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Re-Structuring of Marine Communities Exposed to Environmental Change: A Global Study on the Interactive Effects of Species and Functional Richness

إعادة هيكلة المجتمعات البحرية المعرضة للتغير البيئي: دراسة عالمية حول الآثار التفاعلية للأنواع والثراء الوظيفي
Authors: Martin Wahl; Heike Link; Nikolaos Alexandridis; Jeremy C. Thomason; Mauricio Cifuentes; Mark J. Costello; Bernardo A.P. da Gama; +21 Authors

Re-Structuring of Marine Communities Exposed to Environmental Change: A Global Study on the Interactive Effects of Species and Functional Richness

Abstract

La richesse en espèces est la mesure de la biodiversité la plus couramment utilisée mais controversée dans les études sur les aspects de la stabilité des communautés tels que la composition structurelle ou la productivité. L'ambiguïté apparente des résultats théoriques et expérimentaux peut en partie être due à des lacunes expérimentales et/ou à l'hétérogénéité des échelles et des méthodes dans des études antérieures. Cela a conduit à un appel urgent à des expériences améliorées et plus réalistes. Dans une série d'expériences reproduites à l'échelle mondiale, nous avons déplacé plusieurs centaines de communautés marines de fond dur vers de nouveaux environnements simulant un changement environnemental rapide mais modéré. Par la suite, nous avons mesuré leur taux de changement de composition (restructuration) qui, dans la grande majorité des cas, représentait une convergence compositionnelle vers les communautés locales. La restructuration est motivée par la mortalité des composantes communautaires (espèces originales) et l'établissement de nouvelles espèces dans le contexte environnemental modifié. Le taux de cette restructuration a ensuite été lié à diverses propriétés du système. Nous montrons que la disponibilité du substrat libre est liée négativement tandis que la richesse en taxons est liée positivement à la persistance structurelle (c.-à-d., aucune restructuration ou restructuration lente). Ainsi, face aux changements environnementaux, les communautés riches en taxons conservent leur composition originale plus longtemps que les communautés pauvres en taxons. L'effet de la richesse taxonomique, cependant, interagit avec un autre aspect de la diversité, la richesse fonctionnelle. En effet, la richesse des taxons est positivement liée à la persistance dans les communautés fonctionnellement dépaupérées, mais pas dans les communautés fonctionnellement diverses. L'interaction entre la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle en ce qui concerne le comportement des communautés exposées au stress environnemental peut aider à comprendre certaines des conclusions apparemment contrastées de recherches antérieures.

La riqueza de especies es la métrica de biodiversidad más utilizada pero controvertida en estudios sobre aspectos de la estabilidad de la comunidad, como la composición estructural o la productividad. La aparente ambigüedad de los hallazgos teóricos y experimentales puede deberse en parte a deficiencias experimentales y/o heterogeneidad de escalas y métodos en estudios anteriores. Esto ha llevado a un llamado urgente para experimentos mejorados y más realistas. En una serie de experimentos replicados a escala global, trasladamos varios cientos de comunidades marinas de fondo duro a nuevos entornos que simulan un cambio ambiental rápido pero moderado. Posteriormente, medimos su tasa de cambio compositivo (reestructuración) que en la gran mayoría de los casos representaba una convergencia compositiva hacia las comunidades locales. La reestructuración está impulsada por la mortalidad de los componentes de la comunidad (especies originales) y el establecimiento de nuevas especies en el contexto ambiental cambiado. La tasa de esta reestructuración se relacionó con varias propiedades del sistema. Mostramos que la disponibilidad de sustrato libre se relaciona negativamente, mientras que la riqueza de taxones se relaciona positivamente con la persistencia estructural (es decir, ninguna o lenta reestructuración). Por lo tanto, cuando se enfrentan al cambio ambiental, las comunidades ricas en taxones conservan su composición original durante más tiempo que las comunidades pobres en taxones. El efecto de la riqueza de taxones, sin embargo, interactúa con otro aspecto de la diversidad, la riqueza funcional. De hecho, la riqueza de taxones se relaciona positivamente con la persistencia en comunidades funcionalmente depauperadas, pero no en comunidades funcionalmente diversas. La interacción entre la diversidad taxonómica y funcional con respecto al comportamiento de las comunidades expuestas al estrés ambiental puede ayudar a comprender algunos de los hallazgos aparentemente contrastantes de investigaciones pasadas.

