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Plant-soil feedback (PSF) describes the process whereby plant species modify the soil environment, which subsequently impacts the growth of the same or another plant species. Our aim was to explore PSF by two maize varieties (a landrace and a hybrid variety) and three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species (Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Gigaspora margarita, and the mixture). We carried out a pot experiment with a conditioning and a feedback phase to determine PSF with different species of AMF and with a non-mycorrhizal control. Sterilized soil was conditioned separately by each variety, with or without AMF; in the feedback phase, each soil community was used to grow each in its "home" soil and in the "away" soil. Plant performance was assessed as shoot biomass, phosphorus (P) concentration and P content, and fungal performance was assessed as mycorrhizal colonization and hyphal length density. Both maize varieties were differentially influenced by AMF in the conditioning phase. In the feedback phase, PSF was generally negative for non-mycorrhizal plants or when plants were colonized by G. margarita, whereas PSF was positive in the other three AMF treatments. When plants were grown on home soil, hyphal length density was larger than on away soil. We conclude that different maize varieties can strengthen positive plant-soil feedback for themselves through beneficial mutualists for themselves, but not across the maize varieties.

An effective controller is proposed for the 'Photovoltaic(PV) - Battery - Diesel Generator(DG)' based hybrid standalone system in this article. A bidirectional DC to DC device which can allow power in both directions is integrated among the DC-link and battery bank to maintain contact voltage by maintaining power balance in the system. Further, a bidirectional inverter is also considered between point of common coupling (PCC) and DC-link for providing supply to AC loads as well as charging the battery from diesel generator based on requirement. However, the phenomenon of partial shading condition (PSC) commonly occurring on PV modules and also generated power from PV always fluctuates according to changes in weather. To achieve a superior performance of the system, a Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy (TSF) based controllers are implemented in proposed control schemes. The novel control schemes are implemented on a bidirectional DC to DC converter as well as three phase bidirectional inverter. However, the proper deloading process of the PV system should be incorporated into the controller of the DC to DC converter to achieve power balance during light load conditions. Balanced quality voltages (3-phase) at PCC are achieved by inverter control which forces to maintain balanced currents generated by DG during the operation of unbalanced loads. Maintaining balanced DG currents can help to reduce the oscillations on the torque of the shaft which increases the fatigue life. Further the reactive power demanded at PCC is compensated by the inverter control, hence DG need not to provide it which results can reduce the consumption of diesel. Various case studies are examined by using MATLAB to present results and Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) based results are also provided in this paper.

IV ÖZET Bu çalışmada üç bölüm altında endüstriyel firınlara ait incelemeler ve hesaplamalar yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 1. Bölümde öncelikle değişik endüstriyel firınlar; metal malzemeler için ısıtma firınları, ergitme fırınları, metal kaplama finnlan, cam üretim firınları ve seramik firınları genel başlıkları altlarında incelenerek konstrüksiyon ve çalışma sistemleri anlatılmıştır. 2.Bölümde firınlarda enerji tasarrufunu arttırabilecek yöntemler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu nedenle öncelikle refrakter ve izolosyon malzemeleri incelenerek en uygun enerji tasarrufu sağlayan ürünlerin özellikleri ve kullanım yöntemleri açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra firınların ısı bilançosunda önemli yer tutan atık ısıların geri kazanım üniteleri incelenerek bu yolla enerji tasarrufu anlatılmıştır. Son olarak da otomatik kontrol üniteleri genel olarak incelenerek firınlara ihtiyaç fazlası enerji yerine ihtiyaç duyulan enerjinin en uygun hangi kontrol sistemi ile sağlanabileceği anlatılmıştır. 3. Bölümde ise halen çalışmakta olduğum işyerinde, dizaynı ve imalatı sorumluluğum altında gerçekleştirilen 300 kg'lık potalı ve elektrik direnç ısıtmalı Alüminyum ergitme firınına ait dizayn esasları, ısıl hesaplar ve rezistans devresine ait hesaplama yöntemi bir örnek olarak verilmiştir. SUMMARY In this project, investigation and calculations about industrial furnaces are being introduced. In this respect, firstly construction and working principles of some industrial furnaces were introduced in section 1 by invastigating them under some main titles such as heating furnaces for metals, melting furnaces, coating furnaces, glass production furnaces and ceramic furnaces. In section 2, Improving methods of the energy saving in industrial furnaces are being explained. In order to do this, by investigating the most suitable refrectory and insulation materials for energy saving, their principles and application methods were explained. Then saving system of waste-heat which has great importance for the heat balance in the furnace was examined. In the end of the section 2, by examining the automatic control units in general the best control systems for furnaces in order to supply exact needed energy to the furnace were explained. Besides, in the last section, as an example, design factors, thermal calculations and resistance system calculations of a crucible furnace for aluminium melting which has crucible of 300 kg Aluminium (BU 300) and which is heated by electric rezistans were given. 117

