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Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions’ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior—several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people’s initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.

In this study, we investigate whether outbound foreign direct investment (OFDI) either augments or impedes domestic public and private investment, incorporating the role of institutional quality into the context of developed and emerging countries. To this end, we apply a cross-sectional-autoregressive-distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approach to analyze panel data from the period 1996–2017. Our empirical findings suggest that OFDI augments private capital formation for developed countries. Institutional quality (IQ) is found to be a driving factor that promotes private capital formation in the established economies of developed countries. However, OFDI has a negative association with the public capital formation in the established economies of developed countries, while IQ has a positive association with it. In the context of emerging economies, OFDI is found to be too insignificant to have an effect on private and public capital formation. Interestingly, IQ has a detrimental effect on both private and public capital formation in emerging economies. Our findings are robust. The empirical findings of this study imply that institutional quality should continue to be improved in developed countries, while it should surpass a certain threshold for emerging economies to promote domestic capital formation.

Today, the world is confronted with the issue of environmental pollution as a result of our dependence on fossil fuels for our energy needs. Developed and developing countries are therefore adopting different strategies to curb environmental problems. This work is thus designed to probe the effect of renewable energy (RE), information and communication technologies (ICT), government stability, and GDP on ecological footprints (EF) in G11 nations. We utilized the annual data from 1990–2020 and applied robust methodologies to present the findings. The CS-ARDL method shows that renewable energy, ICT, and government stability are essential factors in lowering environmental pollution in G11 countries. Therefore, in light of the findings, this work suggests an increase in the use of RE sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower in the total energy mix of the various countries. RE usage improves air quality and saves the natural environment from further destruction. The countries also need to enhance their communication technologies in the economic sector. Moreover, policymakers must also introduce the required policies that would promote the use of RE in various countries. This will make people adopt clean energy sources at the domestic and commercial levels.

