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This study focuses on formulating the most sustainable concrete by incorporating recycled concrete aggregates and other products retrieved from construction and demolition (C&D) activities. Both recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) and recycled fine aggregates (RFA) are firstly used to fully replace the natural coarse and fine aggregates in the concrete mix design. Later, the cement rich ultrafine particles, recycled glass powder and mineral fibres recovered from construction and demolition wastes (CDW) are further incorporated at a smaller rate either as cement substituent or as supplementary additives. Remarkable properties are noticed when the RCA (4–12 mm) and RFA (0.25–4 mm) are fully used to replace the natural aggregates in a new concrete mix. The addition of recycled cement rich ultrafines (RCU), Recycled glass ultrafines (RGU) and recycled mineral fibres (RMF) into recycled concrete improves the modulus of elasticity. The final concrete, which comprises more than 75% (wt.) of recycled components/materials, is believed to be the most sustainable and green concrete mix. Mechanical properties and durability of this concrete have been studied and found to be within acceptable limits, indicating the potential of recycled aggregates and other CDW components in shaping sustainable and circular construction practices. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support from EU Horizon 2020 Project VEEP ‘‘Cost-Effective Recycling of C&DW in High Added Value Energy Efficient Prefabricated Concrete Compo-nents for Massive Retrofitting of our Built Environment” (No.723582).

Micro- and nanoscale patterned monolayers of plasmonic nanoparticles were fabricated by combining concepts from colloidal chemistry, self-assembly, and subtractive soft lithography. Leveraging chemical interactions between the capping ligands of pre-synthesized gold colloids and a polydimethylsiloxane stamp, we demonstrated patterning gold nanoparticles over centimeter-scale areas with a variety of micro- and nanoscale geometries, including islands, lines, and chiral structures (e.g., square spirals). By successfully achieving nanoscale manipulation over a wide range of substrates and patterns, we establish a powerful and straightforward strategy, nanoparticle chemical lift-off lithography (NP-CLL), for the economical and scalable fabrication of functional plasmonic materials with colloidal nanoparticles as building blocks, offering a transformative solution for designing next-generation plasmonic technologies.

Supercapatteries are contemporary electrochemical energy‐storage devices that bridge the gap between the conventional supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries. Supercapatteries utilize battery‐type electrode‐active materials for their charge storage. Among the various futuristic materials, transition‐metal dichalcogenides receive prominent attention due to their excellent charge‐storage capabilities. Herein, the microwave‐assisted hydrothermal synthesis of layered two‐dimensional (2D) nickel sulfide nanosheets (NSN) and their application as electrode‐active materials in high‐performance asymmetric supercapatteries are reported. The layered 2D architecture is preferred for the electrode‐active materials as the layered electrode nanostructure provides a hindrance‐free movement to the electrolyte ions through it during the charge‐storage process that include intercalation/deintercalation mechanisms. The electrochemical thermal stability of the 2D NSN electrode reveals that its stability in KOH (aqueous) electrolyte is better than that in LiOH (aqueous) and NaOH (aqueous) electrolytes. The supercapattery electrode synthesized using 2D NSN exhibits excellent electrochemical charge‐storage performances bearing a maximum specific capacity of 594.77 C g−1 (an equivalent mass‐specific capacitance of 991.29 F g−1) in 2 M KOH (aqueous) electrolyte. The electrochemical cycling performance of the 2D NSN electrode shows a stability over 40 000 cycles without any significant capacity loss. An asymmetric supercapattery device fabricated with 2D NSN electrode as positrode and activated carbon as negatrode exhibits a maximum mass‐specific capacity of 143.58 C g−1 with a corresponding energy density of 29.91 Wh kg−1 in 2 M KOH (aqueous) electrolyte.

