريت في الأصل في عام 1973 عدم وجود اختلافات كبيرة في كثافة عشب البحر ماكروسيستيس بيريفيرا البالغ واليافع أو قطر عشب البحر بين فترتي المسح. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، لم يكن هيكل تجميع قنفذ البحر في نفس المواقع مختلفًا بشكل كبير بين الفترتين الزمنيتين، حيث شكل النوع السائد Loxechinus albus 66.3 ٪ من إجمالي وفرة قنفذ البحر في عام 2018 و 61.1 ٪ في عام 1973. لم تظهر السلاسل الزمنية لصور لاندسات للمنطقة من عام 1998 إلى عام 2018 أي اتجاهات طويلة الأجل في مظلة عشب البحر على مدى السنوات العشرين الماضية. ومع ذلك، لوحظت تذبذبات لمدة 4 سنوات تقريبًا في جزء المظلة وارتبطت ارتباطًا قويًا وسلبيًا بمؤشر ENSO متعدد المتغيرات التابع للإدارة الوطنية للمحيطات والغلاف الجوي (NOAA) ودرجة حرارة سطح البحر. أظهر مسح أكثر شمولاً في عام 2018 اختلافات كبيرة في بنية المجتمع القاعي بين المواقع المكشوفة والمحمية. شكلت أنواع الأسماك المستوطنة في مقاطعة ماجلان 73 ٪ من جميع الأنواع القريبة من الشاطئ التي تمت ملاحظتها ومن 98-100 ٪ من الوفرة العددية التي تم تعدادها في المواقع. اختلف هيكل تجمعات الأسماك بشكل كبير بين المواقع والتعرض للموجات. يعد إنشاء متنزه ياجانيس البحري مؤخرًا خطوة مهمة في حماية هذه المنطقة الفريدة والغنية بيولوجيًا ؛ ومع ذلك، فإن المياه القريبة من الشاطئ في المنطقة غير مدرجة حاليًا في هذه الحماية. هناك نقص عام في المعلومات حول التغيرات في غابات عشب البحر على مدى فترات زمنية طويلة، مما يجعل التقييم العالمي صعبًا. يجب أن تشمل الصورة الكاملة لكيفية استجابة هذه النظم الإيكولوجية للضغوط البشرية أيضًا المواقع النائية والمواقع ذات التأثير الضئيل أو المعدوم.

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    Authors: Alan M. Friedlander; Enric Ballesteros; Alyssa M. Adler; Whitney Goodell; +6 Authors

    Marine fjords along the northern Labrador coast of Arctic Canada are influenced by freshwater, nutrients, and sediment inputs from ice fields and rivers. These ecosystems, further shaped by both Atlantic and Arctic water masses, are important habitats for fishes, marine mammals, seabirds, and marine invertebrates and are vital to the Labrador Inuit who have long depended on these areas for sustenance. Despite their ecological and socio-cultural importance, these marine ecosystems remain largely understudied. Here we conducted the first quantitative underwater scuba surveys, down to 12 m, of the nearshore marine ecology of Nachvak Fjord, which is surrounded by Torngat Mountains National Park located in Nunatsiavut, the Indigenous lands claim region of northeastern Canada. Our goal was to provide the Nunatsiavut Government with a baseline of the composition and environmental influences on the subtidal community in this isolated region as they work towards the creation of an Indigenous-led National Marine Conservation Area that includes Nachvak Fjord. We identified four major benthic habitat types: (1) boulders (2) rocks with sediment, (3) sediment with rocks, and (4) unconsolidated sediments, including sand, gravel, and cobble. Biogenic cover (e.g., kelp, coralline algae, and sediment) explained much of the variability in megabenthic invertebrate community structure. The kelp species Alaria esculenta, Saccharina latissima, and Laminaria solidungula dominated the boulder habitat outside of the fjord covering 35%, 13%, and 11% of the sea floor, respectively. In contrast, the middle and inner portions of the fjord were devoid of kelp and dominated by encrusting coralline algae. More diverse megabenthic invertebrate assemblages were detected within the fjord compared to the periphery. Fish assemblages were depauperate overall with the shorthorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus scorpius, and the Greenland cod, Gadus ogac, dominating total fish biomass contributing 64% and 30%, respectively. Understanding the composition and environmental influences within this fjord ecosystem not only contributes towards the protection of this ecological and culturally important region but serves as a baseline in a rapidly changing climatic region.

