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Abstract The amount of installed solar power in Finland is increasing as a result of decreasing photovoltaic (PV) system component prices. The growth is especially noticeable in residential systems, and ways to make PV electricity a more competitive choice for Finnish residents are studied. One of these ways is to decrease the solar PV electricity production costs by decreasing the investment costs by undersizing the inverter of the PV system. The objective of undersizing is to find the optimal array-to-inverter sizing ratio (AISR) where the ratio of the economic loss from the clipped energy to the economic gain from the decreased system investment achieved by an undersized inverter is lowest. In this paper, the economically most optimal AISRs are determined for different residential array sizes, orientations, and inclinations when operating in Finnish locations and conditions. Calculations for each inverter size are carried out by using recorded Finnish meteorological data and the current Finnish PV system cost distribution, and by analyzing existing 1-s resolution production measurement data of a Finnish PV system. It is concluded that it is necessary to use 1-s resolution data as the use of 1-h resolution production data would lead to more significant undersizing caused by the power clipping occurring within an hour. The optimal AISRs presented in this study are higher than the optimal ratios reported in previous studies for locations further south than Finland. This can be explained by the northern location of Finland, where the irradiance above Standard Test Conditions (STC) is lower than in central Europe, for example. This allows more significant undersizing as less energy is clipped even at higher ratios. In the case of south-oriented arrays in a 30° installation angle, the optimal AISRs for the 10 kW, 6 kW, and 3 kW inverters were 1.6, 1.8, and 2.08, respectively. Again, the AISRs for the southwest-southeast facade installations were 1.8, 1.9, and 2.17 for the inverters under study. They do not clip the produced energy as much as rooftop systems because their production is more evenly distributed throughout the day, yet they do not achieve as low production costs either. It is pointed out that if the PV self-consumption is optimized by using PV to heat water or batteries as a storage, limitation of the PV generation might not be the correct solution.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of blending methods on the co-gasification of petroleum coke and lignite with CO 2 using a thermogravimetric system at 0.1 MPa. The weight loss curves, XRD analysis, SEM images, BET specific surface area, were investigated. It was observed that petroleum coke shows a low reactivity because of the graphitic carbon structure, low catalyst content and small specific surface area. Blending with lignite can get a high reactivity. The co-gasification reactivity was significantly influenced by blending methods. Wet grinding is much effective than dry grinding. Long grinding time made lignite show greater BET specific area. And the sample in long grinding time has more association chances between petroleum coke and AAEM species. The co-gasification reactivity increases linearly with a rise of BET specific area.

Using a large dataset of well-level natural gas production from Wyoming, we evaluate the respective roles played by market signals and geological characteristics in natural gas supply. While we find well-level production of natural gas is primarily determined by geological characteristics, producers respond to market signals through drilling rates and locations. Using a novel fixed effects approach based on petroleum-engineering characteristics, we confirm that production decline rates tend to be larger for wells with larger peak-production rates. We also find that the price elasticity of peak production is negative, plausibly because firms drill in less productive locations as prices increase. Finally, we show that drilling is price inelastic, although the price elasticity of drilling increased significantly when new technologies began to be adopted in Wyoming. Our results indicate that the popular view that shale wells have larger decline rates than conventional wells can be at least partially explained by the pattern of falling natural gas prices.

Microalgae are recognized as a third generation feedstock for biofuel production due to their rapid growth rates and lignin-free characteristics. In this study, a lipid extracted microalgal biomass residues was used as the raw material to produce isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene with an engineered E. coli strain. We adopted an optimal sulfuric acid hydrolysis method (1:7 ratio of solid to acid solution, 32% (w/v) concentration of sulfuric acid solution at 90 °C for 90 min) to efficiently convert holocellulose into glucose efficiently (6.37 g/L). Futhermore, we explored a novel detoxification strategy (phosphoric acid/calcium hydroxide) to remove inhibitors and notably acetic acid, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) were reduced by 5.32%, different number given later 99.19% and 98.22%, respectively. Finally, the fermentation concentrations of isoprene (223.23 mg/L), α-pinene (382.21 μg/L) and β-pinene (17.4 mg/L) were achieved using the detoxified hydrolysate as the carbon source, equivalent to approximately 86.02%, 90.16% and 88.32% of those produced by the engineered E. coli strain fermented on pure glucose, respectively.

