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La sostenibilidad es el tema central del desarrollo en la economía moderna. A través del desarrollo sostenible, la calidad de vida puede mejorarse o mantenerse a lo largo del tiempo. Dado que Malasia tiene como objetivo convertirse en una nación de altos ingresos para el año 2020, la inversión financiera en proyectos públicos debe planificarse de manera integral para que genere beneficios inmediatos y a largo plazo para el país y la gente. Dentro del entorno financiero actualmente ajustado, lograr una buena relación calidad-precio en el gasto público se considera uno de los facilitadores para mantener el impulso adecuado del crecimiento económico. Estudios anteriores han establecido la importancia de integrar la consideración de la sostenibilidad en el protocolo de Planificación de Valor para lograr una buena relación calidad-precio, respaldada por la agenda de desarrollo sostenible. A pesar del establecimiento del marco para la integración, la oportunidad de dicha integración dentro del protocolo de planificación del valor de Malasia para proyectos públicos sigue sin estar clara. En primer lugar, se debe evaluar el estado actual de la consideración de la sostenibilidad dentro de la práctica de Planificación de Valor, de modo que se puedan introducir posibles intervenciones para mejorar la integración. En respuesta a la brecha, se realizó este estudio exploratorio. Los datos se recopilaron mediante análisis de documentos, entrevistas y observaciones; posteriormente se analizaron utilizando la técnica de análisis de plantillas. Con base en la práctica actual de Planificación de Valor en Malasia, se proponen diez intervenciones para transformar la práctica actual en Planificación de Valor Sostenible. La planificación del valor sostenible se considera un concepto integral para lograr una buena relación calidad-precio en el gasto público respaldado por el concepto general de sostenibilidad La durabilité est la question centrale du développement dans l'économie moderne. Grâce au développement durable, la qualité de vie peut être améliorée ou maintenue au fil du temps. Étant donné que la Malaisie vise à devenir une nation à revenu élevé d'ici 2020, les investissements financiers dans des projets publics doivent être planifiés de manière exhaustive afin de générer des avantages immédiats et à long terme pour le pays et la population. Dans l'environnement financier actuellement tendu, l'optimisation des ressources dans les dépenses publiques est considérée comme l'un des facteurs facilitant le maintien de la bonne dynamique de croissance économique. Des études antérieures ont établi l'importance d'intégrer la prise en compte de la durabilité dans le protocole de planification de la valeur afin d'obtenir un bon rapport qualité-prix, étayé par le programme de développement durable. Malgré l'établissement du cadre pour l'intégration, l'opportunité d'une telle intégration dans le protocole malaisien de planification de la valeur pour les projets publics reste incertaine. L'état actuel de la prise en compte de la durabilité dans la pratique de la planification de la valeur doit d'abord être évalué, afin que des interventions potentielles pour améliorer l'intégration puissent être introduites. En réponse à l'écart, cette étude exploratoire a été menée. Les données ont été collectées au moyen d'analyses de documents, d'entretiens et d'observations ; elles ont ensuite été analysées à l'aide de la technique d'analyse de modèles. Sur la base de la pratique actuelle de la planification de la valeur en Malaisie, dix interventions sont proposées pour transformer la pratique actuelle en planification de la valeur durable. La planification de la valeur durable est considérée comme un concept global permettant d'optimiser les dépenses publiques, étayé par le concept global de durabilité Sustainability is the central development issue in the modern economy. Through sustainable development, quality of life can be improved or maintained over time. Since Malaysia is targeting to become a high-income nation by the year 2020, financial investment in public projects should be planned comprehensively so that it will generate immediate and long-term benefits to the country and the people. Within the currently tight financial environment, achieving value for money in public spending is seen as one of the enablers to maintain the right momentum of economic growth. Previous studies have established the importance of integrating sustainability consideration into Value Planning protocol in order to achieve value for