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      PLoS ONE
      Article . 2023
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      PLoS ONE
      Article . 2023
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6 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Iain R. Caldwell; Tim R. McClanahan; Remy M. Oddenyo; Nicholas A.J. Graham; +22 Authors

    The amount of ocean protected from fishing and other human impacts has often been used as a metric of conservation progress. However, protection efforts have highly variable outcomes that depend on local conditions, which makes it difficult to quantify what coral reef protection efforts to date have actually achieved at a global scale. Here, we develop a predictive model of how local conditions influence conservation outcomes on ~2,600 coral reef sites across 44 ecoregions, which we used to quantify how much more fish biomass there is on coral reefs compared to a modeled scenario with no protection. Under the assumptions of our model, our study reveals that without existing protection efforts there would be ~10% less fish biomass on coral reefs. Thus, we estimate that coral reef protection efforts have led to approximately 1 in every 10 kg of existing fish biomass.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Proceedings of the N...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Proceedings of the N...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ana K. Spalding; Kirsten Grorud‐Colvert; Edward H. Allison; Diva J. Amon; +21 Authors

    ¿Cómo se puede hacer que la gobernanza y la ciencia oceánicas sean más equitativas y efectivas? La mayoría de las personas que dependen de los océanos del mundo viven en países de ingresos bajos a medios en los trópicos (es decir, la "mayoría tropical"). Sin embargo, la agenda de gobernanza de los océanos se establece en gran medida sobre la base del conocimiento científico, la financiación y las instituciones de las naciones de altos ingresos en las zonas templadas. Estos enfoques impulsados externamente socavan la equidad y la eficacia de las soluciones actuales y obstaculizan el liderazgo de la mayoría tropical, que está bien posicionada para activar soluciones basadas en la evidencia y específicas del contexto para los desafíos de sostenibilidad oceánica. Aquí, reunimos diversas perspectivas de los trópicos para proponer cuatro acciones para el cambio transformacional que se basan en perspectivas, experiencias y conocimientos de los trópicos: 1. Equidad del centro en la gobernanza de los océanos, 2. Reconectar a las personas y el océano, 3. Redefinir la alfabetización oceánica, y 4. Descolonizar la investigación oceánica. Estas acciones son fundamentales para garantizar un papel de liderazgo para la mayoría tropical en el mantenimiento de sociedades y ecosistemas oceánicos prósperos. Comment rendre la gouvernance et la science des océans plus équitables et efficaces ? La majorité des personnes dépendantes des océans dans le monde vivent dans des pays tropicaux à revenu faible ou intermédiaire (c'est-à-dire la « majorité tropicale »). Pourtant, le programme de gouvernance des océans est établi en grande partie sur la base des connaissances scientifiques, du financement et des institutions des pays à revenu élevé dans les zones tempérées. Ces approches externes sapent