AbstractWe have measured the effect of degradation on the I-V characteristics in APFO3:PCBM solar cells. The solar cell devices were subject to ambient air under simulated solar illumination. We found that the degradation resulted in a lowering of the fill factor and short circuit current while the open circuit voltage remained unchanged. In order to gain insight into what has caused the degraded I-V characteristics we have studied the active layer film using various techniques. We found clear spectral changes both in absorption and in photoinduced absorption spectroscopy correlated with increased carrier lifetimes and lowered mobility when comparing the degraded film with a pristine one. The results show a significant degradation of the active layer causing a lower fill-factor and short circuit current.

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have a power conversion efficiency that is now comparable with conventional silicon solar cells. For PSC applications to succeed in the market, long-term reliability under open-air conditions is essential. Recent experiments have shown that two-dimensional (2D) perovskites seem to exhibit good stability due to the presence of hydrophobic organic spacers, but 2D PSCs are incapable of generating and transporting a large amount of charge due to their extended optical bandgaps. Mixed dimensional perovskites with dimension lies between 2D and 3D recently became a promising candidate to sustain long-term stability and high performances concurrently to address this obstacle. The current research article presents the finding of simulation-based studies performed on novel device architecture consisting of ITO/Nb-Ti2O3/3D Perovskite/2D Perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au. Using optical simulation features of SCAPS, absorption of light is computed in the proposed device. The computational results show that the thickness of the 2D perovskite layer badly affects the solar cell parameters. A thin 2D perovskite behaves as a capped coating that avoids the deterioration of 3D perovskite in open-air environments. The effect of a multivalent defect in the 3D perovskite layer is mathematically modelled, and their impact on overall performance parameters are analyzed. The findings are compared to the same configuration results, except where the absorber layer’s multivalent defect has been substituted by a neutral defect of the same defect density of about (1011 cm−3). Results show that the multivalent defect leads to an underestimation of the efficiency by 4.2%.

Previous findings implicate opioid receptors in the expression of the conditioned rewarding and aversive properties of ethanol. We have recently reported that the conditioned rewarding effect of ethanol is mediated by opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We attempted to determine whether VTA opioid receptors also mediate the expression of the conditioned aversive properties of ethanol. However, the magnitude of conditioned place aversion (CPA) was not consistent with our previous findings and prevented us from making definitive conclusions. We hypothesized that the handling required to make intracranial infusions in mice alters the expression of CPA, but not conditioned place preference (CPP). Therefore, non-operated animals underwent a Pavlovian conditioning procedure for either ethanol CPA or CPP. Just before testing, half of the animals were held by the scruff of the neck to mimic intracranial infusion handling. Animals conditioned for CPA did not express CPA if they were handled. However, animals conditioned for CPP exhibited robust CPP, regardless of handling. These findings provide additional evidence that the conditioned rewarding and aversive effects of ethanol are mediated by different neural mechanisms.

The effect of the combined application of nano-hydroxyapatite (NHAP) or nano-carbon black (NCB) on the phytoextraction of Pb by ryegrass was investigated as an enhanced remediation technique for soils by field-scale experiment. After the addition of 0.2% NHAP or NCB to the soil, temporal variation of the uptake of Pb in aboveground parts and roots were observed. Ryegrass shoot concentrations of Pb were lower with nano-materials application than without nano-materials for the first month. However, the shoot concentrations of Pb were significantly increased with nano-materials application, in particular NHAP groups. The ryegrass root concentrations of Pb were lower with nano-materials application for the first month. These results indicated that nano-materials had significant effects on stabilization of lead, especially at the beginning of the experiment. Along with the experimental proceeding, phytotoxicity was alleviated after the incorporation of nano-materials. The ryegrass biomass was significantly higher with nano-materials application. Consequently, the Pb phytoextraction potential of ryegrass significantly increased with nano-materials application compared to the gounps without nano-materials application. The total removal rates of soil Pb were higher after combined application of NHAP than NCB. NHAP is more suitable than NCB for in-situ remediation of Pb-contaminated soils. The ryegrass translocation factor exhibited a marked increase with time. It was thought that the major role of NHP and NBA might be to alleviate the Pb phytotoxicity and increase biomass of plants.