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This data presents an experimental investigation carried out in a Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel located at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany. The flow field is measured above the rooftop of a high-rise building with a square cross-section considering two different roof shapes, flat roof and deck roof. The height-to-width ratio of the building was 1:3. The main purpose is to be used for estimation of urban wind energy potential, and besides for future validation of computational fluid dynamic simulations. Besides velocity field, measured at mainly three positions above the roof, the roof surface pressure was also measured. The flow above the roof was measured for different wind angles: 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°.

The key datasets used and generated in the paper mentioned in the title (from now on "the paper").+++ Temperature_Profile.xlsx +++This file contains the processed surface and deep-sea water temperatures that were used as inputs for the off-design analyses of the OTEC system designs. Outliers are already removed in this data set. Outliers are data points that are 1.5 times the interquartile range away from the top or bottom of the box plot. The raw temperature data can be downloaded from the HYCOM database following the download instructions elaborated in the paper.Column A: TimeShows the timestamp of the temperature data, from 01.01.1994 00:00 until 31.12.2012 21:00 in 3-hourly time steps.Columns B-C, D-E, F-G, H-IThese pairs of columns show the surface seawater temperature at 20 m depth and deep-sea water temperature at 1,000 m depth for the four locations analysed in the paper, namely Jayapura, Tarakan, Ende, and Sabang.Columns K - OShow the main statistics of the temperature files, including minimum, median, and maximum values of the surface and deep-sea water temperatures at each of the four locations.+++ System_Designs_Ende_LC +++This file contains the data for Table 4 in the paper, showing the system designs based on nine different configurations of seawater temperatures as design parameters. See sections 2.1 and 2.2 of the paper to learn more about the methods used to deduce the nine temperature configurations. The system designs are created using the temperature profiles from Ende and low-cost assumptions (LC). Please note that we used the following sign convention:Work and heat entering the system: positiveWork and heat leaving the system: negativeRows 6 - 15: Energy balance and net thermal efficiencyShows the energy balance and net thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle on which the OTEC plant is basedRows 6 - 14 show the heat flows to the evaporator and from the condenser, the work from the turbine and to the pumps, as well as the losses.Row 15 shows the net efficiency and is calculated as follows:Row 15 = |Row 14|/Row 6Rows 17 - 28 show the exergy analysis including exergy inflow from the warm surface seawater and the exergy destruction in the system components. Row 28: Net Exergy EfficiencyRow 28 = |Row 27|/SUM(Row 17 to 19)Rows 29 to 30 show the carnot efficiency and second law efficiency. Rows 32 to 34 show the mass flows of working fluid (here ammonia or NH3), warm water (WW) and cold water (CW).Rows 36 and to 37 show the temperature differences between heat exchanger inlet and outlet of the warm water (WW) and cold water (CW).Rows 39 to 44 show the dimensions and properties of evaporator (evap) and condenser (cond), namely the heat exchanger area A, saturation temperature T and saturation temperature p of the working fluid.Rows 46 to 49 show the inner diameter and the number of required seawater pipes. Note, that the number of outlet pipes is the same as the number of inlet pipes, so if for example the number of WW pipes is 6, there are 3 inlet pipes and 3 outlet pipes for the warm water.+++ Net_Power_Profiles.xlsx +++Shows the net power output of the turbine in [kW] for 30 years (1994 - 2023) in 3-hourly time steps at the location in Ende. The values are negative as in accordance to the sign convention described above. The file contains the data for Figure 4 in the paper. There are three sheets in the file containing the net power profiles for configuration 1, 2, and 9. Please note that the four-weeks downtime period mentioned in section 2.5 is not included here yet.Column A: TimeShows the time of the year as the x-th 3-hour interval of the year.Columns B - AEShow the annual net power profiles for the years 1994 until 2023.Column AFShows the average net power output at the x-th 3-hour interval of the year.Column AGShows the standard deviation of the net power output at the x-th 3-hour interval of the yearRow 1Shows the headers for each columnRows 2 to 2929Shows the net power output in 3-hour time steps. Note that rows 474 to 481 represent the 29th February. For leap-years, these rows are filled with data, for non-leap-years, these rows are NaN.Row 2930Shows the sum of values under each column. For the annual electricity production in [kWh], the values in this row must be multiplied by factor 3 because of the 3-hourly time interval.