l'équité et l'efficacité des solutions actuelles et entravent le leadership de la majorité tropicale, qui est bien placée pour activer des solutions fondées sur des données probantes et spécifiques au contexte pour relever les défis de la durabilité des océans. Ici, nous rassemblons diverses perspectives des tropiques pour proposer quatre actions de changement transformationnel fondées sur les perspectives, les expériences et les connaissances des tropiques : 1. Centrer l'équité dans la gouvernance des océans, 2. Reconnecter les gens et l'océan, 3. Redéfinir la littératie océanique, et 4. Décoloniser la recherche océanique. Ces actions sont essentielles pour assurer un rôle de premier plan à la majorité tropicale dans le maintien de sociétés océaniques et d'écosystèmes florissants. How can ocean governance and science be made more equitable and effective? The majority of the world's ocean-dependent people live in low to middle-income countries in the tropics (i.e., the 'tropical majority'). Yet the ocean governance agenda is set largely on the basis of scientific knowledge, funding, and institutions from high-income nations in temperate zones. These externally driven approaches undermine the equity and effectiveness of current solutions and hinder leadership by the tropical majority, who are well positioned to activate evidence-based and context-specific solutions to ocean-sustainability challenges. Here, we draw together diverse perspectives from the tropics to propose four actions for transformational change that are grounded in perspectives, experiences, and knowledge from the tropics: 1. Center equity in ocean governance, 2. Reconnect people and the ocean, 3. Redefine ocean literacy, and 4. Decolonize ocean research. These actions are critical to ensuring a leading role for the tropical majority in maintaining thriving ocean societies and ecosystems. كيف يمكن جعل إدارة المحيطات وعلومها أكثر إنصافاً وفعالية ؟ يعيش غالبية الأشخاص الذين يعتمدون على المحيطات في العالم في بلدان منخفضة إلى متوسطة الدخل في المناطق الاستوائية (أي "الأغلبية الاستوائية "). ومع ذلك، يتم تحديد أجندة إدارة المحيطات إلى حد كبير على أساس المعرفة العلمية والتمويل والمؤسسات من الدول ذات الدخل المرتفع في المناطق المعتدلة. تقوض هذه النهج المدفوعة خارجيًا إنصاف وفعالية الحلول الحالية وتعيق القيادة من قبل الأغلبية الاستوائية، الذين هم في وضع جيد لتفعيل الحلول القائمة على الأدلة والمحددة السياق لتحديات استدامة المحيطات. هنا، نجمع وجهات نظر متنوعة من المناطق الاستوائية لاقتراح أربعة إجراءات للتغيير التحويلي ترتكز على وجهات النظر والخبرات والمعرفة من المناطق الاستوائية: 1. إنصاف المركز في إدارة المحيطات، 2. أعد ربط الناس بالمحيط، 3. إعادة تعريف محو الأمية في المحيطات، و 4. إنهاء استعمار بحوث المحيطات. هذه الإجراءات حاسمة لضمان دور رائد للأغلبية الاستوائية في الحفاظ على مجتمعات المحيطات والنظم الإيكولوجية المزدهرة.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ npj Ocean Sustainabi...arrow_drop_down
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    npj Ocean Sustainability
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/r0...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ npj Ocean Sustainabi...arrow_drop_down
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      npj Ocean Sustainability
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/r0...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/hn...