This research focuses on improving the photoelectrochemical performance of binary heterostructure Ag2S/ZnO NRs/ITO by manipulating synthesis conditions, particularly the concentrations of sliver nitrate AgNO3 and thiourea CS(NH2)2. The photoelectrochemical performance of Ag2S/ZnO nanorods on indium tin oxide (ITO) nanocomposite was compared to pristine ZnO NRs/ITO photoanode. The hydrothermal technique, an eco-friendly, low-cost method, was used to successfully produce Ag2S/ZnO NRs at different concentrations of AgNO3 and CS(NH2)2. The obtained thin films were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and photoelectrochemical studies (PECs). We observed that there was an enhancement in absorbance in the visible region and effective photoelectron transfer between the Ag2S/ZnO NRs/ITO photoelectrode and the electrolyte Red-Ox when illuminated with 100 mW cm−2. Increasing the concentration of AgNO3 caused a remarkable decrease in the optical bandgap energy (Eg) values. However, we noticed that there was an unstable trend in Eg when the concentration of CS(NH2)2 was adjusted. The photoelectrochemical studies revealed that at a bias of 1.0 V, and 0.005 M of AgNO3 and 0.03 M of CS(NH2)2, the maximum photocurrent of the Ag2S/ZnO NRs/ITO photoanode was 3.97 mA/cm2, which is almost 11 times that of plain ZnO nanorods. Based on the outcomes of this investigating, the Ag2S/ZnO NRs/ITO photoanode is proposed as a viable alternative photoanode in photoelectrochemical applications.

Superpermeation allows for hydrogen fluxes through metal foil membranes at rates orders of magnitude higher than pressure driven permeation. This process occurs only for hydrogen isotopes, meaning it is hydrogen-selective, and it can work against a pressure gradient, implying pumping capabilities. These characteristics allow for using superpermeation as the base process for a very efficient, selective separation of hydrogen from other gases. However, the efficacy of superpermeation needs further research both experimentally and theoretically. Its efficiency relies on a surface energetic barrier that hinders both adsorption of molecular hydrogen on the downstream side and desorption on the upstream side, while leaving atomic hydrogen absorption unaffected. Such a barrier can be created by a monolayer of non-metallic impurities (usually oxygen) that naturally develops at group 5 metal surfaces. The physics explaining why such a monolayer drastically affects atomic hydrogen reactions are being explored in this work via density functional theory (DFT) calculations for the implementation of which we use the Vienna ab-initio Simulations Package (VASP). By performing structural relaxations and saddle point-searching calculations deploying a dimer method using VASP, energy diagrams for atomic hydrogen absorption are obtained for two representative materials, namely niobium and vanadium. The differences in these diagrams are analyzed and compared in order to determine which material is optimal for superpermeation. To that end, slabs with (1 0 0) surface orientation are compared for the case with and without an O monolayer coverage. The characteristic energies involved according to the diagrams and the types of absorption sites will be key parameters to understand and, eventually, optimize for the emerging phenomena. It was found that the presence of an oxygen monolayer is necessary of superpermeation to occur, and that for the 100 orientation, the vanadium system provides better characteristics.

AbstractMinimizing the reverse bias dark current while retaining external quantum efficiency is crucial if the light detection sensitivity of organic photodiodes (OPDs) is to compete with inorganic photodetectors. However, a quantitative relationship between the magnitude of the dark current density under reverse bias ( Jd) and the properties of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer has so far not been established. Here, a systematic analysis of Jd in state‐of‐the‐art BHJ OPDs using five polymers with a range of energy levels and charge transport characteristics is presented. The magnitude and activation energy of Jd are explained using a model that assumes charge injection from the metal contacts into an energetically disordered semiconductor. By relating Jd to material parameters, insights into the origin of Jd are obtained that enable the future selection of successful OPD materials.

The investigation of degradation of seven distinct sets (with a number of individual cells of n $ 12) of state of the art organic photovoltaic devices prepared by leading research laboratories with a combination of imaging methods is reported. All devices have been shipped to and degraded at Risø DTU up to 1830 hours in accordance with established ISOS-3 protocols under defined illumination conditions. Imaging of device function at different stages of degradation was performed by laser-beam induced current (LBIC) scanning; luminescence imaging, specifically photoluminescence (PLI) and electroluminescence (ELI); as well as by lock-in thermography (LIT). Each of the imaging techniques exhibits its specific advantages with respect to sensing certain degradation features, which will be compared and discussed here in detail. As a consequence, a combination of several imaging techniques yields very conclusive information about the degradation processes controlling device function. The large variety of device architectures in turn enables valuable progress in the proper interpretation of imaging results—hence revealing the benefits of this large scale cooperation in making a step forward in the understanding of organic solar cell aging and its interpretation by state-of-the-art imaging methods.