Two pyranometers were installed on a tripod, one horizontally and one at 69 degrees to the horizontal (equal to the latitude). A snow depth sensor was also installed on the tripod. A solar tracker with a shaded pyranometer and pyrheliometer, in order to measure diffuse and direct solar radiation, is planned for spring 2015. Global horizontal and tilted radiation measured at 1 minute intervals. Purpose: To measure solar radiation for planning of potential renewable energy systems for the Canadian High Arctic Research Station. Summary: Not Applicable

Comprehensive and reliable information on anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gas emissions is required to track progress towards keeping warming well below 2°C as agreed upon in the Paris Agreement. Here we provide a dataset on anthropogenic GHG emissions 1970-2019 with a broad country and sector coverage. We build the dataset from recent releases from the “Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research” (EDGAR) for CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industry (FFI), CH4 emissions, N2O emissions, and fluorinated gases and use a well-established fast-track method to extend this dataset from 2018 to 2019. We complement this with information on net CO2 emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) from three available bookkeeping models.

Data set with reference scenarios. As it is not possible to include the entire dataset in this report, we only include two Tables on final energy demand. Table 1 shows the Final Energy Demand projections per industrial subsector and EU28 country in the Reference Scenario and Table 2 the Final Energy Demand projections per industrial subsector and EU28 country in the Frozen Efficiency Scenario. The full dataset, including physical production (in ktonnes) and fuel and electricity demand (in TJ) per industrial sub-sector, per fuel type and per EU 28 country is available upon request to the project coordinator.

#Observa opinion polls: #---------------------- # #From 1967 and onwards Observa has carried out a number of opinion polls, i.e. surveys of attitudes and habits of life, partly through so-called political index polls (postal panel surveys) and partly through more extensive attitudinal surveys based on interviews. The political index polls have been carried out regularly in the period (approx. 10 times a year), whereas the attitudinal surveys have been carried out quarterly in the period 1969 to 1972. The current data collection of similar data material over a long period of time makes it possible to carry out various kinds of time series analyses, especially as regards party preference. #Other subjects are usually treated more superficially owing to the conditions under which the surveys are carried out (they are designed for publication in daily papers so the main emphasis has been put on topical issues, and only subjects which may be dealt with by means of a limited number of questions are included). #Until 1971 the political index polls were carried out for the daily paper Aktuelt; from 1972 for the daily paper Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten. The attitudinal surveys have been carried out exclusively for Jyllands-Posten. # #Observa Political Index Polls, 1978: #------------------------------------ #In 1978 Observa carried out 10 political index polls. All the questions from these surveys are found in DDA-0981: Observa Political Index Polls, 1978. In addition, the individual political index polls, which contain questions on topical issues, are found in DDA-0982 to DDA-0991. # #The individual political index polls deal with the following topical issues: # #Observa Political Index Polls 1978: February (DDA-0982): #Participation in and vote at the local election on 7 March, 1978; the postponement of the proposed clearing of Christiania; priority ordering of great investments: a bridge over the Great Belt, the introduction of North Sea gas, the introduction of nuclear power, an extension of the motorway system, electric trains for DSB (the Danish State Railways); subscription to 'Falck' (a private salvage corps); the transfer of 'De Danske Redningskorps' (The Danish Salvage Corps) to public control; income regulation of old-age pension; morning prayers in primary school; school children in household; and magazines and weeklies. # #Observa Political Index Polls 1978: March (DDA-0983): #The trial against Mogens Glistrup, political persecution and the sentence at the city court; who is to decide whether an MP is worthy of being