      Other literature type . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alan M. Friedlander; David Obura; Riaz Aumeeruddy; Enric Ballesteros; +3 Authors

    Nous rapportons un écosystème récifal où les coraux ont peut-être perdu leur rôle en tant qu'espèces majeures d'ingénierie récifale, mais la biomasse et la structure d'assemblage des poissons sont comparables à celles des récifs non pêchés ailleurs dans le monde. Ce scénario est basé sur une évaluation approfondie des récifs coralliens de l'atoll de Farquhar, le plus méridional des îles Seychelles. La couverture corallienne et l'état général de la communauté benthique à Farquhar étaient médiocres, probablement en raison d'une combinaison d'habitat limité, de remontées d'eau localisées, de blanchissement passé des coraux et de cyclones. L'atoll de Farquhar abrite un assemblage de poissons de récif relativement intact avec une très grande biomasse (3,2 t ha(-1)) reflétant des processus écologiques naturels qui ne sont pas influencés par la pêche ou d'autres facteurs anthropiques locaux. La caractéristique la plus frappante de l'assemblage de poissons de récif est la dominance des grands mérous, vivaneaux et crics avec de grandes morues de pomme de terre (Epinephelus tukula) (>1 m) et des mérous marbrés (E. polyphekadion), couramment observés à de nombreux endroits. La graisse de Napoléon (Cheilinus undulatus) et le poisson-perroquet à tête grise (Bolbometopon muricatum) sont répertoriés comme en voie de disparition et vulnérables, respectivement, mais ont été fréquemment rencontrés à Farquhar. L'abondance élevée et la grande taille des poissons-perroquets à Farquhar semblent également réguler l'abondance des macroalgues et renforcer la dominance des corallines crustacées, qui sont une condition nécessaire au maintien de communautés récifales saines. La biomasse globale des poissons et la biomasse des grands prédateurs à Farquhar sont nettement plus élevées que dans d'autres zones des Seychelles, et sont parmi les plus élevées enregistrées dans l'océan Indien. Les îles éloignées comme l'atoll de Farquhar avec de faibles populations humaines et une pression de pêche limitée offrent des opportunités idéales pour comprendre si les récifs peuvent résister aux menaces mondiales si les menaces locales sont minimisées. Reportamos un ecosistema de arrecifes donde los corales pueden haber perdido su papel como principales especies de ingeniería de arrecifes, pero la biomasa de peces y la estructura de ensamblaje son comparables a los arrecifes no explotados en otras partes del mundo. Este escenario se basa en una amplia evaluación de los arrecifes de coral del atolón de Farquhar, el más meridional de las islas Seychelles. La cubierta de coral y la condición general de la comunidad bentónica en Farquhar eran deficientes, probablemente debido a una combinación de hábitat limitado, surgencia localizada, blanqueamiento de coral pasado y ciclones. El atolón de Farquhar alberga un conjunto de peces de arrecife relativamente intacto con una biomasa muy grande (3,2 t ha(-1)) que refleja procesos ecológicos naturales que no están influenciados por la pesca u otros factores antropogénicos locales. La característica más llamativa del conjunto de peces de arrecife es el predominio de meros grandes, pargos y gatos con bacalao de papa grande (>1 m) (Epinephelus tukula) y mero jaspeado (E. polyphekadion), comúnmente observados en muchos lugares. El pez Napoleón (Cheilinus undulatus) y el pez loro (Bolbometopon muricatum) están catalogados como en peligro y vulnerables, respectivamente, pero se encontraron con frecuencia en Farquhar. La alta abundancia y los grandes tamaños de los peces loro en Farquhar también parecen regular la abundancia de macroalgas y mejorar el dominio de los coralinos crustosos, que son una condición necesaria para el mantenimiento de comunidades de arrecifes saludables. En general, la biomasa de peces y la biomasa de grandes depredadores en Farquhar son sustancialmente más altas que en otras áreas dentro de las Seychelles, y son algunas de las más altas registradas en el Océano Índico. Las islas remotas como el atolón de Farquhar, con bajas poblaciones humanas y una presión pesquera limitada, ofrecen oportunidades ideales para comprender si los arrecifes pueden ser resistentes a las amenazas globales si se minimizan las amenazas locales. We report a reef ecosystem where corals may have lost their role as major reef engineering species but fish biomass and assemblage structure is comparable to unfished reefs elsewhere around the world. This scenario is based on an extensive assessment of the coral reefs of Farquhar Atoll, the most southern of the Seychelles Islands. Coral cover and overall benthic community condition at Farquhar was poor, likely due to a combination of limited habitat, localized upwelling, past coral bleaching, and cyclones. Farquhar Atoll harbors a relatively intact reef fish assemblage with very large biomass (3.2 t ha(-1)) reflecting natural ecological processes that are not influenced by fishing or other local anthropogenic factors. The most striking feature of the reef fish assemblage is the dominance by large groupers, snappers, and jacks with large (>1 m) potato cod (Epinephelus tukula) and marbled grouper (E. polyphekadion), commonly observed at many locations. Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) and bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) are listed as endangered and vulnerable, respectively, but were frequently encountered at Farquhar. The high abundance and large sizes of parrotfishes at Farquhar also appears to regulate macroalgal abundance and enhance the dominance of crustose corallines, which are a necessary condition for maintenance of healthy reef communities. Overall fish biomass and biomass of large predators at Farquhar are substantially higher than other areas within the Seychelles, and are some of the highest recorded in the Indian Ocean. Remote islands like Farquhar Atoll with low human populations and limited fishing pressure offer ideal opportunities for understanding whether reefs can be resilient from global threats if local threats are minimized. نبلغ عن نظام بيئي للشعاب المرجانية حيث ربما فقدت الشعاب المرجانية دورها كنوع هندسي رئيسي للشعاب المرجانية ولكن الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك وهيكل التجميع مشابه للشعاب المرجانية غير المكتملة في أماكن أخرى حول العالم. يستند هذا السيناريو إلى تقييم شامل للشعاب المرجانية في جزيرة فاركوهار المرجانية، أقصى جنوب جزر سيشيل. كان الغطاء المرجاني وحالة المجتمع القاعي بشكل عام في فاركوهار سيئة، ويرجع ذلك على الأرجح إلى مزيج من الموائل المحدودة، والفيضانات المحلية، وابيضاض المرجان في الماضي، والأعاصير. تؤوي جزيرة فاركوهار المرجانية مجموعة أسماك شعاب مرجانية سليمة نسبيًا مع كتلة حيوية كبيرة جدًا (3.2 طن هكتار (-1)) تعكس العمليات البيئية الطبيعية التي لا تتأثر بصيد الأسماك أو العوامل البشرية المحلية الأخرى. السمة الأكثر لفتًا للنظر في مجموعة أسماك الشعاب المرجانية هي هيمنة أسماك القشر الكبيرة والسمك النهاش والرافعات مع سمك القد البطاطي الكبير (>1 متر) (Epinephelus tukula) والهامور الرخامي (E. polyphekadion)، الذي يشيع ملاحظته في العديد من المواقع. تم إدراج نابليون راس (Cheilinus undulatus) وسمك الببغاء (Bolbometopon muricatum) على أنهما مهددان بالانقراض وضعيفان، على التوالي، ولكن تمت مواجهتهما بشكل متكرر في فاركوهار. كما يبدو أن الوفرة العالية والأحجام الكبيرة من أسماك الببغاء في فاركوهار تنظم وفرة الطحالب الكلية وتعزز هيمنة القشور المرجانية، والتي تعد شرطًا ضروريًا للحفاظ على مجتمعات الشعاب المرجانية الصحية. تعتبر الكتلة الحيوية للأسماك والكتلة الحيوية للحيوانات المفترسة الكبيرة في فاركوهار أعلى بكثير من المناطق الأخرى داخل سيشيل، وهي من أعلى المعدلات المسجلة في المحيط الهندي. توفر الجزر النائية مثل جزيرة فاركوهار المرجانية ذات الكثافة السكانية المنخفضة وضغط الصيد المحدود فرصًا مثالية لفهم ما إذا كانت الشعاب المرجانية قادرة على الصمود أمام التهديدات العالمية إذا تم تقليل التهديدات المحلية.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PLoS ONEarrow_drop_down
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    PLoS ONE
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    Authors: Stuart A. Sandin; Penny A. Becker; Ceiba Becker; Kate Brown; +19 Authors

    Islands support unique plants, animals, and human societies found nowhere else on the Earth. Local and global stressors threaten the persistence of island ecosystems, with invasive species being among the most damaging, yet solvable, stressors. While the threat of invasive terrestrial mammals on island flora and fauna is well recognized, recent studies have begun to illustrate their extended and destructive impacts on adjacent marine environments. Eradication of invasive mammals and restoration of native biota are promising tools to address both island and ocean management goals. The magnitude of the marine benefits of island restoration, however, is unlikely to be consistent across the globe. We propose a list of six environmental characteristics most likely to affect the strength of land–sea linkages: precipitation, elevation, vegetation cover, soil hydrology, oceanographic productivity, and wave energy. Global databases allow for the calculation of comparable metrics describing each environmental character across islands. Such metrics can be used today to evaluate relative potential for coupled land–sea conservation efforts and, with sustained investment in monitoring on land and sea, can be used in the future to refine science-based planning tools for integrated land–sea management. As conservation practitioners work to address the effects of climate change, ocean stressors, and biodiversity crises, it is essential that we maximize returns from our management investments. Linking efforts on land, including eradication of island invasive mammals, with marine restoration and protection should offer multiplied benefits to achieve concurrent global conservation goals.

