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Along with the growth and globalization of the whole world economy since the First Industrial Revolution, the production and use of fossil fuels have led to increased CO2 emissions and, ultimately, significant environmental degradation. The impact of globalization, economic growth, and renewable energy sources on CO2 may show trends with different turning points in developing countries, and estimations may need to follow Fourier-type functions to capture the frequency domain. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the effects of renewable energy production, economic globalization, and economic growth on CO2 emissions for Turkey in the period 1971-2006 with Fourier autoregressive distribution lag (ADL) cointegration, DOLS, and Fourier-Granger causality tests. The originality of this study is the estimation of a model of CO2 emissions with a Fourier-type function for the first time. The findings indicate a negative relationship between renewable energy production and CO2 emissions and a positive relationship between economic globalization and economic growth and CO2 emissions. In addition, according to the empirical results, there exists a one-way causality relationship between economic globalization to CO2 and economic globalization to renewable energy production, and there is evidence of a bidirectional causality relationship between economic globalization and economic growth in this study.

In recent years, sustainability concerns have gained increasing attention among countries and stakeholders worldwide. Towards the transition to sustainable rural development, the rural web framework (RWF) has become a consistent tool. Indicators from the RWF have been used to explore sustainable rural development for decision-making tasks, which improves the social, economic, and environmental performance of rural regions. However, the application of the RWF in studies is on the decline. Furthermore, there is a lack of literature reviews on the importance of the RWF and its relationship with different facets of sustainable development. We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) (a) to explore how studies have used the RWF in the context of sustainable development and (b) to identify areas for further research. This study found that the RWF has mostly been used in developed countries, with fewer applications in developing countries. We suggest that there should be increased application of the RWF, particularly in developing countries, to broaden the rural web–sustainable development discourse and its relevance. This paper presents several areas where the indicators of the RWF can be applied to illustrate their relevance for policy decisions towards the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Despite the growing interest in perceived social support as a means of achieving sustainable psychological development and well-being in the various contexts of the adolescent, its definition and composition remain unclear. The aim of this study is to test both the hierarchical order and the types and sources of a theoretical model of the social support perceived by adolescents. The model is based on the theories of Tardy and Lin, as well as on the findings of recent studies on the construct. Three theoretical models are compared using the structural equations method. The participants were 1081 randomly selected secondary school students (aged 12–18 years) from the north of Spain, who completed the APIK Perceived Social Support Questionnaire. The model positing that perceived social support comprises a hierarchical first level formed by sources of support (family, friends and teachers) and a lower second level derived from the first one, formed by types of support (emotional, material and informational), proved to be the first-choice solution. The results establish a solid theoretical base for both future studies on perceived social support during adolescence and possible educational interventions designed to improve social support for teenagers.

We appreciate Ford’s documentation of the many ways in which climate change threatens the traditional lifestyles and health of indigenous and other populations.1 As Ford states, the impacts of climate change on indigenous peoples are primarily studied in Australia and the Arctic, leaving much unknown about their global scale and manifestations in other regions.1 We believe that small island communities such as the Caribbean are also vulnerable to climate change because of their coastal-dependent geographies and lifestyles. The Caribbean population was estimated at 37.5 million in 2000,2 and Caribbean nations constitute approximately half of the 39 members of the Association of Small Island States.3 Like much of the world,4 the Caribbean is already experiencing increased salinity of drinking water, sea level rise, decreased habitable and agricultural land area, disrupted fisheries, and diminished food security.5 Its limited infrastructure and socioeconomic resources leave it at least partly reliant on foreign aid for climate mitigation and preparedness efforts. In one of our qualitative studies, Caribbean islanders described their personal experiences and perceptions about climate change as increased average temperatures, severity of weather events, and changes in rainfall patterns. They had observed geographic changes including beach erosion, sea level rise, drying rivers, and reduced vegetation and ground cover. They discussed the growing regional attention to disaster preparedness since the devastation of Hurricane Ivan in 2004, including efforts to digitize and archive legal and historical documents to prevent losses like those caused by Hurricane Ivan. Participants identified subsequent regional business opportunities in conservation and alternative energy, government efforts to promote the use of drought resistant crops after the severe drought of 2010, and a policy on climate change education being considered for public schools. Participants noted that relatively high rates of interisland movement and population growth stretch Caribbean social services and encroach on diminishing areas of habitable land. The discussion itself seemed to galvanize participant recognition that climate change threatens natural resources, such as rushing rivers and sandy beaches, that they take for granted. Although preliminary, our data show that climate change is altering Caribbean life. Further research on the health impacts of climate change on indigenous peoples and in unique geographic, economic, and sociocultural contexts is needed. Governments, industries, and individuals are unlikely to respond to climate change until it threatens things they value in their own lives. Ford’s article, and findings like ours, may help them to appreciate the urgency of doing so.

