The paper discusses scientific and technological grounds for using peat, its wastes and processing products as sorption materials for liquidation of pollutions on water and oil basis. A negative effect on the hydro-physical properties of peat by hysteresis phenomena occurring during drying is noted. Use of optimal concentrations of mineral hydrophilic additives in peat matrix allows to increase speed and capacity of sorption. A working hypothesis is proposed that explains the physical and chemical mechanism for increasing quality of composite sorbents. A principal technological scheme for obtaining sorption materials based on peat is developed. It allows to take into account possible transitions between stages of the technological process, which reduce its cost.