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    Authors: Alan M. Friedlander; Enric Ballesteros; Tom W. Bell; Jennifer E. Caselle; +7 Authors

    Los bosques de algas marinas del sur de Sudamérica son algunos de los menos perturbados del planeta. La lejanía de esta región, hasta hace poco, la ha salvado de muchos de los factores estresantes antropogénicos directos que han afectado negativamente a estos ecosistemas en otros lugares. Las nuevas encuestas de 11 ubicaciones en la extensión más oriental de Tierra del Fuego realizadas originalmente en 1973 no mostraron diferencias significativas en las densidades de algas marinas Macrocystis pyrifera adultas y juveniles o diámetro de retención de algas marinas entre los dos períodos de encuesta. Además, la estructura del conjunto de erizos de mar en los mismos sitios no fue significativamente diferente entre los dos períodos de tiempo, con la especie dominante Loxechinus albus representando el 66.3% de la abundancia total de erizos de mar en 2018 y el 61.1% en 1973. Las series temporales de imágenes Landsat de la región de 1998 a 2018 no mostraron tendencias a largo plazo en el dosel de algas marinas en los últimos 20 años. Sin embargo, se observaron oscilaciones de ~ 4 años en la fracción del dosel y se correlacionaron fuerte y negativamente con el índice Enos multivariante de la NOAA y la temperatura de la superficie del mar. Una encuesta más extensa en 2018 mostró diferencias significativas en la estructura de la comunidad bentónica entre las ubicaciones expuestas y las protegidas. Las especies de peces endémicas de la Provincia de Magallanes representaron el 73% de todas las especies cercanas a la costa observadas y del 98–100% de la abundancia numérica enumerada en los sitios. La estructura del conjunto de peces varió significativamente entre las ubicaciones y las exposiciones a las olas. La reciente creación del Parque Marino de Yaganes es un paso importante en la protección de esta región única y biológicamente rica; sin embargo, las aguas cercanas a la costa de la región actualmente no están incluidas en esta protección. Existe una falta general de información sobre los cambios en los bosques de algas marinas durante largos períodos de tiempo, lo que dificulta una evaluación global. Una imagen completa de cómo estos ecosistemas están respondiendo a las presiones humanas también debe incluir ubicaciones remotas y ubicaciones con poco o ningún impacto. Les forêts de varech du sud de l'Amérique du Sud sont parmi les moins perturbées de la planète. L'éloignement de cette région l'a, jusqu'à récemment, épargnée de nombreux facteurs de stress anthropiques directs qui ont affecté négativement ces écosystèmes ailleurs. Les nouveaux relevés de 11 emplacements à l'extrémité est de la Terre de Feu, effectués initialement en 1973, n'ont montré aucune différence significative dans les densités de varech Macrocystis pyrifera adulte et juvénile ou dans le diamètre du support de varech entre les deux périodes de relevé. De plus, la structure d'assemblage des oursins sur les mêmes sites n'était pas significativement différente entre les deux périodes, l'espèce dominante Loxechinus albus représentant 66,3 % de l'abondance totale des oursins en 2018 et 61,1 % en 1973. Les séries chronologiques des images Landsat de la région de 1998 à 2018 n'ont montré aucune tendance à long terme du couvert de varech au cours des 20 dernières années. Cependant, des oscillations de ~ 4 ans dans la fraction de la canopée ont été observées et étaient fortement et négativement corrélées avec l'indice ENSO multivarié de la NOAA et la température de surface de la