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Abstract In the current transition to a smarter and more efficient transportation system, battery electric vehicle mileage and the time required for charging are still two main constraints that need to be overcome to enable a larger penetration of electric vehicles. Moreover, the few charging stations available are a consequence of the “supply and demand” problem. Consequently, wireless dynamic recharging can be a complementary solution to address the problems of light-duty electric mobility and an added-value towards autonomous vehicles. Consequently, this paper presents an innovative approach based on real world mobility patterns collected for a sample in the city of Lisbon, Portugal, to assess users’ electric vehicle feasibility by assessing different recharging scenarios, comparing stationary and dynamic recharging scenarios. The results indicate that at least 15 % more drivers would be eligible to own an electric vehicle if wireless charging was available. Moreover, wireless charging reduces the range of battery used, with stationary charging requiring circa 3.2 times more battery range. The developed approach confirms that wireless dynamic recharging can significantly change the framework of current electric mobility limitations, reducing range anxiety issues, contributing to redesign electric vehicle battery capacity and overcome barriers in stationary charging deployment and availability.

This article outlines issues to be tackled when considering increases in biofuel usage in the European Union (EU) and examines a potential scheme to increase the use of biofuels in the road transport sector; the development of biofuels corridors. An EU biofuels corridor is defined as a long-distance and cross-border route on the Trans-European Transport (TEN-T) Network roads on which blends with a high biofuel content (referred to as high blends) are offered at regular intervals along the entire route. The article first defines the current framework of EU biofuels development. A case study on the feasibility of one possible EU biofuels corridor, from Rotterdam, Netherlands, to Constanta, Romania, is analyzed along four potential biofuels corridor designs (under different future scenarios). The case study includes interviews with key stakeholders, transport flows analysis, refueling infrastructure, and biofuels policy in the relevant member states. The results are extrapolated to the complete EU level in order to assess the potential effect of the biofuels corridor approach as a measure of stimulating the use of biofuels. It is concluded that EU biofuels corridors can increase the use of biofuels. However, if applied as a stand-alone measure a maximum contribution is limited. The effectiveness of biofuels corridors is not larger mainly due to the fact that the transport flows on the TEN-T Network roads are not representative of actual fuel sales at stations on this network (i.e., motorway stations). In addition, various recommendations are made for further research. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Fleets of commercial vehicles for delivery services in urban areas constitute road transportation means which are required to run relatively short distances and to respect anti-pollution laws commonly imposed by many municipalities. For this kind of commercial applications, high efficiency and eco-friendly electric propulsion systems offer an interesting alternative to thermal engines. This paper is focused on the analysis of such solution, by presenting experimental results obtained with a ZEBRA battery based propulsion system, designed to power a specific urban unit within the category of electric commercial vehicles. A novel contribution is added to the relevant literature concerning battery based electric powertrains for road vehicles. The main novelty consists in a wide range of experimental results and performance analysis carried out with reference to the real behavior of both the whole propulsion system and each main component, when powering the commercial vehicle, on the urban part of the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) standard driving cycle, at different slopes. The experimental results, expressed through electrical and mechanical parameters, are initially evaluated by means of a quasi-static numerical model of the electric powertrain and then experimentally verified with the support of a 1:1 scale laboratory dynamic test bench. The procedure followed and presented in this paper definitely demonstrates the good design and performance, obtained for the evaluated propulsion system, in satisfying the real energy and power requirements, specific of an urban use for delivery commercial vehicles, in terms of daily autonomy and slopes. The collections of experimental results, analyzed in the paper, represent in addition a useful set of data for simulation in order to build, verify and improve models in their outputs.

This paper is aimed to experimentally analyse the effectiveness of a hybrid storage system, when powering a commercial vehicle for urban use. The hybrid energy storage system is composed by two ZEBRA batteries, combined with an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) module. The integration of those storage systems is obtained by means of a bidirectional DC/DC converter, which balances the electric power fluxes between batteries and super-capacitors, depending on the driving operative conditions. Modeling and simulations are preliminarily conducted with reference to the specific case study of an electric version of the Renault Master, supplied by the above described hybrid storage system. That theoretical activity allows the optimization of rule based energy management strategies for the hybrid energy storage system, in terms of the effectiveness in reducing the negative effects of high charging/discharging currents on battery durability. Then, the experimentation of the real power train, connected to the mentioned hybrid storage system, is carried out through a 1:1 laboratory test bench, able to perform the analysed energy management strategies on standard driving cycles, representative of the urban mission of the commercial vehicle under study. The obtained experimental results, expressed through electrical and mechanical parameters in a wide range of road operative conditions, show that the super-capacitors can improve the expected battery lifespan, with values of maximum effectiveness up to 52%, for driving patterns without negative road slopes. The procedure followed and presented in this paper definitely demonstrates the good performance of the evaluated hybrid storage system, controlled by the DC/DC power converter, to reduce the negative consequences of the power peaks associated with the urban use of commercial vehicles.