Under global warming, extreme events have been increasing in the last decade and are projected to increase in the future with every increment of global warming. The potential increase in compound drought and hot events may induce a complex web of impacts on societies, ecosystems, and economies, including crop failure, wildfires, and water scarcity. This is particularly concerning for Brazil, where it has been demonstrated to be vulnerable to recent extreme climate events. Using an ensemble of CORDEX-CORE simulations over Tropical Brazil, we investigate changes in compound events inresponse to changes in radiative forcing and their impact on climate extreme events, including drought and extreme heat. The simulations are conducted at a 25 km horizontal grid spacing using lateral and lower boundary forcing from three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models. Each model covers the period from 1980 to 2100 under two Radiative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) in the 21st-century projection period. We used observed data from the Brazilian Daily Weather Gridded Data (BR-DWGD) to evaluate the simulations and perform a quantitative assessment of areas affected by these compound events during the present day. The study finds a generally good agreement between RCM simulations and observed data, with moderate to high correlation coefficients for precipitation, though the strength of these correlations varies across different regions and seasons. The analysis emphasizes the prevalence of compound climate events during the Austral summer season and projects a significant increase in both extreme heat and drought events in the coming decades. These findings underscore Brazil’s vulnerability to compound climate events, highlighting the need for adaptive strategies and policy interventions to mitigate the socio-economic and environmental impacts across various sectors. Fil: Bettolli, Maria Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos; Argentina. Instituto Franco-Argentino sobre Estudios del Clima y sus Impactos; Argentina Fil: Pereira Llopart, Marta. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Feldman Firpo, Mári Ândrea. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais; Brasil Fil: Chimborazo Guerron, Oscar V.. State University of New York; Estados Unidos Fil: Muniz Alves, Lincoln. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais; Brasil Fil: Avilés Añazco, Alex. Universidad de Cuenca; Ecuador Fil: Hasson, Shabeh. Universitat Hamburg; Alemania

Abstract Specimens of magnetostrictive materials can transform a variation of their stress-induced size into a variation of a produced magnetic field and vice versa. These phenomena are utilized in magnetostrictive energy harvesters, vibration sensors, etc. Mathematical models of magnetostrictive materials vary from complex hysteretic models to relatively simple non-hysteretic models. In this paper, three mathematical models of Galfenol are considered, namely a non-hysteretic model, a non-hysteretic model with a feedback loop, and a model where the hysteresis is represented by the Preisach operator with a simplified Preisach density function. The parameters of these models are identified from measured magnetic and magneto-elastic curves. All the models are applicable in technical praxis. The output of the non-hysteretic model with a feedback loop best fits the measured data and, to some extent, reproduces fine features of magneto-elastic curves.

Waste management contributes to sustainable development since waste can be transformed into valuable resources and commodities. Moreover, it helps resolve the concerns related to the limitation and scarcity of natural resources. Improving waste management means carrying out activities such as prevention, reuse, recycling and recovery, in the perspective of circularity, to minimize waste. Some methodologies and indicators may support sustain and monitor waste, such as the material flow and cost accounting, the life cycle assessment, and the carbon and water footprint.