This study seeks to understand how entrepreneurs of SME beach resorts mitigate challenges in their efforts to survive and simultaneously expand their businesses. SMEs in tourism related industry including beach resorts cater towards accommodating increased number of tourist arrivals. Malaysia targets to bring in 36 million tourists, with RM168 billion tourism receipts by the year 2020. The sun, sea and sand are naturally the magnets of tropical islands of Malaysia. The authors employed in-depth interview technique on two resorts located on Perhentian Kecil Island, offshore Terengganu, Malaysia. Observation of the premises complements data collected from interviews. Findings suggest that the resorts employed various strategies to manage their operations. Cost saving methods like employing family members, constructing additional resort features during monsoon period and smart business arrangement with resorts suppliers contributed towards resorts expansion. The study outcome would amongst others benefit policymakers in nurturing the SME sector, further facilitating Malaysia towards a developed nation. This study also contributes to the performance management literature particularly on island beach resorts.

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.

La sostenibilidad es el tema central del desarrollo en la economía moderna. A través del desarrollo sostenible, la calidad de vida puede mejorarse o mantenerse a lo largo del tiempo. Dado que Malasia tiene como objetivo convertirse en una nación de altos ingresos para el año 2020, la inversión financiera en proyectos públicos debe planificarse de manera integral para que genere beneficios inmediatos y a largo plazo para el país y la gente. Dentro del entorno financiero actualmente ajustado, lograr una buena relación calidad-precio en el gasto público se considera uno de los facilitadores para mantener el impulso adecuado del crecimiento económico. Estudios anteriores han establecido la importancia de integrar la consideración de la sostenibilidad en el protocolo de Planificación de Valor para lograr una buena relación calidad-precio, respaldada por la agenda de desarrollo sostenible. A pesar del establecimiento del marco para la integración, la oportunidad de dicha integración dentro del protocolo de planificación del valor de Malasia para proyectos públicos sigue sin estar clara. En primer lugar, se debe evaluar el estado actual de la consideración de la sostenibilidad dentro de la práctica de Planificación de Valor, de modo que se puedan introducir posibles intervenciones para mejorar la integración. En respuesta a la brecha, se realizó este estudio exploratorio. Los datos se recopilaron mediante análisis de documentos, entrevistas y observaciones; posteriormente se analizaron utilizando la técnica de análisis de plantillas. Con base en la práctica actual de Planificación de Valor en Malasia, se proponen diez intervenciones para transformar la práctica actual en Planificación de Valor Sostenible. La planificación del valor sostenible se considera un concepto integral para lograr una buena relación calidad-precio en el gasto público respaldado por el concepto general de sostenibilidad La durabilité est la question centrale du développement dans l'économie moderne. Grâce au développement durable, la qualité de vie peut être améliorée ou maintenue au fil du temps. Étant donné que la Malaisie vise à devenir une nation à revenu élevé d'ici 2020, les investissements financiers dans des projets publics doivent être planifiés de manière exhaustive afin de générer des avantages immédiats et à long terme pour le pays et la population. Dans l'environnement financier actuellement tendu, l'optimisation des ressources dans les dépenses publiques est considérée comme l'un des facteurs facilitant le maintien de la bonne dynamique de croissance économique. Des études antérieures ont établi l'importance d'intégrer la prise en compte de la durabilité dans le protocole de planification de la valeur afin d'obtenir un bon rapport qualité-prix, étayé par le programme de développement durable. Malgré l'établissement du cadre pour l'intégration, l'opportunité d'une telle intégration dans le protocole malaisien de planification de la valeur pour les projets publics reste incertaine. L'état actuel de la prise en compte de la durabilité dans la pratique de la planification de la valeur doit d'abord être évalué, afin que des interventions potentielles pour améliorer l'intégration puissent être introduites. En réponse à l'écart, cette