a member of Parliament; assessment of the members of the Government; assessment of the proposals of the Child Commission (Børnekommissionen), of the Equality Commission (Ligestillingskommissionen) and of the Central Education Council (Det Centrale Uddannelsesråd); smoking habits; the 'smokeless day'; and magazines and weeklies. # #Observa Political Index Polls 1978: April (DDA-0984): #For or against Danish membership of the EC at a hypothetical referendum today; forms of address (the deferential 'De' versus the familiar 'du'); political information on Radio Denmark; personal well-being (e.g. rested, stressed); alcohol consumption; the quality of beef and pork and the consumption of pork as compared with last year; growing of vegetables and fruit; and magazines and weeklies. # #Observa Political Index Polls 1978: May (DDA-0985): #Summer holidays; acts of violence, if any, against the respondent or the respondent's family and acquaintances; the Government's proposed measures to combat unemployment; whether the respondent is unemployed or is afraid of becoming unemployed; for or against nuclear power stations in Denmark at a hypothetical referendum today; for or against a lowering of the electoral age to 18 at a hypothetical referendum today; assessment of the members of the Government; the size of the police force; and magazines and weeklies. # #Observa Political Index Polls 1978: June (DDA-0986): #Assessment of the Government's performance; assessment of the performance of the opposition; personal pressure; football World Cup on TV; the negotiations between the Social Democratic Party and the non-Socialist parties concerning the formation of a majority government; the issuing of writs for a general election; the work of master artisans; evening meals (refreshments) and weekend guests; and magazines and weeklies. # #Observa Political Index Polls 1978: August (DDA-0987): #A bridge over the Great Belt; a government coalition of the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Party; for or against a lowering of the electoral age to 18 at the referendum on 19 September, 1978; alcohol consumption; purchase of tax-free alcohol and wine; shopping in discount shops; and magazines and weeklies. # #Observa Political Index Polls 1978: September (DDA-0988): #For or against a lowering of the electoral age to 18 at a hypothetical referendum today; the government coalition of the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Party; the Act on an increase of VAT and the Act on price and profits freeze; the impact of the economic situation on employment; the strikes in connection with the formation of the new Government; the disagreement between Anker Jørgensen and Thomas Nielsen (chairman of LO - the Danish Trades Union Congress); for or against nuclear power stations in Denmark at a hypothetical referendum today; a bridge over the Great Belt; spare time activities; Radio News; and magazines and weeklies. # #Observa Political Index Polls 1978: October (DDA-0989): #For or against Danish membership of the EC at a hypothetical referendum today; the proposal of the Social Democratic Party and LO (the Danish Trades Union Congress) concerning economic industrial democracy, profit sharing and a central fund; a permanent peace in the Middle East after the Camp David peace talks; an extension of the EC (attitude to Portugal, Spain and Greece becoming members of the EC); Danish development aid; marital status; the general claims for the coming collective bargaining; the distribution of housework between husband and wife; employment status; assessment of President Carter; and magazines and weeklies. # #Observa Political Index Polls 1978: November (DDA-0990): #Assessment of the Act on voluntary early retirement pay, the impact of this Act on employment and the possibility of the respondent's retiring on voluntary early retirement pay; the release by the municipalities of personal code numbers of social clients and other citizens to Danmarks Statistik; professional football; the purchase of coal from South Africa; winter holidays; book reading habits; the 'm/k' (male/female) designation; and magazines and weeklies. # #Observa Political Index Polls 1978: December (DDA-0991): #Assessment of Anker Jørgensen as prime minister; Danish and arithmetic instruction in primary school; the optional state-controlled leaving examination in primary school; the abolition of marks and examinations in primary school; the abolition of the examination in Latin; Christmas Eve; children in household; pocket money for children (amount and method); Christmas present expenditure; expectations of 1979 (personal financial situation, the country's economic situation, the world situation); and magazines and weeklies Observas opinionsundersøgelser: ------------------------------- Observa har fra 1967 gennemført undersøgelser af holdninger og livsvaner, dels gennem såkaldte prøvevalg (postale valgpanelsundersøgelser) dels gennem mere omfattende interviewbaserede indstillingsundersøgelser. Prøvevalgsundersøgelserne er foretaget jævnligt i hele perioden (ca. 10 gange hvert år), medens indstillingsundersøgelserne kun blev foretaget kvartalsvist i årene 1969 til 1972. Det lange tidsrum med jævnligt indsamlede, ensartede datamaterialer giver muligheder for forskellige tidsserieanalyser, især hvad angår partipræferencer. Andre emner er sædvanligvis mere flygtigt behandlede pga. de vilkår, hvorunder undersøgelserne er foretaget (de er tilrettelagt med offentliggørelse i dagspressen for øje, det dagsaktuelle har været betonet, og emnerne er begrænset til problemkredse, der lader sig beskrive med et mindre antal spørgsmål). Prøvevalgene gennemførtes indtil udgangen af 1971 for dagbladet Aktuelt og fra 1972 for Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten. Indstillingsundersøgelserne blev udelukkende gennemført for Jyllands-Posten. Observa Prøvevalg 1978: ---------------------- I 1978 gennemførte Observa i alt 10 prøvevalg. Enslydende spørgsmål, omhandlende demografiske forhold samt partipræference, er i DDA samlet i undersøgelsen DDA-0981 Observa Prøvevalg 1978, mens de enkelte, fuldstændige prøvevalg, der indeholder forskellige aktuelle spørgsmål, findes som DDA-0982 til DDA-0991. De enkelte prøvevalg omhandler flg. aktuelle emner: DDA-0982 Observa Prøvevalg 1978, februar-undersøgelsen: Partipræference i dag; deltagelse i og stemmeafgivelse ved kommunalvalget og amtsrådsvalget den 7. marts; udskydelsen af rømningen af Christiania; prioritering af de store investeringsplaner: Storebæltsbroen, indførelse af naturgas, indførelse af atomkraft, udbygning af motorvejsnettet, el-drift for DSB; abonnement på Falck i husstanden; overgang af De Danske Redningskorps til det offentlige; indtægtsbestemmelse af folkepensionen; morgenbøn og morgensang i folkeskolen; skolesøgende børn i husstanden; samt læsning af ugeblade. DDA-0983 Observa Prøvevalg 1978, marts-undersøgelsen: Partipræference i dag; om retssagen mod Mogens Glistrup er politisk forfølgelse, byrettens dom; hvem skal afgøre, om et folketingsmedlem er værdigt til at sidde i Folketinget; vurdering af regeringens medlemmer; vurdering af forslag fra Børnekommissionen, Ligestillingskommissionen og det centrale uddannelsesråd; rygevaner; røgfri dag; samt læsning af ugeblade. DDA-0984 Observa Prøvevalg 1978, april-undersøgelsen: Partipræference i dag; for eller imod Danmarks medlemskab af Fællesmarkedet ved en folkeafstemning i dag; tiltaleformerne du og De; Danmarks Radio''s politiske orientering; personligt velbefindende (fx udhvilet, stresset); nydelse af spiritus; kvaliteten af oksekød og svinekød; forbrug af svinekød nu i forhold til tidligere; samt dyrkning af grøntsager og frugt. DDA-0985 Observa Prøvevalg 1978, maj-undersøgelsen: Partipræfernce i dag; tilbringelse af sommerferie; eventuelle voldshandlinger mod respondenten eller dennes familie eller bekendte; regeringens forslag til nedbringelse af arbejdsløsheden; personlig arbejdsløshed; ja eller nej til atomkraftværker ved en folkeafstemning i dag; ja eller nej til 18 års valgret ved en folkeafstemning i dag; vurdering af regeringens medlemmer; politistyrkens størrelse; samt graden af tillid til politiet. DDA-0986 Observa Prøvevalg 1978, juni-undersøgelsen: Partipræference i dag; vurdering af regeringens virke; vurdering af oppositionens virke; personlig travlhed; VM-fodbold i TV; forhandlinger mellem Socialdemokratiet og de borgerlige partier om dannelse af en flertalsregering; udskrivning af folketingsvalg; håndværkeres arbejde og pålidelighed; aftensmåltider, forfriskninger og gæster i weekenden; samt læsning af ugeblade. DDA-0987 Observa Prøvevalg 1978, august-undersøgelsen: Partipræference i dag; Storebæltsbroen; regeringssamarbejde mellem Socialdemokratiet og Venstre; ja eller nej til 18 års valgret ved folkeafstemningen den 19. september; nydelse af spiritus; beholdning af spiritus; indkøb af afgiftsfri spiritus/vin; indkøb i lavprisvarehuse/billibutikker; samt læsning af ugeblade. DDA-0988 Observa Prøvevalg 1978, september-undersøgelsen: Partipræference i dag; ja eller nej til 18 års valgret ved en