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Banning Fisheries Discards Abruptly Has a Negative Impact on the Population Dynamics of Charismatic Marine Megafauna

حظر المصايد السمكية المرتجعة بشكل مفاجئ له تأثير سلبي على الديناميكيات السكانية للحيوانات البحرية الضخمة الكاريزمية
Authors: Esther Fondo; Milani Chaloupka; Johanna J. Heymans; G. A. Skilleter;

Banning Fisheries Discards Abruptly Has a Negative Impact on the Population Dynamics of Charismatic Marine Megafauna

Abstract

Les subventions alimentaires ont le potentiel de modifier les écosystèmes et d'affecter la fourniture de biens et de services. Les subventions alimentaires anthropiques prévisibles (PAFS) modifient les écosystèmes en modifiant les processus écologiques et les réseaux alimentaires. La préoccupation mondiale concernant les effets du PAFS sur les écosystèmes a conduit à l'élaboration de politiques environnementales visant à limiter la production ou, à terme, à interdire le PAFS. Cependant, les effets de la réduction ou de l'interdiction du PAFS ne sont pas connus. Nous explorons les conséquences de l'élimination du PAFS dans un écosystème marin selon deux scénarios : 1) une réduction progressive, ou 2) une interdiction brutale, en utilisant un modèle de bilan massique pour tester ces hypothèses - La réduction ou la perte du PAFS : i) modifiera les niveaux trophiques et les réseaux trophiques par des effets sur la recherche de nourriture par les espèces opportunistes, ii) augmentera la résilience des espèces opportunistes aux pénuries alimentaires, et iii) modifiera les interactions prédateur-proie par des changements dans la consommation de proies. Nous avons constaté que les PAFS abaissent les niveaux trophiques des charognards opportunistes et augmentent leurs voies alimentaires. Les charognards sont capables de changer de proie lorsque le PAFS est réduit progressivement, mais ils déclinent lorsque le PAFS est brusquement interdit. La réduction du PAFS à un certain niveau minimal entraîne une baisse de la stabilité de l'écosystème. Nous recommandons une réduction progressive du PAFS à un niveau minimal qui maintiendrait la stabilité de l'écosystème et permettrait aux espèces exploitant le PAFS de s'habituer à la réduction des subventions alimentaires.

Los subsidios alimentarios tienen el potencial de modificar los ecosistemas y afectar la provisión de bienes y servicios. Los subsidios alimentarios antropogénicos predecibles (PAFS) modifican los ecosistemas al alterar los procesos ecológicos y las redes alimentarias. La preocupación mundial por los efectos de los PAFS en los ecosistemas ha llevado al desarrollo de políticas ambientales destinadas a frenar la producción o, en última instancia, a prohibir los PAFS. Sin embargo, se desconocen los efectos de reducir o prohibir los PAFS. Exploramos las consecuencias de la eliminación de PAFS en un ecosistema marino bajo dos escenarios: 1) reducción gradual, o 2) una prohibición abrupta, utilizando un modelo de balance de masas para probar estas hipótesis. La reducción o pérdida de PAFS: i) modificará los niveles tróficos y las redes alimentarias a través de los efectos en la alimentación de las especies oportunistas, ii) aumentará la resiliencia de las especies oportunistas a la escasez de alimentos, y iii) modificará las interacciones depredador-presa a través de cambios en el consumo de presas. Descubrimos que los PAFS reducen los niveles tróficos de los carroñeros oportunistas y aumentan sus vías alimentarias. Los carroñeros pueden cambiar de presa cuando los PAFS se reducen gradualmente, pero disminuyen cuando los PAFS se prohíben abruptamente. La reducción de PAFS a un cierto nivel mínimo provoca una caída en la estabilidad del ecosistema. Recomendamos la reducción gradual de PAFS a un nivel mínimo que mantenga la estabilidad del ecosistema y permita a las especies explotadoras de PAFS habituarse a la reducción de los subsidios alimentarios.