étude exploratoire a été menée. Les données ont été collectées au moyen d'analyses de documents, d'entretiens et d'observations ; elles ont ensuite été analysées à l'aide de la technique d'analyse de modèles. Sur la base de la pratique actuelle de la planification de la valeur en Malaisie, dix interventions sont proposées pour transformer la pratique actuelle en planification de la valeur durable. La planification de la valeur durable est considérée comme un concept global permettant d'optimiser les dépenses publiques, étayé par le concept global de durabilité Sustainability is the central development issue in the modern economy. Through sustainable development, quality of life can be improved or maintained over time. Since Malaysia is targeting to become a high-income nation by the year 2020, financial investment in public projects should be planned comprehensively so that it will generate immediate and long-term benefits to the country and the people. Within the currently tight financial environment, achieving value for money in public spending is seen as one of the enablers to maintain the right momentum of economic growth. Previous studies have established the importance of integrating sustainability consideration into Value Planning protocol in order to achieve value for money, underpinned by the sustainable development agenda. Despite the establishment of the framework for the integration, the opportunity of such integration within the Malaysian Value Planning protocol for public projects remains unclear. The present state of sustainability consideration within the Value Planning practice should be first evaluated, so that potential interventions to enhance the integration can be introduced. Responding to the gap, this exploratory study was conducted. The data was collected by means of document analysis, interviews and observations; subsequently analysed using the Template Analysis technique. Based on the current practice of Value Planning in Malaysia, ten interventions are proposed to transform the present practice into Sustainable Value Planning. Sustainable Value Planning is seen as a comprehensive concept in achieving value for money in public spending underpinned by the overarching concept of sustainability الاستدامة هي قضية التنمية المركزية في الاقتصاد الحديث. من خلال التنمية المستدامة، يمكن تحسين نوعية الحياة أو الحفاظ عليها بمرور الوقت. نظرًا لأن ماليزيا تستهدف أن تصبح دولة ذات دخل مرتفع بحلول عام 2020، يجب تخطيط الاستثمار المالي في المشاريع العامة بشكل شامل بحيث يولد فوائد فورية وطويلة الأجل للبلاد والشعب. في ظل البيئة المالية الضيقة حاليًا، يُنظر إلى تحقيق القيمة مقابل المال في الإنفاق العام على أنه أحد العوامل التمكينية للحفاظ على الزخم الصحيح للنمو الاقتصادي. أثبتت الدراسات السابقة أهمية دمج اعتبارات الاستدامة في بروتوكول تخطيط القيمة من أجل تحقيق القيمة مقابل المال، مدعومة بجدول أعمال التنمية المستدامة. على الرغم من إنشاء إطار للتكامل، لا تزال فرصة هذا التكامل ضمن بروتوكول تخطيط القيمة الماليزي للمشاريع العامة غير واضحة. يجب أولاً تقييم الحالة الراهنة لمراعاة الاستدامة ضمن ممارسة تخطيط القيمة، بحيث يمكن إدخال التدخلات المحتملة لتعزيز التكامل. واستجابة للفجوة، أجريت هذه الدراسة الاستكشافية. تم جمع البيانات عن طريق تحليل الوثائق والمقابلات والملاحظات ؛ تم تحليلها لاحقًا باستخدام تقنية تحليل القالب. بناءً على الممارسة الحالية لتخطيط القيمة في ماليزيا، يتم اقتراح عشرة تدخلات لتحويل الممارسة الحالية إلى تخطيط قيمة مستدام. يُنظر إلى تخطيط القيمة المستدامة على أنه مفهوم شامل في تحقيق القيمة مقابل المال في الإنفاق العام مدعومًا بالمفهوم الشامل للاستدامة

This study investigates the relationship between violent conflict, food price, and climate variability at the subnational level. Using disaggregated data on 113 African markets from January 1997 to April 2010, interrelationships between the three variables are analyzed in simultaneous equation models. We find that: (i) a positive feedback exists between food price and violence - higher food prices increase conflict rates within markets and conflict increases food prices; (ii) anomalously dry conditions are associated with increased frequencies of conflict; and (iii) decreased rainfall exerts an indirect effect on conflict through its impact on food prices. These findings suggest that the negative effects of climate variability on conflict can be mitigated by interventions and effective price management in local markets. Creating environments in which food prices are stable and reliable, and markets are accessible and safe, can lower the impacts of both climate change and conflict feedbacks.