folkeafstemning i dag; regeringssamarbejdet mellem Socialdemokratiet og Venstre; lov om forhøjelse af momsen og lov om pris- og avancestop, virkning på den økonomiske situation og på beskæftigelsen; arbejdsnedlæggelserne i forbindelse med dannelsen af den nye regering; kløften mellem statsminister Anker Jørgensen og LOs formand Thomas Nielsen; ja eller nej til atomkraftværker ved en folkeafstemning i dag; Storebæltsbroen; deltagelse i fritidsaktiviteter; radioaviserne; samt læsning af ugeblade. DDA-0989 Observa Prøvevalg 1978, oktober-undersøgelsen: Partipræference i dag; for eller imod Danmarks medlemskab af Fællesmarkedet ved en folkeafstemning i dag; Socialdemokratiets og LOs forslag om økonomisk demokrati, overskudsdeling, en central fond; varig fred i Mellemøsten efter Camp David aftalerne; udvidelse af Fællesmarkedet med Portugal, Spanien og Grækenland; dansk u-landsbistand; civilstand; overenskomstforhandlingerne; fordeling af udførelsen af huslige gøremål mellem mand og kone; erhvervsmæssig beskæftigelse; vurdering af præsident Carter; samt læsning og køb af ugeblade. DDA-0990 Observa Prøvevalg 1978, november-undersøgelsen: Partipræference i dag; vurdering af loven om efterløn, dens virkning på arbejdsløsheden og muligheden for selv at gå på efterløn; udlevering af CPR-numre til Danmarks Statistik på sociale klienter (og andre borgere) fra kommunerne; professionel fodbold; el-værkernes køb af kul i Sydafrika; tilbringelse af vinterferie; læsning af bøger; m/k betegnelsen; samt læsning af ugeblade. DDA-0991 Observa Prøvevalg 1978, december-undersøgelsen: Partipræference i dag; vurdering af Anker Jørgensen som statsminister; folkeskolens undervisning i dansk og regning; valgfri statskontrolleret prøve ved afgang fra folkeskolen; afskaffelse af prøver og karakterer i folkeskolen; afskaffelse af den lille latinprøve; tilbringelse af juleaften; børn i husstanden; lommepenge til børn (beløb og metode); julegavebeløb; udsigterne for 1979 (mht. egen økonomi, landets økonomi, verdenssituationen); læsning af ugeblade; samt kontaktvillighed ved eventuel ekstraordinær undersøgelse. I prøvevalgene indgår et fast sæt af baggrundsvariable (stamoplysninger), som i denne undersøgelse er medtaget for hvert af prøvevalgene. Desuden har DDA samlet hver af disse baggrundsvariable for alle panelets medlemmer for hele året. De gennemgående baggrundsvariable omhandler:Respondentens køn, fødselsår, civilstand og stilling i familien. Bopælens geografiske placering (urbaniseringsgrad) samt boligens art og antal værelser i boligen. Respondentens uddannelse, beskæftigelsesmæssige status, stillingsbetegnelse og medlemskab af faglig organisation. Endelig hvilket politisk parti respondenten stemte på ved det sidste folketingsvalg (1977) eller årsager til, at respondenten ikke stemte See abstract Se abstract

The study examines the linear and nonlinear relationships between per capita carbon dioxide emission, per capita real GDP, energy consumption, financial development, foreign direct investment, trade openness, urbanization, agriculture, and industry sectors as potential determining factors of CO2 emissions in the perspective of Bangladesh all through 44 years, starting from 1974. The study considers the CO2 emissions from the selected South Asian countries over the period from 1978 and 2018. The study uses three cointegration approaches. First, we employ linear cointegration method and find that crucial determining factors of CO2 emissions in Bangladesh are real GDP per capita, energy consumption, and urbanization. Then, we apply the nonlinear cointegration method and find that energy consumption and FDI have asymmetric impacts on carbon release in the long run. While energy consumption, financial development, and FDI have asymmetric influence in the short run. Finally, we apply a panel cointegration test to compare Bangladesh with other South Asian countries in terms of CO2 emissions. The estimated results disclose that the vital contributing factors of CO2 emissions in selected South Asian countries are real GDP, energy consumption, financial development, and urbanization. Our results show that energy consumption, financial development, and urbanization upturn CO2 emissions, while trade openness lowers emissions. We also claim that our results are consistent with the EKC hypothesis for both in Bangladesh and selected South Asian countries. The three cointegration estimation findings disclose that urbanization will deteriorate environmental worth in Bangladesh and selected South Asian countries in the long run.

