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Trait‐based responses to land use and canopy dynamics modify long‐term diversity changes in forest understories

Authors: Risto Virtanen; Lauralotta Muurinen; John-Arvid Grytnes; Tuija Maliniemi; Tuija Maliniemi; Konsta Happonen; Elina Kaarlejärvi; +3 Authors

Trait‐based responses to land use and canopy dynamics modify long‐term diversity changes in forest understories

Abstract

AbstractAimLand use is the foremost cause of global biodiversity decline, but species do not respond equally to land‐use practices. Instead, it is suggested that responses vary with species traits, but long‐term data on the trait‐mediated effects of land use on communities are scarce. Here we study how forest understorey communities have been affected by two land‐use practices during 4–5 decades, and whether changes in plant diversity are related to changes in functional composition.LocationFinland.Time period1968–2019.Major taxa studiedVascular plants.MethodsWe resurveyed 245 vegetation plots in boreal herb‐rich forest understories, and used hierarchical Bayesian linear models to relate changes in diversity, species composition, average plant size, and leaf economic traits to reindeer abundance, forest management intensity, and changes in climate, canopy cover and composition. We also studied the relationship between species evenness and plant size across both space and time.ResultsIntensively managed forests decreased in species richness and had increased turnover, but management did not affect functional composition. Increased reindeer densities corresponded with increased leaf dry matter content, evenness and diversity, and decreased height and specific leaf area. Successional development in the canopy was associated with increased specific leaf area and decreased leaf dry matter content and height in the understorey over the study period. Effects of reindeer abundance and canopy density on diversity were partially mediated by vegetation height, which had a negative relationship with evenness across both space and time. Observed changes in climate had no discernible effect on any variable.Main conclusionsFunctional traits are useful in connecting vegetation changes to the mechanisms that drive them, and provide unique information compared to turnover and diversity metrics. These trait‐dependent selection effects could inform which species benefit and which suffer from land‐use changes and explain observed biodiversity changes under global change.

Countries
Finland, Norway, Finland
Keywords

570, DATABASE, forest management, ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE, temporal change, 333, BIOMASS, REINDEER, TRY, BIODIVERSITY CHANGE, community composition, PLANT-COMMUNITIES, 580, plant size–diversity relationship, CONSEQUENCES, species diversity, vegetation resurvey, SPECIES RICHNESS, large herbivores, Ecology, evolutionary biology, plant size-diversity relationship, reindeer, ABUNDANCE

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    citations
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    8
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
8
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%