money, underpinned by the sustainable development agenda. Despite the establishment of the framework for the integration, the opportunity of such integration within the Malaysian Value Planning protocol for public projects remains unclear. The present state of sustainability consideration within the Value Planning practice should be first evaluated, so that potential interventions to enhance the integration can be introduced. Responding to the gap, this exploratory study was conducted. The data was collected by means of document analysis, interviews and observations; subsequently analysed using the Template Analysis technique. Based on the current practice of Value Planning in Malaysia, ten interventions are proposed to transform the present practice into Sustainable Value Planning. Sustainable Value Planning is seen as a comprehensive concept in achieving value for money in public spending underpinned by the overarching concept of sustainability الاستدامة هي قضية التنمية المركزية في الاقتصاد الحديث. من خلال التنمية المستدامة، يمكن تحسين نوعية الحياة أو الحفاظ عليها بمرور الوقت. نظرًا لأن ماليزيا تستهدف أن تصبح دولة ذات دخل مرتفع بحلول عام 2020، يجب تخطيط الاستثمار المالي في المشاريع العامة بشكل شامل بحيث يولد فوائد فورية وطويلة الأجل للبلاد والشعب. في ظل البيئة المالية الضيقة حاليًا، يُنظر إلى تحقيق القيمة مقابل المال في الإنفاق العام على أنه أحد العوامل التمكينية للحفاظ على الزخم الصحيح للنمو الاقتصادي. أثبتت الدراسات السابقة أهمية دمج اعتبارات الاستدامة في بروتوكول تخطيط القيمة من أجل تحقيق القيمة مقابل المال، مدعومة بجدول أعمال التنمية المستدامة. على الرغم من إنشاء إطار للتكامل، لا تزال فرصة هذا التكامل ضمن بروتوكول تخطيط القيمة الماليزي للمشاريع العامة غير واضحة. يجب أولاً تقييم الحالة الراهنة لمراعاة الاستدامة ضمن ممارسة تخطيط القيمة، بحيث يمكن إدخال التدخلات المحتملة لتعزيز التكامل. واستجابة للفجوة، أجريت هذه الدراسة الاستكشافية. تم جمع البيانات عن طريق تحليل الوثائق والمقابلات والملاحظات ؛ تم تحليلها لاحقًا باستخدام تقنية تحليل القالب. بناءً على الممارسة الحالية لتخطيط القيمة في ماليزيا، يتم اقتراح عشرة تدخلات لتحويل الممارسة الحالية إلى تخطيط قيمة مستدام. يُنظر إلى تخطيط القيمة المستدامة على أنه مفهوم شامل في تحقيق القيمة مقابل المال في الإنفاق العام مدعومًا بالمفهوم الشامل للاستدامة

It is estimated that at least one quarter of the world’s population will be affected by water shortages in the coming years and by 2030 there will be a global water deficit of 40% if urgent action is not taken. Currently, the main consumer of water globally is agriculture. In addition, it has been estimated that to meet the demand for food by 2050, the water available for agricultural irrigation would have to increase by 70%. In this context, wastewater could become a relevant water resource to meet this growing demand. This article aims to show the state of the global research on sustainable use of wastewater in agriculture. To this end, a systematic qualitative analysis and a quantitative bibliometric analysis were conducted. The search was carried out for the period 2000–2019, and the analyzed sample comprised 1986 articles. The results show that this line of research is one of the most outstanding within agriculture and has gained special relevance during the last five years. Research has improved significantly at a technical level, but problems such as energy consumption, and the elimination of heavy metals and elements of chemical and pharmacological products, still need to be refined. There is a particular lack of contributions covering social aspects. This article can serve as a reference for both researchers and stakeholders interested in this topic.

This study investigates the relationship between violent conflict, food price, and climate variability at the subnational level. Using disaggregated data on 113 African markets from January 1997 to April 2010, interrelationships between the three variables are analyzed in simultaneous equation models. We find that: (i) a positive feedback exists between food price and violence - higher food prices increase conflict rates within markets and conflict increases food prices; (ii) anomalously dry conditions are associated with increased frequencies of conflict; and (iii) decreased rainfall exerts an indirect effect on conflict through its impact on food prices. These findings suggest that the negative effects of climate variability on conflict can be mitigated by interventions and effective price management in local markets. Creating environments in which food prices are stable and reliable, and markets are accessible and safe, can lower the impacts of both climate change and conflict feedbacks.