An integrated software tool environment is presented, and a methodology is proposed for the operational support of the local authority, for analysis of the impact of transport measures in terms of network energy consumption and pollutant emissions. It is based on work done by the European Union within the save program (speci®c actions for vigorous energy eciency)ÐSlam project (supporting local authorities methodology). As background, the Slam project is described, with the principal aspects and needs of environmental and trac network management. The central section de®nes a methodology able to support technicians in recognizing the trac asset and decision makers in evaluating interventions on urban transport infrastructures or technological systems. The role of the di€erent models and their interactions with the transport telematics services currently active on the Florence (Italy) network is discussed. Finally, the procedure for calculating the trac impacts on energy consumption is described with the help of a test case, the evaluation of a dedicated bus corridor in Florence. # 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

To meet the targets of sustainable development and greenhouse emission reduction of the future vehicles fleet, the automotive industry needs to deploy cost-competitive and efficient advanced energy conversion systems for the future commercial personal vehicles. The efficiency improvement needs induce to search new structured methodologies allowing the integration of the efficiency/cost vision for different vehicle energy technologies, in the earlier design stage of the new vehicles and their propulsion systems. The assessment of environmental impacts is also needed. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to develop a generic methodology for the design of the vehicle energy systems, which can consider on a holistic way, the â environomicâ criteria. To design and evaluate the competitiveness of energy integrated systems for vehicles, a systematic comparison including thermodynamic, economic and environmental considerations is required. This thesis presents the development of a systematic environomic optimization for vehicle energy systems. The efficiency, economic and environmental performances are assessed for different energy technology options and their integration in advanced vehicles powertrains. The performances indicators are compared and the trade-off are assessed to support decision making and to identify optimal energy systems configurations. The results from the energy integration studies reveal the potential of the combinations of different options of energy recovery and the integration of the energy services on the vehicle efficiency. The additional cost of the ORC installation is estimated to be 40 -55 â ¬/kW. The competitiveness and the trade-off of different advanced powertrains (electric, hybrid electric and hybrid pneumatic) are assessed and optimal design configurations are pointed out. It appears that different powertrain configurations are in competition for optimal mobility service depending on the selected environomic criteria.

ABSTRACT Many studies consider substitution of aircraft services with high-speed train (HST) services on short-haul routes desirable for environmental reasons. This paper empirically examined this perception by evaluating local air pollution (LAP) and climate change impacts from a flight and an HST service between London and Paris. Comparing the emissions, the impact, and the cost of damage from the aircraft journey with the HST journey, it was found that substituting an aircraft seat with an HST seat is beneficial. These benefits are likely to occur on all routes on which aircraft and HST substitution is likely to take place. Despite the many limitations in the evaluation of environmental impact, the analysis suggests that such an evaluation is valuable and provides important information.

Abstract In a context where electric mobility is gaining increasing importance as a more sustainable solution for urban environments, this work presents an analysis of electric mobility feasibility and adequacy based on private users' naturalistic driving data. Several scenarios were tested to evaluate different charging event opportunities and their impacts on electric mobility feasibility. In more detail, scenario 1 considered that vehicles would recharge whenever they are stopped for 2, 4 or 6 h, either on weekdays or weekend days; scenario 2 tested the hypothesis of recharging only during the night period; and scenario 3 assumed that vehicles would recharge during the day on weekdays. Furthermore, the potential energy impacts of electric mobility at a city level, by applying a driver and street level approach, were also estimated. Results revealed that electric mobility is highly feasible for weekday urban trips, while weekend trips due to their higher average distance are less suitable to be performed by EVs. Scenario 1, due to its higher recharging opportunities was found to be the best-case scenario. In this case, the percentage of eligible trips was found to be equal to or higher than 94% and 88% on weekdays and weekend days, respectively. Results showed also the lower electric mobility feasibility if considering only daytime charging, on weekdays (scenario 3). However, if considering night charging (scenario 2), the electric mobility eligibility was found to improve significantly. When considering a street level analysis, the potential reduction in energy consumption ranges in average from −60 to −70%, enabling the visualization of higher EV potential, with increasing potential for reducing energy consumption for increasing road grades. Concluding, since electric mobility is particularly suited for urban driving and most households detain 2 or more vehicles, there is a high potential to replace at least one ICEV by an EV. In this case, people may adapt their driving behavior, using the EV for their day-to-day urban driving while the ICEV would be used for longer trips. Nonetheless, the capacity to recharge during night plays a significant role on trips eligibility. Therefore, the availability of home-charge set-ups or a much higher deployment of public charging stations at residential locations are required in order to incentivize drivers to shift towards electric mobility.

Carsharing is a mode of transportation that provides access to a set of vehicles in the form of organized short-term car rental, serving as a substitute for private car ownership with a number of transportation, environmental, and social benefits. Combining the mobility concept of carsharing with electric vehicles (EVs), referred to as e-carsharing, can contribute not only to more efficient use of the shared vehicles, but also to more sustainable urban mobility in smart cities. In this context, this paper advances the concept of university-based e-carsharing, to serve the mobility needs of an academic community in Bilbao, Spain, focusing on the technical design aspects to cover the energy requirements of the EV fleet of the proposed system through the installation of fast charging posts based on a battery-to-battery approach. In this regard, a MATLAB/Simulink model is implemented to simulate the fast charging infrastructure using the real-world data collected from the university parking lot in order to represent the potential utilization of the EVs. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system design, ensuring that the energy demand of the EVs is successfully covered and concurrently the charging station batteries operate out of the low charge zone.