11 ABSTRACT Masters Thesis THE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM THE JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES AND THE USAGE POSSIBILITY OF IT AS A STILLAGE Mehtap ÇA?ÇA? (KARAO?LU) Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science Department of Food Engineering Supervisor : Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN 1994, Page: 28 Jury : Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN Prof.Dr.Oguz KILIÇ Assoc. Prof.Dr. İsmail YAVAŞ In this study, ethanol is produced from the Jerusalem artichokes which is grown in Beypazarı is a city of Turkey which grows the 90% of the production of Turkey. In this research Rasse XII, Narince UJ, Kalecik and Steinberg yeasts were used in ethanol production. Rase XII and Steinberg yeasts were more efficient in fermentation. The samples were diluted by using 2 or 3 times of water and it has been founded that there is no significant differences between the samples. For into produce ethanol from Jerusalem artichokes, first step was to change the inulin to the fructose. For this aim two different methods were used. In first process the sample was heated one hour at 100°C, by using pH 2. At the second process the sample was heated two hours at 60-65°C, by using pH 6.2 which is the pH of Jerusalem artichokes. The percentage of fructose at pH 2 was 79.01 % and at pH 6.2 was 77.3 % in dry matter. In the first 11 litres ethanol was produced from the 100 kg. of Jerussalem artichokes, and at he second process 10 litres ethanol was produced from the same amount of Jerussalem artichokes. In the cromotografic consideration of ethanol there is differences in the high alcohol percentages depends on the yeasts. In the alcohol which is produced with the Rasse XII yeast, the proportion of acedaldhyd is 36 mg/1, and the methanol is 335 mg/I, n-prophanol is 122 mg/1, 70 mg/1 i-amylalcohol is obtained. Also with Narince III yeast, 30 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 210 mg/1 methanol 130 mg/1 n prophanol and 520 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was obtained. With the fermentation in which the Kalecik yeast was used, 38 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 215 mg/1 methanol, 122 mg/1 n-prophanol and 484 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was obtained. And with Steinberg yeast 47 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 203 mg/1 methanol, 143 mg/1 n prophanol, and 350 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was produced. KEY WORDS : Inulin, D-fructose, D-glucose, fermentation, ethanol. ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi YERELMASINDAN ETİL ALKOL ÜRETİMİ VE İÇKİ İSPİRTOSU OLARAK KULLANILMA OLANA?I Mehtap ÇA?ÇA? (KARAO?LU) Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Danışman; Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN 1994, Sayfa: 28 Jüri : prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN Prof.Dr.Oğuz KILIÇ Doç.Dr.İsmail YAVAŞ Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de yetiştirilen yerelmasının hemen hemen %90'nın yetiştiği Beypazarı'ndan sağlanan yerelmasında etil alkol üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üretimde Rasse XII, Narince III, Kalecik ve Steinberg mayalarından yararlanılmış, en iyi verime Rasse XII ve Steinberg mayaları kullanıldığında ulaşılmıştır. 1:3 ve 1:2 oranında seyreltilen mayşelerden sağlanan alkol miktarları arasında büyük bir fark gözlenmemiştir. Etil alkol üretiminde asıl amaç inülinden fruktoz elde etme olmuştur. Bunun için 2 ayrı yöntem denenmiştir. Birincisi pH 2'de 100°C'de 1 saat ısıl işlem, diğeri kendi pH'sında (pH 6.2) 60- 65°C'de 2 saat ısıl işlem olmuştur. Bunların fruktoza dönme oranlan pH 2'de %79.01, pH 6.2'de %77.3 dolayında kalmıştır. Birincide 100 kg yerelmasından 11 1 etil alkol, ikincide ise 10 1 etil alkol sağlanmıştır. Etil alkolün kromatografik incelenmesinde mayaya bağlı olarak yüksek alkol miktarları farklılık göstermektedir. Rasse XII mayası ile fermentasyon sonucu oluşan alkolde 36 mg/1 asetaldehit, 335 mg/1 metanol, 122 mg/1 n-propanot, 470 mg/1 i-amil alkolü elde olunmuş; Narince III mayası ile 30 mg/1 asetaldehit, 210 mg/1 metanol, 130 mg/1 n-propanol, 520 mg/1 i-amil alkolü saptanmış; Kalecik mayası kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen fermentasyon sonucu 38 mg/1 asetaldehit, 215 mg/1 metanol, 122 mg/1 n-propanol, 484 mg/1 i-amil alkole ulaşılmış; Steinberg mayası ile 47 mg/1 asetaldehit, 203 mg/1 metanol, 143 mg/1 n-Propanol, 350 mg/l i-amil alkole ulaşılmıştr. ANAHTAR KELİMELER : înülin, D-fruktoz, D-glukoz, fermentasyon, etil alkol 28

Abstract Mediterranean islands have the advantage of favourable climatic conditions to use different marine renewable energy sources. Remote sensing can provide data to determine wind energy production potential and observational activity to identify, assess and detect suitable points in large marine areas. In this paper, a new combined model has been developed to integrate wind speed assessment, mapping and forecasting using Sentinel 1 satellite data through images processing and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and the Bat algorithm. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite images from the Sentinel 1 satellite have been used in order to detect offshore and nearshore wind potential. Particularly, Sentinel 1 images have been analysed by means of the SNAP software. Then, to extract data about wind speed and direction, a GIS software for mapping the wind climate has been used. This new methodology has been applied to the North-Central coasts of Sardinia Island and then focused on six main small islands of La Maddalena archipelago. Furthermore, ten Hot Spots (HSs) have been identified as interesting because of their high-energy potential and the possibility to be considered as sites for future implementation of Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs). Finally, the ten identified HS have been used as input data to train and test the proposed forecast model.