Reconnaissant les conséquences dévastatrices de la détérioration de l'environnement, les membres méditerranéens se sont engagés à adopter les plans d'action du traité de 2015 de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat (COP21) alors que les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) augmentent dans la région méditerranéenne, ce qui semble être un grave défi pour l'environnement mondial. À cette fin, notre étude a examiné l'impact des investissements directs étrangers (IDE) sur la dégradation de l'environnement des membres méditerranéens pour la période allant de 1995 à 2016. Cependant, des variables telles que le développement financier, la croissance économique, les énergies renouvelables et les combustibles fossiles ont été examinées plus en détail par la méthodologie de retard réparti auto-régressif groupé par panneaux transversaux, le groupe à moyenne augmentée (AMG) et le test de causalité par panneaux Dumitrescu et Hurlin ont été utilisés pour l'analyse de causalité. Les résultats de la co-intégration de Westerlund (2007) montrent une relation d'équilibre à long terme entre les variables mises en évidence. Le résultat empirique a révélé une relation négative entre les IDE et l'hypothèse Hallo du polluant indicateur de CO2 (PHH). De plus, le revenu et son carré montrent une courbe en forme de U inversé indiquant l'hypothèse de la courbe de Kuznets environnementale (EKC). Tant le développement financier que les énergies renouvelables ont indiqué une association négative avec les émissions de CO2, tandis que les combustibles fossiles avaient une relation positive avec les émissions. Cependant, il y avait une causalité de rétroaction entre le revenu et les émissions de carbone ainsi que le développement financier et les émissions de carbone. En outre, nous observons que les IDE et les émissions de carbone, les énergies renouvelables et les émissions de carbone, ainsi que les émissions de combustibles fossiles et de carbone ont une relation de causalité unidirectionnelle. Dans l'ensemble, l'étude suggère certaines prescriptions politiques, notamment la mise en œuvre d'initiatives de conservation et la mise en place d'une réglementation et de stratégies en matière d'énergie propre pour le bloc étudié. Reconociendo las devastadoras consecuencias del deterioro ambiental, los miembros mediterráneos se comprometen a adoptar los planes de acción del tratado de 2015 del Acuerdo Climático de París (COP21), ya que las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) están aumentando en la región mediterránea, lo que parece ser un grave desafío para el medio ambiente de nuestro mundo. Con este fin, nuestro estudio examinó el impacto de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) en la degradación ambiental de los miembros mediterráneos durante el período comprendido entre 1995 y 2016. Sin embargo, variables como el desarrollo financiero, el crecimiento económico, las energías renovables y los combustibles fósiles se examinaron más a fondo mediante la metodología de retardo distribuido autorregresivo agrupado de panel transversal de uso, el Grupo de media aumentada (AMG) y la prueba de causalidad de panel de Dumitrescu y Hurlin para el análisis de causalidad. Los resultados de la cointegración de Westerlund (2007) muestran una relación de equilibrio a largo plazo entre las variables resaltadas. El resultado empírico reveló una relación negativa entre la IED y el CO2, lo que indica la hipótesis del hallo contaminante (PHH). Además, el ingreso y su cuadrado muestran una curva en forma de U invertida que indica la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental (EKC). Tanto el desarrollo financiero como las energías renovables indicaron una asociación adversa con las emisiones de CO2, mientras que los combustibles fósiles tuvieron una relación positiva con las emisiones. Sin embargo, hubo una causalidad de retroalimentación entre los ingresos y las emisiones de carbono, así como el desarrollo financiero y las emisiones de carbono. Además, observamos que la IED y las emisiones de carbono, las energías renovables y las emisiones de carbono, así como los combustibles fósiles y las emisiones de carbono, tenían una relación causal unidireccional. En general, el estudio sugiere algunas prescripciones de políticas, incluida la implementación de iniciativas de conservación y el establecimiento de regulaciones y estrategias de energía limpia para el bloque investigado. In acknowledgment of the devastating consequences of environmental deterioration, the Mediterranean members are committed to adopt the 2015 treaty action plans of the Paris Climate Agreement (COP21) as carbon dioxide emission (CO2) are on the rise in the Mediterranean region, which seems to be a serious challenge to our world's environment. To this end, our study examined the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on environmental degradation for the Mediterranean members for the period between 1995 to 2016. However, variables such as, financial development, economic growth, renewable energy and fossil fuel were further examined by the use cross-sectional-Panel pooled Auto Regressive Distributed Lag methodology, Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test was used for causality analysis. The co-integration results from Westerlund (2007) shows a long-run equilibrium relationship between highlighted variables. The empirical result revealed a negative relation between FDI and CO2 indicating pollutant Hallo Hypothesis (PHH). Moreover, income and its square show an inverted U-Shaped curve indicating environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Both financial development and renewable energy indicated an adverse association with CO2 emission whereas fossil fuel had a positive relationship with emissions. However, there was a feedback causality among income and carbon emission as well as financial development and carbon emission. Furthermore, we observe that FDI and carbon emission, renewable energy and carbon emission, as well as fossil fuel and carbon emission were found to have one-way causal relationship. Overall, the study suggests some policy prescriptions including the implementation of conservation initiatives and the establishment of clean energy regulation and strategies for the investigated bloc. اعترافاً بالعواقب المدمرة للتدهور البيئي، يلتزم أعضاء البحر الأبيض المتوسط باعتماد خطط عمل اتفاقية باريس للمناخ لعام 2015 (COP21) مع ارتفاع انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون (CO2) في منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط، والتي يبدو أنها تشكل تحدياً خطيراً لبيئة عالمنا. ولتحقيق هذه الغاية، درست دراستنا تأثير الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر على التدهور البيئي لأعضاء منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط للفترة من 1995 إلى 2016. ومع ذلك، تم فحص متغيرات مثل التنمية المالية والنمو الاقتصادي والطاقة المتجددة والوقود الأحفوري بشكل أكبر من خلال استخدام منهجية التأخر الموزع الانحداري التلقائي المجمعة باللوحة المقطعية، وتم استخدام مجموعة المتوسط المعزز (AMG) واختبار سببية لوحة دوميتريسكو وهيرلين لتحليل السببية. تُظهر نتائج التكامل المشترك من ويسترلوند (2007) علاقة توازن طويلة المدى بين المتغيرات البارزة. كشفت النتيجة التجريبية عن وجود علاقة سلبية بين الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وثاني أكسيد الكربون مما يشير إلى فرضية هالو الملوثة (PHH). علاوة على ذلك، يُظهر الدخل ومربعه منحنى مقلوب على شكل حرف U يشير إلى فرضية منحنى كوزنتس البيئي (EKC). وأشار كل من التطور المالي والطاقة المتجددة إلى وجود ارتباط سلبي بانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في حين أن الوقود الأحفوري له علاقة إيجابية بالانبعاثات. ومع ذلك، كانت هناك علاقة ارتجاعية بين الدخل وانبعاثات الكربون وكذلك التنمية المالية وانبعاثات الكربون. علاوة على ذلك، نلاحظ أن الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وانبعاثات الكربون والطاقة المتجددة وانبعاثات الكربون، وكذلك الوقود الأحفوري وانبعاثات الكربون، لها علاقة سببية أحادية الاتجاه. بشكل عام، تقترح الدراسة بعض الوصفات السياسية بما في ذلك تنفيذ مبادرات الحفظ ووضع لوائح واستراتيجيات للطاقة النظيفة للكتلة التي تم التحقيق فيها.