Heat stress and cold stress have a negative influence on cattle welfare and productivity. There have been some studies investigating the influence of cold stress on cattle, however the emphasis within this review is the influence of heat stress on cattle. The impact of hot weather on cattle is of increasing importance due to the changing global environment. Heat stress is a worldwide phenomenon that is associated with reduced animal productivity and welfare, particularly during the summer months. Animal responses to their thermal environment are extremely varied, however, it is clear that the thermal environment influences the health, productivity, and welfare of cattle. Whilst knowledge continues to be developed, managing livestock to reduce the negative impact of hot climatic conditions remains somewhat challenging. This review provides an overview of the impact of heat stress on production and reproduction in bovines.

The poultry industry is one of the largest and fastest growing sectors of livestock production in the world. The estimated 2010 world flock was over 18 billion birds with a yearly manure output of 22 million tonnes. Storage and disposal of raw poultry manure has become an environmental problem because of the associated air, water and soil pollution. Environmental and health problems such as odor and pathogens that may arise during and after land application of raw manure can be eliminated by drying. Dried manure can be utilized as a soil conditioner to improve soil tilth and reduce the problems associated with soil compaction and as a feed for ruminants because of its high nitrogen content. The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics of thin layer drying of poultry manure and evaluate the effects of drying with heated air on the chemical and biological properties of manure. The effects of temperature and depth of manure layer were evaluated. The profile of the moisture content of poultry manure followed an exponential decay curve. The moisture decay constant was affected by the drying temperature and the depth of the manure layer. At the three temperature levels studied, the time required to dry poultry manure in 1 cm-deep layer was the least, followed by 2 and 3 cm-deep layers, respectively. The diffusion coefficient increased with both temperature and depth of drying layer, but did not show a linear increase with either variable. The optimum depth for drying manure (at which the highest drying effectiveness occurred) was 3 cm. Drying manure at 40-60°C resulted in the loss of 44-55% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen, with losses increasing with both the temperature and depth of manure. The pH of the manure decreased from the initial value of 8.4 before drying to about 6.6 after drying. The odor analysis indicated that dried poultry manure did not have an offensive odor. Drying achieved 65.3 and 69.3% reductions in odor intensity and offensiveness, respectively. Reductions in the number of bacteria, mold/yeast and E.coli were 65-99, 74-99 and 99.97% respectively. The greatest reductions in microbial population occurred at the highest temperatures (60°C) and the thinest manure depths (1 cm). Heated air drying of poultry manure at temperatures between 40 and 60°C was effective in killing pathogens and removing odor.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) is an important crop of temperate climates which provides nearly 30% of the world's annual sugar production and is a source for bioethanol and animal feed. The species belongs to the order of Caryophylalles, is diploid with 2n = 18 chromosomes, has an estimated genome size of 714-758 megabases and shares an ancient genome triplication with other eudicot plants. Leafy beets have been cultivated since Roman times, but sugar beet is one of the most recently domesticated crops. It arose in the late eighteenth century when lines accumulating sugar in the storage root were selected from crosses made with chard and fodder beet. Here we present a reference genome sequence for sugar beet as the first non-rosid, non-asterid eudicot genome, advancing comparative genomics and phylogenetic reconstructions. The genome sequence comprises 567 megabases, of which 85% could be assigned to chromosomes. The assembly covers a large proportion of the repetitive sequence content that was estimated to be 63%. We predicted 27,421 protein-coding genes supported by transcript data and annotated them on the basis of sequence homology. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence for the separation of Caryophyllales before the split of asterids and rosids, and revealed lineage-specific gene family expansions and losses. We sequenced spinach (Spinacia oleracea), another Caryophyllales species, and validated features that separate this clade from rosids and asterids. Intraspecific genomic variation was analysed based on the genome sequences of sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima; progenitor of all beet crops) and four additional sugar beet accessions. We identified seven million variant positions in the reference genome, and also large regions of low variability, indicating artificial selection. The sugar beet genome sequence enables the identification of genes affecting agronomically relevant traits, supports molecular breeding and maximizes the plant's potential in energy biotechnology.