Materials:Rice straw, pine sawdust and Phoenix Tree's leaf were selected as the main biomass of this study. Algorithms and methods:Coats-Redfern integral method,Doyle method,Distribution Activation Energy Model (DAEM): The database contains all the original data, intermediate data and final results used in the paper. Fig. 1 was schematic diagram of WRT-3P high temperature TGA and gas flow routes Fig. 2 was influence of particle size on biomass pyrolysis kinetics (a) TG curves of rice straw (b) DTG curves of rice traw (c) TG curves of pine sawdust (d) DTG curves of pine sawdust (e) TG curves of Phoenix Tree's leaf (f) DTG curves of Phoenix Tree's leaf Fig. 3 was influence of heating rate on different biomass (rice straw, pine sawdust and Phoenix Tree's leaf) pyrolysis kinetics (a) TG curves of rice straw (b) DTG curves of rice traw (c) TG curves of pine sawdust (d) DTG curves of pine sawdust (e) TG curves of Phoenix Tree's leaf (f) DTG curves of Phoenix Tree's leaf Fig. 4 was potassium concentration of initial and soaked rice straw Fig. 5 was influence of K+ on rice straw pyrolysis kinetics (a) TG curves (b) DTG curves Fig. 6 was the relationship between and 1/T of three kinds of biomass with a particle size of 0.150 - 0.180 mm at different heating rates. (a) 5℃/min (b) 10℃/min (c) 20℃/min (d) 40℃/min Fig. 7 was the apparent activation energy of biomass pyrolysis obtained by DAEM.

This dissertation introduces a novel approach to improve the reliability in the short-term prediction of power generation for wind farms. The wind forecasting models need to be improved, and appropriate methods of wind measurement are also essential to yield accurate data for wind power prediction. Therefore, in this work, the study is divided into two parts, which are the study of wind measurement and the study of wind power forecasting. In wind measurement, the sampling rate is a crucial factor in wind data acquisition, for good accuracy in wind analysis. A high sampling rate is preferable for wind speed measurement. However, when a measurement at a high sampling rate is performed, a large amount of data is obtained for storage and computation. The Nyquist-based adaptive sampling rate method adapts the sampling rate to be the Nyquist frequency, according to actual wind conditions. In this study, the wind data at a high sampling rate of 10 Hz is used as a benchmark. The proposed Nyquist-based methodology is capable of providing high accuracy of analytical results, with percentage relative differences of less than 1% in wind analysis. In addition, the amount of wind data is significantly decreased (by 4000 times) from the benchmark. In forecasting wind power, the predictions of the autoregressive moving average model, the artificial neural network model, and the grey prediction model are comparatively studied for wind power generation. In this study, the weighting method systematically combines the predicted values of those three predictive models over time, based on their forecasting performance by the root mean square errors (RMSEs) between the actual values and the predicted values. The multiple forecasting models are applied to predict the wind power generation of a wind farm 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h ahead. The RMSEs of the multiple forecasting models are significantly the lowest values among those three predictive models and the benchmark by the persistence model. Furthermore, the prediction interval around the predicted value is statistically determined, to indicate the feasible range of wind power generation with a prescribed percentage of confidence under uncertainty. Uncertainty caused the historical prediction errors.