Despite the drive for increased environmental protection and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), coal, oil, and natural gas use continues to dominate Japan’s energy mix. In light of this issue, this research assessed the position of natural gas, oil, and coal energy use in Japan’s environmental mitigation efforts from the perspective of sustainable development with respect to economic growth between 1965 and 2019. In this regard, the study employs Bayer and Hanck cointegration, fully modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS), and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) to investigate these interconnections. The empirical findings from this study revealed that the utilization of natural gas, oil, and coal energy reduces the sustainability of the environment with oil consumption having the most significant impact. Furthermore, the study validates the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Japan. The outcomes of the Gradual shift causality showed that CO2 emissions can predict economic growth, while oil, coal, and energy consumption can predict CO2 emissions in Japan. Given Japan’s ongoing energy crisis, this innovative analysis provides valuable policy insights to stakeholders and authorities in the nation’s energy sector.

Graphical abstract: The blocking effect of the crystal–glass interface on the carrier transport behavior in the lanthanum doped barium strontium titanate glass–ceramics: preparation and characterization. - Highlights: • La{sub 2}O{sub 3} addition promotes the crystallization of the major crystalline phase. • The Z″ and M″ peaks exist a significant mismatch for 0.5 mol% La{sub 2}O{sub 3} addition. • The Z″ and M″ peaks separate obviously for 1.0 mol% La{sub 2}O{sub 3} addition. • Crystallite impedance decreases while crystal–glass interface impedance increases. • La{sub 2}O{sub 3} addition increases blocking factor of the crystal–glass interface. - Abstract: The microstructures and dielectric properties in La{sub 2}O{sub 3}-doped barium strontium titanate glass–ceramics have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and impedance spectroscopy. SEM analysis indicated that La{sub 2}O{sub 3} additive decreases the average crystallite size. Impedance spectroscopy revealed that the positions of Z″ and M″ peaks are close for undoped samples. When La{sub 2}O{sub 3} concentration is 0.5 mol%, the Z″ and M″ peaks show a significant mismatch. Furthermore, these peaks separate obviously for 1.0 mol% La{sub 2}O{sub 3} addition. With increasing La{sub 2}O{sub 3} concentration, the contribution of the crystallite impedance becomes smaller, while the contribution of the crystal–glass interface impedance becomesmore » larger. More interestingly, it was found that La{sub 2}O{sub 3} additive increases blocking factor of the crystal–glass interface in the temperature range of 250–450 °C. This may be attributed to a decrease of activation energy of the crystallite and an increase of the crystal–glass interface area.« less