Species richness is the most commonly used but controversial biodiversity metric in studies on aspects of community stability such as structural composition or productivity. The apparent ambiguity of theoretical and experimental findings may in part be due to experimental shortcomings and/or heterogeneity of scales and methods in earlier studies. This has led to an urgent call for improved and more realistic experiments. In a series of experiments replicated at a global scale we translocated several hundred marine hard bottom communities to new environments simulating a rapid but moderate environmental change. Subsequently, we measured their rate of compositional change (re-structuring) which in the great majority of cases represented a compositional convergence towards local communities. Re-structuring is driven by mortality of community components (original species) and establishment of new species in the changed environmental context. The rate of this re-structuring was then related to various system properties. We show that availability of free substratum relates negatively while taxon richness relates positively to structural persistence (i.e., no or slow re-structuring). Thus, when faced with environmental change, taxon-rich communities retain their original composition longer than taxon-poor communities. The effect of taxon richness, however, interacts with another aspect of diversity, functional richness. Indeed, taxon richness relates positively to persistence in functionally depauperate communities, but not in functionally diverse communities. The interaction between taxonomic and functional diversity with regard to the behaviour of communities exposed to environmental stress may help understand some of the seemingly contrasting findings of past research.

ثراء الأنواع هو مقياس التنوع البيولوجي الأكثر استخدامًا ولكنه مثير للجدل في الدراسات المتعلقة بجوانب الاستقرار المجتمعي مثل التكوين الهيكلي أو الإنتاجية. قد يرجع الغموض الواضح في النتائج النظرية والتجريبية جزئيًا إلى أوجه القصور التجريبية و/أو عدم تجانس المقاييس والأساليب في الدراسات السابقة. وقد أدى ذلك إلى دعوة عاجلة لإجراء تجارب محسنة وأكثر واقعية. في سلسلة من التجارب المكررة على نطاق عالمي، نقلنا عدة مئات من مجتمعات القاع الصلب البحرية إلى بيئات جديدة تحاكي تغيرًا بيئيًا سريعًا ولكن معتدلًا. بعد ذلك، قمنا بقياس معدل التغيير التركيبي (إعادة الهيكلة) الذي يمثل في الغالبية العظمى من الحالات تقاربًا تركيبيًا تجاه المجتمعات المحلية. تكون إعادة الهيكلة مدفوعة بموت مكونات المجتمع (الأنواع الأصلية) وإنشاء أنواع جديدة في السياق البيئي المتغير. ثم تم ربط معدل إعادة الهيكلة هذه بخصائص النظام المختلفة. نظهر أن توافر الطبقة التحتية الحرة يرتبط سلبًا بينما يرتبط ثراء الأصناف بشكل إيجابي بالثبات الهيكلي (أي عدم وجود إعادة هيكلة أو بطئها). وبالتالي، عندما تواجه المجتمعات الغنية بالضرائب تغيرًا بيئيًا، فإنها تحتفظ بتكوينها الأصلي لفترة أطول من المجتمعات الفقيرة بالضرائب. ومع ذلك، يتفاعل تأثير ثراء الأصناف مع جانب آخر من جوانب التنوع، وهو الثراء الوظيفي. في الواقع، يرتبط ثراء الأصناف بشكل إيجابي بالاستمرار في المجتمعات المحرومة وظيفيًا، ولكن ليس في المجتمعات المتنوعة وظيفيًا. قد يساعد التفاعل بين التنوع التصنيفي والوظيفي فيما يتعلق بسلوك المجتمعات المعرضة للإجهاد البيئي في فهم بعض النتائج المتناقضة على ما يبدو للبحوث السابقة.

Countries
New Zealand, Spain, Portugal, Germany, New Zealand
Keywords

Structuring, Internationality, Sociology and Political Science, Economics, INVASION, Population Dynamics, DIVERSITY, COMPLEMENTARITY, Social Sciences, REDUNDANCY, Community, Functional diversity, Oceanography, Environmental change, Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Context (archaeology), Climate change, Pesquerías, Global change, Community stability, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Ecology, Geography, ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION, Q, R, Life Sciences, Biodiversity, Community structure, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Fouling communities, Physical Sciences, Medicine, Impact of Pollinator Decline on Ecosystems and Agriculture, ddc:570, Evolution of Cooperation and Altruism in Social Systems, Biologie, Ecosystem Functioning, Research Article, 570, Marine communities, Science, GAME, Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning, ., 333, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Species Specificity, SYSTEMS, Animals, Seawater, ASSEMBLAGES, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecosystem, STABILITY, Paleontology, FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences, Global experiments, Invertebrates, Biodiversity metric, FOS: Biological sciences, BIODIVERSITY, Taxon, Finance, Species richness

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