Food subsidies have the potential to modify ecosystems and affect the provision of goods and services. Predictable Anthropogenic Food Subsidies (PAFS) modify ecosystems by altering ecological processes and food webs. The global concern over the effects of PAFS in ecosystems has led to development of environmental policies aimed at curbing the production or ultimately banning of PAFS. However, the effects of reducing or banning PAFS are not known. We explore the consequences of PAFS removal in a marine ecosystem under two scenarios: 1) gradual reduction, or 2) an abrupt ban, using a mass balance model to test these hypotheses–The reduction or loss of PAFS will: i) modify trophic levels and food webs through effects on foraging by opportunistic species, ii) increase the resilience of opportunistic species to food shortages, and iii) modify predator–prey interactions through shifts in prey consumption. We found that PAFS lower the trophic levels of opportunistic scavengers and increase their food pathways. Scavengers are able to switch prey when PAFS are reduced gradually but they decline when PAFS are abruptly banned. PAFS reduction to a certain minimal level causes a drop in the ecosystem's stability. We recommend gradual reduction of PAFS to a minimal level that would maintain the ecosystem's stability and allow species exploiting PAFS to habituate to the food subsidy reduction.

تمتلك إعانات الغذاء القدرة على تعديل النظم الإيكولوجية والتأثير على توفير السلع والخدمات. تعمل الإعانات الغذائية البشرية المنشأ التي يمكن التنبؤ بها (PAFS) على تعديل النظم الإيكولوجية عن طريق تغيير العمليات البيئية والشبكات الغذائية. أدى القلق العالمي بشأن آثار PAFS في النظم الإيكولوجية إلى تطوير سياسات بيئية تهدف إلى كبح إنتاج PAFS أو حظره في نهاية المطاف. ومع ذلك، فإن آثار تقليل أو حظر PAFS غير معروفة. نستكشف عواقب إزالة PAFS في النظام البيئي البحري في إطار سيناريوهين: 1) الانخفاض التدريجي، أو 2) الحظر المفاجئ، باستخدام نموذج توازن الكتلة لاختبار هذه الفرضيات - سيؤدي انخفاض أو فقدان PAFS إلى: 1) تعديل المستويات الغذائية والشبكات الغذائية من خلال التأثيرات على البحث عن الطعام من خلال الأنواع الانتهازية، 2) زيادة مرونة الأنواع الانتهازية لنقص الغذاء، و 3) تعديل التفاعلات بين المفترس والفريسة من خلال التحولات في استهلاك الفرائس. وجدنا أن PAFS تخفض المستويات الغذائية للزبالين الانتهازيين وتزيد من مسارات طعامهم. يستطيع الزبالون تبديل الفريسة عندما يتم تقليل PAFS تدريجيًا لكنهم ينخفضون عندما يتم حظر PAFS فجأة. يؤدي انخفاض PAFS إلى مستوى أدنى معين إلى انخفاض في استقرار النظام البيئي. نوصي بالتخفيض التدريجي لـ PAFS إلى الحد الأدنى الذي من شأنه الحفاظ على استقرار النظام البيئي والسماح للأنواع التي تستغل PAFS بالتعود على خفض دعم الغذاء.

Country
Australia
Keywords

Aquatic Organisms, Economics, Population Dynamics, Fisheries Sustainability, 590, 1100 Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Impact of Aquaculture on Marine Ecosystems and Food Supply, Natural resource economics, Sociology, Market economy, Biomass, Fish Population Dynamics, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Q, R, Application of Stable Isotopes in Trophic Ecology, Food web, Ecological stability, FOS: Sociology, Multidisciplinary Sciences, 2700 Medicine, Sustainability, Physical Sciences, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Medicine, Queensland, Research Article, Food Chain, 1300 Biochemistry, Science, Population, Fisheries, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Environmental science, Trophic level, Species Specificity, Marine ecosystem, Animals, Subsidy, Biology, Ecosystem, Demography, Ecosystem Structure, Food chain, Predatory Behavior, Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Fisheries, FOS: Biological sciences, Environmental Science, Trophic cascade

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    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
29
Top 10%
Top 10%
Top 10%
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gold