mer. Des études plus approfondies en 2018 ont montré des différences significatives dans la structure de la communauté benthique entre les zones exposées et les zones abritées. Les espèces de poissons endémiques de la province de Magellan représentaient 73 % de toutes les espèces côtières observées et de 98 à 100 % de l'abondance numérique dénombrée dans les sites. La structure de l'assemblage des poissons variait considérablement selon les emplacements et l'exposition aux vagues. La création récente du parc marin de Yaganes est une étape importante dans la protection de cette région unique et biologiquement riche ; cependant, les eaux côtières de la région ne sont actuellement pas incluses dans cette protection. Il existe un manque général d'informations sur les changements dans les forêts de varech sur de longues périodes, ce qui rend difficile une évaluation globale. Une image complète de la façon dont ces écosystèmes réagissent aux pressions humaines doit également inclure des endroits éloignés et des endroits avec peu ou pas d'impact. The kelp forests of southern South America are some of the least disturbed on the planet. The remoteness of this region has, until recently, spared it from many of the direct anthropogenic stressors that have negatively affected these ecosystems elsewhere. Re-surveys of 11 locations at the easternmost extent of Tierra del Fuego originally conducted in 1973 showed no significant differences in the densities of adult and juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera kelp or kelp holdfast diameter between the two survey periods. Additionally, sea urchin assemblage structure at the same sites were not significantly different between the two time periods, with the dominant species Loxechinus albus accounting for 66.3% of total sea urchin abundance in 2018 and 61.1% in 1973. Time series of Landsat imagery of the region from 1998 to 2018 showed no long-term trends in kelp canopy over the past 20 years. However, ~ 4-year oscillations in canopy fraction were observed and were strongly and negatively correlated with the NOAA Multivariate ENSO index and sea surface temperature. More extensive surveying in 2018 showed significant differences in benthic community structure between exposed and sheltered locations. Fish species endemic to the Magellanic Province accounted for 73% of all nearshore species observed and from 98–100% of the numerical abundance enumerated at sites. Fish assemblage structure varied significantly among locations and wave exposures. The recent creation of the Yaganes Marine Park is an important step in protecting this unique and biologically rich region; however, the nearshore waters of the region are currently not included in this protection. There is a general lack of information on changes in kelp forests over long time periods, making a global assessment difficult. A complete picture of how these ecosystems are responding to human pressures must also include remote locations and locations with little to no impact. تعد غابات عشب البحر في جنوب أمريكا الجنوبية من أقل الغابات إزعاجًا على هذا الكوكب. وقد أدى بعد هذه المنطقة، حتى وقت قريب، إلى تجنيبها العديد من الضغوطات البشرية المباشرة التي أثرت سلبًا على هذه النظم الإيكولوجية في أماكن أخرى. أظهرت عمليات إعادة مسح 11 موقعًا في أقصى شرق تييرا ديل فويغو التي أجريت في الأصل في عام 1973 عدم وجود اختلافات كبيرة في كثافة عشب البحر ماكروسيستيس بيريفيرا البالغ واليافع أو قطر عشب البحر بين فترتي المسح. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، لم يكن هيكل تجميع قنفذ البحر في نفس المواقع مختلفًا بشكل كبير بين الفترتين الزمنيتين، حيث شكل النوع السائد Loxechinus albus 66.3 ٪ من إجمالي وفرة قنفذ البحر في عام 2018 و 61.1 ٪ في عام 1973. لم تظهر السلاسل الزمنية لصور لاندسات للمنطقة من عام 1998 إلى عام 2018 أي اتجاهات طويلة الأجل في مظلة عشب البحر على مدى السنوات العشرين الماضية. ومع ذلك، لوحظت تذبذبات لمدة 4 سنوات تقريبًا في جزء المظلة وارتبطت ارتباطًا قويًا وسلبيًا بمؤشر ENSO متعدد المتغيرات التابع للإدارة الوطنية للمحيطات والغلاف الجوي (NOAA) ودرجة حرارة سطح البحر. أظهر مسح أكثر شمولاً في عام 2018 اختلافات كبيرة في بنية المجتمع القاعي بين المواقع المكشوفة والمحمية. شكلت أنواع الأسماك المستوطنة في مقاطعة ماجلان 73 ٪ من جميع الأنواع القريبة من الشاطئ التي تمت ملاحظتها ومن 98-100 ٪ من الوفرة العددية التي تم تعدادها في المواقع. اختلف هيكل تجمعات الأسماك بشكل كبير بين المواقع والتعرض للموجات. يعد إنشاء متنزه ياجانيس البحري مؤخرًا خطوة مهمة في حماية هذه المنطقة الفريدة والغنية بيولوجيًا ؛ ومع ذلك، فإن المياه القريبة من الشاطئ في المنطقة غير مدرجة حاليًا في هذه الحماية. هناك نقص عام في المعلومات حول التغيرات في غابات عشب البحر على مدى فترات زمنية طويلة، مما يجعل التقييم العالمي صعبًا. يجب أن تشمل الصورة الكاملة لكيفية استجابة هذه النظم الإيكولوجية للضغوط البشرية أيضًا المواقع النائية والمواقع ذات التأثير الضئيل أو المعدوم.

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    Authors: Alan M. Friedlander; Enric Ballesteros; Alyssa M. Adler; Whitney Goodell; +6 Authors

    Marine fjords along the northern Labrador coast of Arctic Canada are influenced by freshwater, nutrients, and sediment inputs from ice fields and rivers. These ecosystems, further shaped by both Atlantic and Arctic water masses, are important habitats for fishes, marine mammals, seabirds, and marine invertebrates and are vital to the Labrador Inuit who have long depended on these areas for sustenance. Despite their ecological and socio-cultural importance, these marine ecosystems remain largely understudied. Here we conducted the first quantitative underwater scuba surveys, down to 12 m, of the nearshore marine ecology of Nachvak Fjord, which is surrounded by Torngat Mountains National Park located in Nunatsiavut, the Indigenous lands claim region of northeastern Canada. Our goal was to provide the Nunatsiavut Government with a baseline of the composition and environmental influences on the subtidal community in this isolated region as they work towards the creation of an Indigenous-led National Marine Conservation Area that includes Nachvak Fjord. We identified four major benthic habitat types: (1) boulders (2) rocks with sediment, (3) sediment with rocks, and (4) unconsolidated sediments, including sand, gravel, and cobble. Biogenic cover (e.g., kelp, coralline algae, and sediment) explained much of the variability in megabenthic invertebrate community structure. The kelp species Alaria esculenta, Saccharina latissima, and Laminaria solidungula dominated the boulder habitat outside of the fjord covering 35%, 13%, and 11% of the sea floor, respectively. In contrast, the middle and inner portions of the fjord were devoid of kelp and dominated by encrusting coralline algae. More diverse megabenthic invertebrate assemblages were detected within the fjord compared to the periphery. Fish assemblages were depauperate overall with the shorthorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus scorpius, and the Greenland cod, Gadus ogac, dominating total fish biomass contributing 64% and 30%, respectively. Understanding the composition and environmental influences within this fjord ecosystem not only contributes towards the protection of this ecological and culturally important region but serves as a baseline in a rapidly changing climatic region.

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